Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar: A Practical Method of Learning the Ottoman-Turkish Language [PDF]

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Qtt/iAA



Title -Otfomai



Grammar Ai^hor- Hagopi



Daie-



1907



Subject- Gramrr



METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER. #



OTTOMAN -TURKISH



CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKISH LANGUAGE. *



%



BY V. H.



HAGOPIAN, M.



A.



PROFESSOR OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, MERZIFOUN, TURKEY; AUTHOR OF ENGLISH -ARMENIAN DICTIONARY etc.



LONDON.



— 59



DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Sqofl.ro SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORK: BRENTANO’S, 5-9 Union Square. DYRSEN & PFEIFFER (F. W. Cbristern) 16 West 33^L Street. G. E. STECHERT DAVID NUTT, 57



&



Co.,



129—133



BOSTON:



Long Acre.



West 2PSL C. A.



Street.



E.



KCEHLER &



STEIGER &



CO., 149a,



HEIDELBERG. JULIUS GROOS. 1907.



CO., 25 Park Place.



Tremont



Street.



CJU



AjJ \*a>



^JiiJuj



J



J wiJ



dj Lortu op no losing Turkey of people to the themselves in friendly communication both with the



and in the provinces



01



i



;



Mtoman element and with



governing



and



races



religious



the



denominations subject



numeious to



the Im-



perial sway.



of the representatives of these two great nationalities in Turkey, there arose the necessity for conversation -books, grammars and lexicons.



To meet



the need



There have appeared a number oi Turkish grammars and other books in the English language, but they seem fitted



little



to



acquaint the learner fully with Turkish,



practical in the sufficiently not are chiefly because they V _ _ 4/



strict



rules.



sense of the word, or they are composed only ot



The appearance



of a



new Ottoman-Turkisb Gram-



Pro fi\oe



a



mar which combines



ui*



V



Mouqmhivin^,



in itself the theoretical



practical elements of the language,



it



is



be cheerfully welcomed. The so-called Conversation-method, Drs.



Gaspey and Otto,



is



now



and the



expected will originated



applied for the



first



by



time



the Ottoman-Turbv the writer 01 this present book kish language also. It is his mother tongue and besides method for more than 20 years he has practised this in teaching the language in an important American t-



to the



institution



natives of



Turkey and



to



English-



speaking foreigners. Therefore his own experience enables him to speak with some little authority on this subject.



He



thinks he has introduced a



new element tc m



ilm



Gaspev-Otto conversation-method, by inserting the word 125, 215, 256 etc. exercises which appear on pp. 121 The First Part of this work is devoted to conversational language and in it all the peculiarities of the



—



language are given in a very easy and comprehensive way. The study of the First Part being finished it will soon be seen that Turkish is a very regular language,



more easy than is generally thought. In the Second Part the elements of the Persian



and that



it



is



far



and Arabic languages are treated of as hey are used in Ottoman -Turkish, and al the difficulties ol both languages are explained, in a concise way. This is the There are then added Literary and Official language. t



some very valuable matters and a vocabulary. As to the Exercises and Reading Lessons for translation, most of them are on subjects referring to Turkey and Turkish literature. Many characteristic specimens of poetry and prose illustrative of the literature and of the country, especially in modern phraseology, V



are given, so that the learner will



and



eel



himself in Turkey,



have a glimpse into the geography, the history and the manners and customs of the country. will



iVouqqaddeme



Preface



VI



recommend



I



excelthe student the as a help to ous Ke J. Sir of Dictionary



“ !



“



lent Turkish-English



win Bey, Samy of Dictionary Turkish valuable the te a student the to guide reliable most atter is the as a And Grammar this of Part First finishing the recommend that of Mihr Turkish nurelv P ,



.



.



Grammar



.



am much



1



/Milvril



I



much indebted.



to -which I tiro



Kev. Dr.



indebted also to



.



St Clan



e Ispahan, S. missionary M. C. the Tifedall valuable made has and MS. has carefully revised the at



who



the in scholar ripe being a



Himself been have these guage,



suggestions.



>



ot'



great service



o



me^



to Dr thanks sincere my express also must I vi caie an kindness Wright, of Oxford, for the tins work. of proofs the he has looked over



-L



V. H. Hagopian. (MarsoVan), Turkey. Merzifoun Anatolia College,



A



to the Student indispensable List of Books Language. Turkish the of 25/-



Lexicon Turkish-English Redliouse’s Constantinople. House, Bible Peet: W. .



-



•



•



W



8



/-



II'



21 18



Turkish Reader: With



SSSSSJSSi



(Qra at characters different 6



Hue Grand 36 TefeyyOz, Library Constantinople.



Hj



)



8 4



-i» tie la



Sublime



or



,



Contents Page



Introduction. A. Letters of the Alphabet B. Pronunciation of Letters C. Other Orthographic Signs



D. Accent E. Euphony or



1



7 *



20 28 24 25



*



.



•



Harmony



of the



Vowels



Orthography



F.



First Part. 1.



Lesson.



2.



»



8



»



.



4. 5.



and



»



»



»



»



Declension of Nouns



»



The Pronouns



The »



»



Izafet



The



.



»



,



,



,



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



....



8.



Adjectival Pronouns



4.



Demonstrative Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns



.



.



.



Adjective Derivative Adjectives »



10



•



.



.



(continued



The Family The verb To Have The Pronouns (continued) 5.



»



.



Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns



2.



Nouns



12



.



.... ....



The Pronouns (continued) 6. Interrogative Pronouns 7. Indefinite Pronouns Numeral Adjectives 1. Cardinal numbers Numeral Adjectives 2. Fractional numbers 8. Ordinal numbers 4, Distributive numerals The Ottoman-Turkish Calendar Degrees of Comparison Nouns with Prepositions The Substantive Verb (continued)



14.



15. 16.



.



.



•



.



.



.



...... .



.



.



i



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



The



Infinitives \



77



.



.... .



13.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



.



70 72 75 75



.



.



11



27 31 35 39 47 47 49 55 58 61 69 69



Indefinite Articles



The The Substantive Verb Definite



L



9.



Turkish Grammar.



.



82 82 84 89 89 94 94 95 96 96 100 105 109 114



Reading Exercise: The Story of the 117 Cat and the Camel •



*



•



•



.



VIII



Lesson.



17.



c



Fihrist.



'ontents



(



Primitive and Derivative Verbs mel\



4.



.....



119



Yazdivmaq, 3. IchirTaranmaq, 5. Yazilmaq, 6. Geo -



Oqoutmaq,



1.



Page



r fishvieJc



2.



.



125



121



.



Reading Exercise: The Division s9



f



126 127 1B1 132



i'urkey



Compound Verbs



18.



Potential Verbs Accelerative Verbs



133



Reading Kxercise; The Provinces derivative forms of the Infinitive The Continuative Tenses



r*



135 e 139 141 Verb Finite The HVIin 142-144 The Moods of the Verb and Imperative Reading Exercise: Religions and De146 nominations .



19.



20



y>



....



l



•.



.



21



.



The



»



.



151



Reading Exercise: The Use of Animals



e



22



147



The Present Tense



»



152



Aorist Tense



^ Reading Exercise: Voices of Animals 23.



»



24.



»



The Past Tenses The Categorical Past The Dubitative Past The Future Tense Y Reading Exercise:



158



159 159 162 166



A Sermon



of Nasr-



170



cki-din



25.



»



26.



»



....



The



»



27.



171



The Optative Tense The Suppositive Tense (Subjunctive) A Reading Exercise: A Sermon of Nasr-



176 179 180



6d-din (Continued) Necessitative Tense



^ Reading Exercise: The Marriage of the Teacher



The



28.



185 185



Participles



Subjective



I.



186 189



Mood



Comparison .



1



Reading Exercise



:



To hang



on



flour



a line



The



29.



Participles (continued) II.



Objective



.



Mood



.



Comparisons



Reading Exercise: Jack's



1



30



.



»



Gerunds The Table of 1



.



r



I



louse



.



192 193 193 195-200 .



.



.



—_



Reading Exercise: The Distinction tween Man and Beast



203 20b



be-



210



Contents



Lesson.



31.



i



IX



Fihrist.



Mouns and Adjectives derived from Verbs 1. The Regular Verbal Adjective ... » » 2. The Irregular 3. The Noun of Excess .



^



))



>)



))



Location



tr Reading Exercise:



......



An Anecdote



.



218



.



219



Reading Exercise The Village Room, a.



223



v.



Postpositions :



224



Adverbs



»



o



)



229



Reading Exercise: The Village Room, b.



230



Conjunctions



»



)



35.



212 214 214 214



.......



Prepositions \



34.



.



.



Instrumental Nouns



5.



»



Page 211 211



The



»



n Reading Exercise TheVillage Room, :



Interjections



!Y Reading Exercise TheVillage R< f) 0 Appendices :



»
Plural Persian The 25G A Reading Exercise: The Match Girl



Second Part. Introductory 37. Lesson.



.



»



38.



»



The Persian



Izafet



Persian Numerals



Reading Exercise: Franklin’s Principles, a



t



39.



»



...



Compound



Persian



266



^



Adjectives



i



Reading Exercise: Franklins Principles, b 40.



»



The Persian Derivative Nouns Reading Exercise: The Story of the r Donkey and Fox The Persian Verb



272 274



i



41.



»



*



*



’



;



Objective and Subjective Participles The verbal Noun Verbal Adjectives The Persian Roots



rr Reading



Exercise: and Praise



A



,



.



281 281 28-*



Supplication



287



X



Contents



-



Fihrist Page



42



Lesson.



The Persian Prepositions Substitution; Omission



rr Reading



48



»



259



The Hunter The Gender of Arabic Nouns The Number of Arabic Nouns Exercise:



tit .



.



294



.



>ual;



Regular Masculine; Fern. Plural



Reading Exercise: 44



»



The Arabic Nisbe Abstract



45



»



.



A Poem



.



.



.



303 305



Noun



The Primitive The Primitive



II.



»



II.



III.



308 310 313 316



.



.



.



.



.



.



Triliterals



Quadriliterals



ri Reading Exercise: Psalm 84 Nouns derived from Primitive Triliterals I.



a.



.



.



46



.



.



ro Reading Exercise: Columbus’ Egg, The Arabic Infinitive I.



.



o



o



.



Nouns with Mim Noun of Location Noun of Instrument



318 319 320



rv Reading Exercise: A Psalm of Life 47,



»



II.



HI. IV. V, VI.



»



Participle



The Derivative II.



.



Fagil



A



Tefil



Tcfa'oul



= = = =



.



.



Mufaqali



.



.



The Derivative



IX. If Hal



X. Istifal



= = = = ~



Iftiqal Jfqilal 1st ifqal



.



.



.



.



.



.



I



Reading



Exercise:



Q



*



*



'i



I



1



>



1



*



)



d



o



^



fli



oov 839 340 341 342 45



.



346



Administrative



Councils 51.



332 332



34*2



Participles of Derivative Infinitives r*



i



*>ol



.



...... %



The



.



on



O



r* Reading Exercise: True Nobilitv 50.



.



.



TZ



o o



Ifqal Tifaqoul



Tefaq'qoul Infiqat



*1



827 27



Triliteral Infinitives (continued)



VI. Tefa’oul VII. Infi'al \ III. 1ft Hal



v



826



Tefqeef



rA Reading Exercise: Friendship 49.



*



Litany of Praise



Triliteral Infinitives



HI. Mufa’aU IV. Ifal \



(



322 324 324



Objective » (Mefoul) Adjective of Quality (Milshe Adjective of Colour and Defect Noun of Superiority {Ismi Tafzil) Noun of Excess (Mubalagha)



Reading Exercise:



TA 48.



........ Subjective



Arabic Participles I.



317



Broken or Irregular Plurals rr Reading Exercise: Columbus’ Egg,



oo2 o



-



aoo 5.



360



Contents



Fihrist.



Page 52.



53.



Lesson.



»



The Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns rr Heading Exercise: The Inventions



361



The Arabic Definite Article The Arabic Preposition



366 371



.



Reading Exercise: 54.



55.



»



»



An Anecdote



365



375



.



Arabic 1. and Persian Pronouns



375



re Reading Exercise: Regulations Arabic and Persian Adverbs hi Reading Exercise: Newton Arabic Numerals Cardinal numbers II. Ordinal numbers III. Fractional numbers The Diminutive Noun



380



etc.



382 385



.



»



.



»



.



.



.



.



.



.



387 387 387 388 389



rv Reading Exercise: Home Arabic Compound Words .



I.



II.



393 395 395 396



.



Arabic system Persian system



ha Reading Exercise: The Overthrow (poem) »



»



....



.



.



398



Synonymous Words 400 II. Symphonious Terminations 402 III. Antonyms 402 m h^ Reading Exercise: Terkibi Bind 405 The Euphonic Changes of the Letters 407 I. The Assimilation of Letters 407 II. The Modification of Weak Letters 410 a. Modification of Vav 411 b. Modification of Ye 413 Reading Exercise: The Ceremony of the Coronation ol the King of England 415 .



.



.



.



.



.



Miscellaneous Idiomatic Phrases



.



418



Appendices. I



he Ottoman Literature



Sultans of the House of Arabic Calendar



420 423 424 425 426



Osman



Financial Calendar



Parsing



It Reading Exercise: The Prophet’s Speech Conjugation of Turkish Verbs



The



426 431



Official Part.



The Imperial Palace His Imperial Majesty the Sultan



.



434 434



Contents w--



XII



ist.



Page



The



•



Sublime Porte The Council of Ministers •



.



The The The The



Viziriate Council of State Foreign Office



•



Grand



•



.



.



•



•



•



•



•



Ministry of Internal Affairs The Sheikh-ul Islamate The Ministry of Finance The Imperial Mint The Custom b Administration The Ministry of Public Instruction i’ublic Worship. and Justice of Ministry The The Prefecture of Police The Ministry of Commerce Sanitation International of Council The The Ministry of Religious Funds telegraphs and Posts of Administration The The Ministry of War .



.



.



•



•



.



.



.



.



.



•



•



•



•



•



.



.



.



.



•



.



.



Military Grades



Arms The Admiralty; Naval The Imperial Arsenal Different



Officers



Kinds of Ships



The Provinces Diplomatic terms



.



Festivals: Moslem Festivals Christian Festivals Jewish Festivals .



Orders of the Ottoman Fmpire



Medals



The Ranks



in the



Ottoman P]mpire



Grades of Nobility Military and Naval Grades Grades of the Religions Hierarchy Civil



Official Titles



•



•



*



*



.



*



.



.



*



*



Giades Mihtaiy and Civil of Functionaries Of Of Moslem Clergy Of Non lMoslem Clergy .



.



•



.



Commercial Terms Vocabulary General-Index .



*



/



\



r9 i



mtrotucfion. A. Letters of the following § Ottoman -Turkish letters, when a preceding or a following



the shape of the are connected witl i with both, and when s



s



The



1.



l



•



isolated 4



^



«



Names



3



solated



\



final H lediall



1



I



nitial



*



’roper



Numer-



s ounds



values



\



i



II



See § 29.



1



1



I



elif



Remarks



ical



1



V



i



a



)



1



1 •



be



*



b



2



P



2



j



*



T



V



|



V



•?



*



**



Tur.. Pers.



j



i



1



**



te



•*



*



40



t



>



j



,



j



• |



se



# **



A



*



500



s



1



Arabic.



:



•



jim



£ a



1



c.



cliim



|L



i



i



ha



#



*



*



khi



*



r



:!



zal 9



j !



J



J



8



Arabic.



kh



600



*



J



J



*



*-*



J



J



t



*•



t



-/



Turkish Con v. -Grammar



!



4



z



700



r



200



z



7



zli



7



•



•



zhe



h



*



*



*



*



i



Tur., Pers



d



-X



ze



D



C.



dal



re



cli



'



• *



o V



*



XL



3



J



%



J



M



A



J



J



Arabic.



Persian



.fitters



of the Alphabet



Numer Prrtner rropei j



‘



.



Raines



isolated



dial Initial i„„„ sou nc\ g



Final



I



;



A



shin



dad



*3



,



Remarks



lues



sh



300



s



90



d, z



BOO



jja



pad



|



Arabic



J* d



t,



1



9



ti



z



I



Z1



avn



70



«_)



>



gli



$



fJ



f



q



sj



k



>C



dA



a*



o )



1



lam



,0



mini



1



m



20 20



Tur., Pers



3i)



40



n



noun vav he ve



C QX w O



L



Alphabet -Turkish Ottoman the S 2. The letters of letters, Arabic 28 of consist and are 32 in number, added have Persians the together with some which (sf-)



~ _). The



Turks, as most other Oriental



read and write from right to



left,



E' :,t



" ,ns >



instead ot from



left



3



Letters ol the Alphabet.



begins consequently book a to right as we do; and Capital letters axe English. in end where it would adopted been have marks punctuation unknown, and the English in as same the are They recently.



There are four kinds of writing: handwriting current ordinary the is I Bind which official and civil of kinds all in used in letters and documents. ot books, newsis the common print S



3.



.



Nesikh,



II.



papers



...



etc.



.



.



,



used a style of large handwriting



Divanee, letters-patent. engrossing for Chancery in the Imperial characters, Arabic of model Persian IY. Taliq, is the III.



is



of die documents in also and it is used by Persians, these and other of Examples court. Canonical Ottoman of tins woi^. end the at given are occurence forms of rarer in difficulty less or more always § 4. There is of those by language one of sounds representing the the Ottomanof case the in also true is This another. or group ot family a to belongs It language. Turkisli sounds possessing English, the from different tongues these sounds, express To ears. English to foreign entirely the English of some of modifications some made we have to master these necessary is It consonants. and vowels pronounced be must They on. going before sounds instance: For sound. regular one only having all fully Engin as more or five not an sound, (( has only one the name itself lish: e has only one, as in pci, though i, o, u also have only one will cause some blunder, ;



1



sound each. There are eight vowel sounds in Turki-L of Turkey, especially the population vast The 5. § Christians, do not all use the Ottoman characters in ne Armenians and the Greeks lia\e their writing. adapted them to their characters. There are books and papers in Turkish, in Armenian and Greek characters, I



Most of the Englishmen published in Constantinople. and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elem< uts of the language, they turn to begin it with the Arabi'-



/ *



ajs-A C4 ft



Letters o



;



the Alphabet.



then. easy very find they which characters, a remove will work, this in us adapted by



The method*



culties.



Single and Double Vowels



J



in names the reading In 6. written in the sounds, proper the and in pronouncing remember. always must learner English characters, the ft



.



Not



1.



or



pronounce «, as in fate



to



but as in far, art or father. semi, or met in as e always '2. 6 is



lake care not



verb or cane. mere, in as it pronounce to as never ship: or pin in as 3 i s always /,



1,



or



j



*



J }*P



^



4. %



c in heaven. and seldom in as o be pronounced out. j’rost as in long pronounced be not



must must



5 but very short as in no. ?/oifr//, oota] in as always off pronounce (>. about. couple pour, . in as and not no it has ruh turn. pure, ot that 7 u is not as is the French tu. sur. but English, in equivalent ^ 8. eo has no equivalent in English, it is m tench t



,



:



l-



feu, coeur: or



o in Zollner, rblhy.



German



Compound Consonants*



com employ not does orthography s i. Turkish o A to vowels and consonants three binations of two or the necessity, under are we sound; represent a single ot some combiwork this in use however, of making there t> which for sounds, Turkish nation- to represent are made combinations These English. no equivalent in to h or ff consonants and vowels some of by the addition in the Scotch as eh, of sound the has l:h 1



.



(jh.



as the Greek



?,



_ _



« *



I



.



V * %



J



-



»



•



1



A



Armenian v-



must be pronounced as s in azure. often >inations tch and com The 8 8 w o ... O *



’



I



h



1



.



bo



to l



-



- i.



of Turkish words, are but the English ch and j in church



transliteration



seen in the French notations



and



of



joy.



consonant, a considered be always must t). vow* any ot sound the degrade and never allowed to bj taken be must care particular it: that may precede i/



*



5



Letters of the Alphabet.



Englishmen



in this



It



matter.



always as in



is



/fell,



yoke, buy. a



to iorm vowels other with combined § 10. y is Table. next the in seen be will as diphthong



ay



Ex.:



qaymctq;



ey



»



deymek;



iy



»



ch iy



ly



»



oy ouy



»



as in lime, high, I. » » fate, prey, hey.



here, clear.



»



qiyma doymaq;



» wJr



doinjmaq:



»



\\



uy



ytiya



»



Si



»



eoy



»



eoyttn ;



»



»



tf



boy, toy, going, cooing, doing. Fr. essuver, Guyot.



»



Fr. deuil.



S transliteration of ittoman words, h^ the In 11. O end and middle beginning, tli6 a emphasized must be generally of words; at the end ot the syllables it is This is a most qahve hekun. accented; as: Al-lcih particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Englishmen; as a pernicious mode ot 1



“ “



,



,



orthography prevails among Englishmen, of introducing h mute very frequently at the beginning or end of words; as in Jionc.st, Jehovah etc. (§ 49 A .) must it Id is used as in English; except that never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be crally a.cc pronounced fully and strongly; it is not to vitiate at the end of syllables. 17-)] Take care the pure sound of any vowel that may precede it. G is always hard; as in give got, get. ^



,



Numerals and Numeration by Letters. § 1 2. The numerical figures, ten in number, have ttomans from the Arabs. They been adapted by the are the same that we make use of, calling them Arabic, because we took them from the Arabs. Their forms, however, differ considerably from thoses, which our digits have assumed, as the following table shows: >



)



r



r



i.



o



1



2



3



4



5



They



are



our numerals.



§ those



6



y



a



7



8



compounded \



dad



J*-?



used



is



raze*



wv i



o L



ti



»i



i



•



thus:



hut



rp



as



w



*



vowd



w



Sit



L*h



hard vowi



iii



l V



amt inn



/A ’ll



it



gem lanuit\



St. hi ia



ilt/it''



Bui



top ball.



thus:



s



mini



a



1



apt lift a



t.



is ire n cl



.



1



1



t



>



l"'



[



1



Hi



1



?ed



as



d



(bjl) oda room.



used in Arabic words only, as a very hard



is



zalhn cruel



ayn fe



,



y



lam



a



mini



y



;



r< i.



i



dcsig U



it



pronounced as a hard



d\ thus:



f-\ls



,m



hv



vi\



loll*



Kuglish sh. as



is



sod



ally



always



.v,



Ottoman words, as:



in all



irksilx



county



jtnnlitnmi a



-



*£}J na



’erdigHB,



y\S^ 3



as:



7,



*



*



the English



is



is



A noun But before be



is



the English o



is



penile light rose coloui



kef. See §§ 33



all



cases, IA fena.



m,



as:



7



ii,



JU as:



pronounced as .



L:.



J



36



in all cases.



English



like the it



?,



fj



c—



1



i



stambul



mat



^ m *



.



nan bread



m



onstantinon



(Stambul).



S so manv s The reason wliv Xotc. O 18. v sounds occur in Ottoman is that Arabic words intro



(



The Orthographic Signs



10



language have



into the



duced



to



m Arabic. 3 and d t> ,r d



be written as 1



ot tongue the sounds of



latter



In the



£



*



again those of



are



as



another,



o



Js>



*



*



t



5



)



and



^ observed



those of



not are distinctions these



C



1



‘



*,



of



'



a" d



t



y



Signs. Orthographic The



signs orthographic of There are five kinds



§ 19



The vowei sg



used in Ottoman-Turkieh.



lhese aie p



Nunation. and Shedda Medda, or over the



,



letters.



The Towel Signs. signs vowel of kinds There are three movements eke hat named These are .



S -



-



bv



20.



^h.;'



called ion



commonly



are they Europeans the o tw have signs vowel S 2 1 These three



,



l



va



the has ustun consonant, neuter or soft a ith f a. consonant hard a value of e\ and with esre h consonant^ neuter or II With a soft consonant hard a with value of i; and lias c eoti consonant, HI With a soft or neuter o, on. one hard a with value of u,



l



T



Mou dad



khi 6*tv& Mo,



ehtre ho, hon



Ha



it



,



eotre do, do«, etc. b) Soft Vowels.



S



23.



neuter X.



witl



pronounced are vowels Soft



OI



(



letters.



when put over a



tfsiun



pronounced 1



or n



sott



letter,



tt*r



i



like c. as in met.



ts\



etc. (j> ustCm itet h u-tun Xeu. Sin ustun se, k6f letter, is neuter or sott a n. Esre when put under I f .



.



'



i,



'



as in



etc.



esre h, ze esre



Mini esre mi, HI. £ofre when put over a



Key,



ft



IS



English.



(§ 6,



*



she'd,



or neuter letter, liM



co.



,



eoihvalftllt



in



8.1



.



pe eotre



Dal eotre eotre slm,



soft



]>eo



ptrthographic Signs.



unconnected



letters



are j



\r



jjj



i a



which are



I,



never joined to the following letter, and when they occur the word is broken that is, the pen is taken up, and the second part of the word is resumed unconnected. They may be joined only to the letter preceding them, ;



thus exhibited



as



braqdtm



(I



0 jbl



(administration)



idare



1



a jS



1



left).



The



connected or joindble letters are those which may be joined to the letters which follow or precede them; the remaining letters are connected letters; as: II.



munfastl (unconnected).



Laii-*



Exercise



K UJ



JJ



&



&



*



-V >



l



urJ



r



crJ-



fi



•



UJ



)



(



•



:



besh ; pe re



?/c,



e.



C^r



Be shin ustun



A?AI



•



^



*•



initial,



te



initial,



Exercise (Connected Monosyllables) 5



AL



5



.



initial,



te



#



ustun



^>er;



te lain



etc.



£??/,



Towel Letters. Besides the vowel signs, sometimes the vowel



§ 27. s



3



]a



,



it



U



are used, to indicate vowel sounds.



i



JElif indicates the hard vowel ustun provided Instead of is the second letter of the syllable.



I.



that



j



written



is



7-



l!»



l>.



\L>



;



here



elif is



subs



lor itsUm II.



Ye, sometimes when



it



the second letter of



is



Instead of r J



the syllable, iiiilieates the vowel esre. is



written



Vav,



III.



ye



J,



generally



when



is



substituted



it



is



Instead of



of the syllable, indicates the edtre i/



/



for esre.



second



the



)



letter



wo



>



%



>



is



written



&



--^2



6$



a



-



vav



'i



is



c



s



L



IV. He, when it is the second letter of the syllable, generally indicates the ustun, either hard or soft. Instead *



of



u



ft,



j 2 is written



ustun (pc, re,



de).



^



oj



*:>



;



here he



is



s



T



14



The Arabic and Persian long vowels



Note.



28.



Orthographic Signs.



ie



'• These Prolongation j of Letters the are represented by points, vowel the with respectively letters correspond letters no are there But 29-31). ustun, esrb, Jbtre (§§ of use the words; Turkish purely of prolongation in signs, vowel the indicating to only these letters is limited called in are they Therefore above. as lias been said only loi serve they as also, letters orthographic



Turkish



the correction of the orthography. #



Exercise



f.



exercises:



Read and write the following



M



4



)



J,



& J-



^



a!



ustun



Key. Be elif be vav ebtre hou, bo



hi, /



_



A



l



U



Jl



li



*



4



I*



&



be ye esre



be,



etc.



£



‘



‘



§;



J



‘



~



* ~



4



u~ l



‘



Li



:



II.



VS



Ji3 /.



‘



U)



>



*



(i



Al t



ft



$ ‘



!



*



lib Cistun



bb



ha,



^



y



tr*



*_rp



#



*



rt



•



i



*



*



t



‘



t



t



r



fp~ r-T “ equivalem is which Qaf lain ustun qal, vowel a with or esre lam qaf g27, qal lam ustun ; cjv



’



Km qaf



elif



letter !



Ju



qaf ye lam esre



etc.



qtl



Jy



Jjj



^



J Key. Sad vav lam t



jy»



J •



HI.



Short sentences.



\y j'-> uji



JbL? pr* fy*



•



eotre



sol,



‘ ’



Pj J d



—r VP s



qaf vav lam ebtre



qol,



sol d ol etc. jlj



J



‘



Jby



‘



Jtl



‘



J,l



IU



‘



HI.



‘



JU



‘



Jl;



'



*



Key.



Chim t



*



••



d



hstun cha, qaf yb bsre



elif i



91



(



•



i



(



S^»9l



*



r



\



1



~



~



yy 3^, ^



^*^9'



‘








p.



peer



*



old



man,



* lie has three sounds:



§ 32. a)



as the



ji> voice governor.



a.



Consonantal he, which



h



ustun;



of words,



is



/



7 r



lie,



c)



vine, p.



*



when



which



hr, a



stands



Substitutive he,



hi) ale slave.



in



asnuiya.



a.



which



is



changed from



found onlv at the end of Arabic words;



Ji ilcyatye



§



for



*



getejeywi,



as:



voicel



qahve coftee.



skill,



the middle or at the end never joined to the next letter in writing;



The vowel



is



or



asma



as:



a guttural and aspirated



huner



in horse', as: p.



Orthographic



b)



is



te,



as:



and



a>\5C>-



for *15CL>. hxhyahjet story.



33.



J



yetfi



il



kef.



The Ottoman



distinguishes sharply between the hard



letter



alphabet qaf and



1



1



Pronunciation of Letters.



v



of this present work transliteration The ripest scholars, the of iit tho ii n juugmen the



letter h'f. +Wnft ^



in accordance with



represents the



«'



m



i



Lv a Mtul an h\



**



ti



I



1



sj



i



di -J



with



Hie co mmon



fc#



.



< qftat/n at as 7 the "/ people pronounce lie end. the at »< as ami \ irf the mulille of words. is pronounced words of end /,t/’ also at the (brftv< ghocholch com* qochaq : Ex.: 15 H common peo



1



.



^



qan



com .ghan (blood), JoS



qayish com. flr/wyis/t (thong),



J *4



•



34.



§



or words;



/*?/ is



f) is



it



so



t.



rr -



*\te



4



soil



onlv to



as to represent



pronounced



m



s\ liable



lurki-a



these fom >‘'^8 distinguish to sounds; foul- dirt'erent Hu form. in modified slightly the letter may be to express used is alone the f) Ottoman, in



general,



proto how learn can student all four sounds, and the nounce it only by practice. or called kef is forms four The first of these I it is grammarians); the by kef, 1My pronounced as ,



(



jy Mil



ashes.



or g called gef is second XI. The it is and grammarians), the Persian kef, bv a modi bv bed distinguishc sometimes as hard g it is ;



fieation in shape, thus



15^ gel



lake,



Xote.



hard, and vowel a short



is



united thus feet,



•



ta.



f| represents the



followed



by an



dl



vowel



a



ound



elif,



either ot



k or of



takes before the



it ^



and



incipient



sound



Ex.:



being a



ot



i



Tctaghid paper,



cITT a-guih aware: not



cause



geoi



Ex.:



come.



When



g



O



soft



(^§ 22, 37).



Turkish Conv .-Grammar.



letter



l:a-ghid,



ha-mil, ct-gah



cannot go



p o



hamil



a



;



be



Pronunciation of Letters.



18



The



III.



and is



it



is



a nasal n, and



times written



A



called saghir lccf, or nef surd kef), as ng in the words ring, sing etc-.;



third



pronounced



is



t



represented by n.



is



with three dots over



“f



some-



It is



never



It is



it.



than at the middle of Turkish and consequently never can be initial. Ex.:



to be, found elsewhere



words;



jo



denis sea,



ydlinie alone, dll- sen in your.



;



IV. The fourth is called yaf and is pronounced like the English y consonant; it is found only in Turkish ,



words.



Ex.: J> 3



dl bey



prince.



rUyil



.»



sovouq not soghouq cold;



*



(a p