Phrases, Clauses, Active & Passive, Sentences 2007 [PDF]

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Phrases Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang saling berkaitan namun tidak mengandung unsur subject dan verb. Jenis – Jenis Phrase dan contohnya: Jenis



Keterangan Contoh Kalimat Phrase Noun phrase merupakan frasa antara noun (pronoun atau number) dan satu atau lebih modifier (determiner, adjective, participle, dll). Are you waiting someone special? Noun Phrase Contoh phrase: (Kamu sedang menunggu orang spesial?) my book, the next page, someone special



Adjective Phrase



Adverb Phrase



Adjective phrase merupakan frasa yang terdiri dari adjective dan modifier, determiner, dan/atau intensifier. Never have I been angry with you. Contoh phrase: (Aku tidak pernah marah denganmu.) angry with you, very beautiful Adverb phrase merupakan frasa yang terdiri dari adverb dengan qualifier (too, very, so, enough, etc) The people couldn’t do atau berupa prepositional atau infinitive phrase. anything during the hurricane. Contoh phrase: (Orang-orang tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama badai.) very good, to love weight, during the hurricane Prepositional phrase merupakan gabungan antara preposition dengan object dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.



Prepositional Contoh phrase: Phrase



There is distance between you and me. (Ada jarak antara kamu dan aku.)



at school, because of rain, between you and me Infinitive Phrase



Infinitive phrase merupakan kombinasi antara infinitive dan object, dimana berfungsi sebagai noun, adjective, atau adverb.



The best time to call him is at night. (Waktu terbaik untuk menelponnya adalah



Contoh phrase:



dimalam hari.)



to run through the rain, to call him, to hear the news Gerund phrase terdiri dari gerund dan modifier dan/atau noun(s), pronoun(s), atau noun phrase, dimana berfungsinya sebagai noun. Gerund Phrase



Participial Phrase



He should feel ashamed for giving bribes to win the election. Contoh phrase: (Dia seharusnya merasa malu memberi suap untuk his singing, getting the best score, giving bribes to memenangkan pemilihan.) win the election Participial phrase merupakan kombinasi antara participle (present atau past participle) dengan modifier dan/atau complement. Fungsinya sebagai verb [bersama auxiliary membentuk progressive, Working in my room, I perfect (continuous), dan passive voice] didn’t let someone else to atau adjective. disturb. (Bekerja di ruanganku, aku Contoh phrase: tidak membiarkan orang lain menggangu.) playing basketball, being parked there, working in my room Appositive phrase berupa noun phrase, gerund phrase, atau infinitive phrase yang berfungsi menerangkan noun atau pronoun lain.



Appositive Phrase



Contoh phrase: a foremost scientist, the best-selling car in Indonesia, sailing across the ocean



Absolute Phrase



His hobby, sailing across the ocean, takes a lot of time. (Hobinya, berlayar menyeberangi lautan, memakan banyak waktu.)



Absolute phrase merupakan His hands tugging on his kombinasi noun atau pronoun dan participle denga mother’s shirttail, the little n atau tanpa modifier. Fungsinya menerangkan boy asked his mother to buy independent clause yang dipisahkan dengan koma. a toy. (Tangannya menarik-narik Contoh phrase: ujung baju ibunya, anak kecil itu meminta ibunya His hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail membelikan mainan.)



Source: http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-phrasefrasa-dalam-bahasa-inggris



Clauses Clause adalah kelompok kata yang mengandung subject dan predicate. Clause mungkin berupa sentence (dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat: independent clause) atau seperti sentence (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri: dependent clause) yang berada di dalam complex sentence. Contoh Clause:



Independent Clause



Independent clause dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat. Tipe kalimat yang terdiri dari satu independent clause disebut simple sentence. Klausa ini dapat pula dikombinasikan dengan independent clause yang lain untuk membentuk compound sentence (digabungkan oleh coordinate conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so; adverbial conjunction (however, rather, therefore, dll); atau hanya semicolon). Contoh Independent Clause: Macam Simple Sentence



Contoh Kalimat



The ceremony started at 07.00 a.m. (Upacara mulai jam tujuh pagi.) She prefer mango to orange. (Dia lebih suka mangga daripada jeruk.) I like that bag, but I have no money. (Saya suka tas itu, tapi saya tidak punya uang.)



Compound She’s not bad; rather, she’s very kind. (Dia tidak jahat. Malahan dia Sentence sangat baik.) You’ve already finished my task; you can go home early. (Kamu sudah menyelesaikan tugas, jadi kamu bisa pulang lebih cepat.)



Dependent Clause



Dependent clause mengandung subject dan predicate namun tidak dapat mengungkapkan suatu pikiran yang utuh karena klausa ini diawali oleh suatu kata (subordinator) yang menyebabkan makna dari klausa tersebut menggantung. Klausa ini harus dihubungkan (membentuk complex sentence) atau disatukan dengan independent clause untuk menjadikannya “make sense” atau dapat dipahami maknanya sebagai kalimat yang utuh. Ada tiga dependent clause dasar, yaitu: noun clause, adjective clause, dan adverbial clause. Penjelasan singkat dan contohnya sebagai berikut. Jenis Clause



Penjelasan



Klausa ini berfungsi seperti noun atau pronoun Noun (subject, subject complement, object) di dalam Clause suatu kalimat.



Contoh Kalimat That today is my birthday is not right. (Tidak benar bahwa hari ini ulang tahun saya.)



People who chew well may have healthy Adjectiv Baik adjective, maupun adverbial clause digestion. (Orang yang digunakan bersama independent clause e mengunyah dengan baik Clause (berperan sebagai main clause) untuk membentuk complex sentence. Adjective clause mungkin punya pencernaan yang sehat.) berperan seperti adjective yang menerangkan noun atau pronoun pada main clause, sedangkan You were sleeping when Adverbi adverbial clause menerangkan verb, adjective, she arrived. (Dia tiba al atau adverb pada main clause. ketika kamu sedang Clause tertidur.) Elliptical Clause



Elliptical clause adalah dependent clause yang satu atau lebih elemen penyusunnya dihilangkan karena dianggap sudah dimengerti (understood). Biasanya elemen yang dihilangkan berupa subject dan/atau verb atau relative pronoun. Contoh Elliptical Clause:



When you are in love, keep your mind sharp. (Ketika jatuh cinta, jaga pikiranmu tetap tajam.)



Source: http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-clause-klausa-dalambahasa-inggris



Active and Passive Voice Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world’s languages. It is the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominative–accusative languages, includingEnglish and most other Indo-European languages. Active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the agent of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb. A sentence whose agent is marked as grammatical subject is called an active sentence. In contrast, a sentence in which the subject has the role of patient or theme is called a passive sentence, and its verb is expressed in passive voice. Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject. Passcive Voice verbs are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism (newspaper, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far more active than passive sentences. However, passive are very common in all types of scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often contain more passive than active sentences. You should not use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason. This is pattern of Passive Voice “Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier”



Patter to Tenses : Simple Present Tense Active : S + V1 + O Passive : S + To Be (is, am, are) + V3



Simple Past Tense Active : S + V2 + O Passive : S + To Be (was/were) + V3



Present Continuous Tense Active : S + To Be (is, am, are) + Ving + O Passive : S + To Be (is, am, are) + being + V3



Past Continuous Tense Active : S + To Be (was/were) +Ving + O Passive : S + To Be (was/were) + Being + V3



Present Perfect Tense Active : S + Auxiliary (has/have) + V3 Passive : S + Auxiliary (has/have) + Been + V3



Past Perfect Tense Active : S + Had + V3 Passive : S + Had + Been + V3



Present Future Tense Active : S + Will/Shall + V1 Passive : S + Will + Be + V3



Past Future Tense Active : S + Would/Should + V1



Passive : S + Would/Should + Be + V3



Present Perfect Continuous Tense Active : S + Has/Have + Been + Ving Passive : S + Has/Have + Been + Being + V3



Past Perfect Continuous Tense Active : S + Had + Been + Ving Passive : S + Had + Been + Being + V3



Present Future Perfect Tense Active : S + Will + Has/Have + V3 Passive : S + Will + Has/Have + Been + V3



Past Future Perfect Tense Active : S + Would + Has/Have + V3 Passive : S + Would + Has/Have + Been + 3



Present Future Cntinuous Tense Active : S + Will + Be + Ving Passive : S + Will + Be + Being + V3



Past Future Continuous Tense



Active : S + Would + Be + Ving Passive : S + Would + Be + Being + V3



Example: Simple Present Tense : Use “be” in passive voice is (is, am and are) Active : She waters this plant every two days Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days



Simple Past Tense : Use “be” in passive voice is was or were. Active : She watered this plant this morning Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning



Present Continuous Tense : Use “be” in passive voice is (is, am and are) + being. Active : She is watering this plant now Passive : This plant is being watered by her now



Past Continuous Tense : Use “be” in passive voice is was or were + being. Active : She was watering this plant Passive : This plant was being watered by her



Present Perfect Tense : Use “be” in passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary has or have, thus becoming “has been” or “have been”. Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes



Past Perfect Tense : Use “be” in passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary had, thus becoming “had been”. Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here



Modals The door couldn’t be opened by me Maya will be visited her home by her grandmother The book should have been accept two days ago



Source: http://noviaendahlestari.wordpress.com/2013/04/11/bahasa-inggris-active-and-passivevoice/



Sentences Writing in English begins with the sentence. Sentences are then combined into larger structures such as essays, business reports, etc. There are four sentence types in English. The first sentence type is the most common: Declarative A declarative sentence "declares" or states a fact, arrangement or opinion. Declarative sentences can be either positive or negative. A declarative sentences ends with a period (.). Examples I'll meet you at the train station. The sun rises in the East. He doesn't get up early. Imperative The imperative form instructs (or sometimes requests). The imperative takes no subject as 'you' is the implied subject. The imperative form ends with either a period (.) or an exclamation point (!). Examples Open the door. Finish your homework Pick up that mess. Interrogative The interrogative asks a question. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb precedes the subject which is then followed by the main verb (i.e., Are you coming ....?). The interrogative form ends with a question mark (?). Examples How long have you lived in France? When does the bus leave? Do you enjoy listening to classical music?



Exclamatory The exclamatory form emphasizes a statement (either declarative or imperative) with an exclamation point (!). Examples Hurry up! That sounds fantastic! I can't believe you said that! Sentence Types All of these sentence types further fall into four basic sentence type categories in English.







Simple







Compound







Complex







Compound - Complex



Simple Sentences Simple sentences contain no conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, etc.). Examples Frank ate his dinner quickly. Peter and Sue visited the museum last Saturday. Are you coming to the party? Compound Sentences Compound sentences contain two statements that are connected by a conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, etc.).



Examples I wanted to come, but it was late. The company had an excellent year, so they gave everyone a bonus. I went shopping, and my wife went to her classes.



Complex Sentences Complex sentences contain a dependent clause and at least one independent clause. The two clauses are connected by a subordinator (i.e, which, who, although, despite, if, since, etc.). Examples My daughter, who was late for class, arrived shortly after the bell rang. That's the man who bought our house Although it was difficult, the class passed the test with excellent marks. Compound - Complex Sentences Compound - complex sentences contain at least one dependent clause and more than one independent clause. The clauses are connected by both conjunctions (i.e., but, so, and, etc.) and subordinators (i.e., who, because, although, etc.) Examples John, who briefly visited last month, won the prize, and he took a short vacation. Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent him a card when he finally remembered. The report which Tom compiled was presented to the board, but it was rejected because it was too complex. Conditional Sentencs Pengertian Conditional Sentences adalah kalimat bersyarat. Kalimat ini memiliki dua klausainduk kalimat dan anak-kalimat-yang dihubungkan dengan menggunakan "IF". Kalimat ini memiliki makna "seandainya" atau "jika". Di dalam bahasa Inggris, tipe kalimat ini dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu : 1. First Conditional 2. Second Conditional 3. Third Conditional A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE I 1. Susunan



If + S + V1, S + will + V1 + O Contoh : a. If I see Barlie, I will tell him. (Jika saya bertemu Barlie, saya akan mengatakan kepadanya.) b. If Julie is free tomorrow, he will invite her. (Jika Julie libur besok, dia akan mengundangnya.) c. If it rains tomorrow, will you stay at home? (Jika besok hujan, apakah kamu akan diam di rumah?) d. If it rains tomorrow, what will you do? (Jika besok hujan, apa yang akan kamu lakukan? 2. Makna Kalimat dalam konstruksi ini berarti mungkin benar-benar terjadi jika syratnya terpenuhi. Oleh karena itu, makna kalimat ini disebut sebagai possibility (kemungkinan). Pemaknaan kalimat pada tipe ini dapat disusun sebagai berikut : S + may + V1 + that + S + may + V1 + O Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi berikut : a. I may see Barlie that I may tell him. b. Julie may be free tomorrow that he may invite her. c. It may rain tomorrow, may you stay at home? d. It may rain tomorrow, what may you do? B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE II 1. Susunan If + S + V2, S + would + V1 + O Contoh : a. If I married Rania, I would be happy. (Jika saya menikah dengan Rania, Saya akan senang.) b. If Jack became rich, he would marry her. (Jika Jack menjadi kaya, dia akan menikahinya.) c. If it snowed next July, what would you do? (Jika musim salju bulan July yang akan datang, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?) 2. Makna Apa yang dikatakan dalam induk kalimat tidak pernah terjadi karena syarat yang dikatakan dalam anak kalimat tidak terpenuhi. Oleh karena itu, kalimat ini disebut sebagai Unreal Present. Tenses untuk makna kalimatnya berubah dan polanya disusun sebagai berikut : S + don’t/doesn’t + V + that + S + will not + V1 + O



Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi berikut : a. I don't marry Rania that I am not happy. b. Jack doesn't become rich that he will not marry her. c. It doesn't snow next July, what do you do?



C. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE III 1. Susunan If + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3 + O Contoh : a. If I had seen Diana, I would have told her. (Jika saya bertemu Diana, saya akan mengatakan padanya.) b. If it had rained yesterday, would you have stayed at home? (Jika kemarin hujan, akankah kamu tinggal di rumah?) c. If Shinta had been free yesterday, I would have invited her.) (Jika Shinta libur kemarin, saya akan mengundangnya.) 2. Makna Apa yang dikatakan dalam induk kalimat tidak pernah terjadi karena kalimat syarat yang dikatakan dalam anak kalimat tidak pernah terpenuhi. Karena dinyatakan dalam bentuk Past Tense, kalimat ini disebut sebagai Unreal Past. Tenses untuk makna kalimatnya juga berubah : S + didn’t + V1 + that + S + would not + V1 + O Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi berikut : a. I didn't see Diana that I would not tell her. b. It didn't rain yesterday did you stay at home? c. Shinta wasn't free yesterday that I would not invite her.



Source: http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatewriting/a/sentence_types.htm http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/pengertian-tipe-susunan-makna-dan.html