Science 08 [8] [PDF]

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‫درسﻲ کتابﻮﻧﻪ د پﻮﻫﻨ‪ ３‬پﻪ وزارت پﻮرې اړه ﻟرې‪ ،‬پﻴرودل او پﻠﻮرل‬ ‫ﻳ‪ ３‬ﻣﻨع دي‪.‬‬



‫ساﻳنس‬



‫‪[email protected]‬‬



‫‪8‬‬



‫د اﻓﻐاﻧستان اسﻼﻣﻲ جﻤﻬﻮرﻳت‬ ‫د پﻮﻫﻨ‪ ３‬وزارت‬ ‫د تﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻧصاب د پراختﻴا ﻟﻮی رﻳاست‬



‫ساﻳنس‬ ‫اتم ！ول‪／‬ی‬ ‫د دﻳنﻲ مدارسو لپاره‬



‫د چاپ کال‪ ١٣٩٨ :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ل‪.‬‬



S c i e n c e



«



» «



« « «



»



»



» «



»



« «



»



«



»



«



»



»



»



«



»



Diffusion



CO2



O2



Osmosis



i



Photosynthesis



Pristly



6 H 2O 6CO2



C6 H 12O6



6O2



C6 H 12O6



6 H 2O 6Co2



E



6O2



Amitosis



Mitosis



Interphase Prophase



Metaphase



Anaphase



Telophase



«Meiosis



»



Ecology



Ecology Logos



Oikos



)Ecosystem(



DDT DDT



DDT



Transpiration



Green House



Biomass



Joul



Conduction



Convection



Radiation



N



S



1 2 91



P



e



92



1 2



1 94



2 3 4



1 2



c e



e



1.6 10



1.6 10



( e)



c



c



1C



(1c)



1C



19



19



6.3 1018 e



6.3 1018 e



( e)



(e) (q )



c 1Coul



6.3 1018 e



• • •



10N • 14N • 20N •



• • •



50N



100N 150N



a 100 N



50N



b



a



b 50 N



50N 150N 50



b b



a



a a



b a



b 5N



15N



a 20N



gr kg 5kg



9 81N 1kg



1kg



1Kg * 1kgf



1Kg



*



10 N



9 81N



1kg



150N 45kg



450N N



w 3Kg



=



m g



N



10



F



F



A



L



C



R F



B R



F



L



L B



C



A



50 g



25 g



25 g



50 g 50 g



25 g



25 g 25 g



50 g



25 g



‫څﺮﻧګــﻪ‬



– – – –



atomos



P n



e



F



2n2



n n 1



2n n=1 2 12 =2 1=2 2



2p 2n



1p



L



2n2 n=2 2 22=2 4=8



K M



Al



Be



K



Ne



P



Ar



K



Period



Na



8e



Li H



Kr Xe



)-112 C( 0



)-186 C(



Ar



Xe



Ar



0



Kr



2 ( 186 0 C )



( 112 0 C ) 2



B Fr



A



IIA VIIIA He H



Li VIIA



IA IIIA VIIIA



149 C 0



149 0C



O2



C CO2



S



CS2



NaCl



MgI2



Cl



Na



Br



Na



I



Mg



MgF2



F



Mg



AlCl3 BCl2



Cl



Al



Cl



B



Al



Cu



Zn



Fe



IA



12n



IIA



He



IIIA VIIIA VIIIA



(CuSO 4 5H 2 O)



A



B



AB



A B



AB B A



AB



g aq



s



2Fe s 3O2 g



l



2Fe2O3 s



H2 g



H2 g



O2 g



O2 g



2H2(g) + O2(g) H O



H2O l



2H2O l



2H2O(l



2H2O(l)



2H2(g) + O2(g



2H2(g) + O2(g)



C(s) + O2(g)



Mg (s) 2HCl(aq)



CO2(g



MgCl 2 (aq) H 2 (g )



2HCl(aq) +2NaOH(aq)



2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)



2H2O(l



Ba



FeO



SO2



CaO SiO2



CO2



Fe2O3 Oxidation



Ca



Na C



S



N2



Fe



Oxidation



Oxidation



K2O, SO2, H2O,



CO2, CaO



Fe2O3,



Al2O3, MgO, Na2O, CaO Ca



2Ca(s)+O2(g)



Mg 2CaO(s)



IUPAC



Na2O CaO



Sodium oxide Calcium oxide



ic



ous



Cu2O CuO



Cuprous oxide Cupric oxide



IUPAC



Cu2O CuO



Copper (I) oxide Copper (II) oxide



I II



Na 2 O, MgO, Al2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO



CaO



CaCO3(s)



CaO(s)+CO2(g)



CO2 NO2 SO3



SO2



H2SO3 HNO3



H2SO4 CO 2



CaSO4



CaCO3



Ca OH 2



CaO



–



Au



BaO Magnetite Fe3O4 H2O CO2



F2



Cl2



O2



C2H6 Cl2O7



SrO Fe2O3 PbO H2S Oxidation



Organic Fertilizers Inorganic Fertilizers



(NH 4 )3 PO 4



KC1 MgC12 6 H 2O



( NH 4 )2 HPO4



[KCl NaCl]



CO(NH 2 ) 2



NH3



CO NH CO NH 2



NH 4 NO3 2



132o C 119g



25 C



100g



Cl2



KCl



NaCl MgCl2 .6 H 2O



NaCl 2 NaCl(s)



Cl2 (g)+H 2 O(l)



KClO



2 Na (s) Cl2 (g )



HCl(aq)+HOCl(aq) HClO(aq)



NaClO Ca ClO 2



NaClO



2 NaOH(aq) Cl2 (g )



NaOCl(aq) NaCl(aq) H 2O(l)



NaClO



NaClO



üüü2



NaOCl



NH 3



Ca CN



2



NaOCl



CO NH 2



2



CaCO3



4



CO NH 2



2



NH 3



acidus



acid alkali (K 2 CO3 )



Svante Arhenius



H



OH



H KOH(s)



H2O



K (aq) OH (aq)



(CO 2 )



(CO 2 ) CO 2 (g) H 2 O(l)



H 2 CO3 (aq)



H (aq) HCO3 (aq)



OH KOH(s)



H2O



K (aq) OH (aq)



OH NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)



NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)



CaO K2O NaOH



NH 3 , H 2SO 4 , HCl



(HCl)



KOH(s)



H2O



K (aq) OH (aq)



SO3 (g) H 2 O(l)



H 2SO 4 (aq)(H 2SO 4 )



SO3 (g) H 2 O(l)



N 2 ( g ) CH 2 ( g )



H 2SO 4 (aq) ( NH 3 )



2 NH 3 ( g )



NaOH



Na 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)



2NaOH(aq)



(H 2 CO3 )



2Na(s) 2HCl(aq)



10mL



2NaCl(aq) H 2 (g)



HCl 5mL



HCl



HNO3 H 2 CO3 HCl



Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide



NaOH KOH



Ca(OH) 2



OH



Indicators



C



NaCl



CaCO3



KMnO4



NaNO3 CaO



NaCl NaOH



NH 4



HCl



HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) NH 4 OH(aq)



NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l) NH 4 Cl(aq) H 2 O(l)



Neutralization



Sodium chloride



NaCl



Magnesium flouride



MgF2



Potassium sulfide



K 2S



Calcium nitrate



Ca(NO3)2



Sodium sulfite Potassium carbonate



Na2SO3



Aluminium sulfate



Al2(SO4)3



Zinc phosphate



Zn3(PO4)2



K2CO3



ic



ic



ous



ous IUPAC



ic ous II



Iron (II) Sulfate



Ferrous sulfate



FeSO FeSO 44



III



Iron(III)sulfate



Ferric sulfate



Fe2 SO4 3



I



Copper (I)bromide



Cuprous bromide



CuBr



II



Copper(II)bromide



Cupric bromide



CuBr2



CaCO3



1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)



Na2CO3 (aq) Ca(OH ) 2 (aq)



CaSO4 2H2O



BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq)



CaCO3 ( s ) 2 NaOH (aq)



NaNO3



4 Fe(s) CuCl2 (aq)



Cu(s) FeCl2 (aq)



II



Na2 SO4 ( aq ) Pb( NO3 )2 ( aq )



II



PbSO4 ( s ) 2 NaNO3 ( aq )



II



II



NaCl



5mL



NaCl NaCl



NaOH HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)



NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)



AgNO3



5mL



H OH



K 2O



CO 2



H 2 CO3



OH



H 2 CO3



KOH Na 2 CO3



Al2 CO3 3



Mg (OH) 2 H 2 CO3



NaCl



H 2 CO3



HNO3



HNO3



HCl



H 2 CO H32 CO3



HCl



HCl



H



Ca