Science 08 [8] [PDF]

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‫ﻛتب درسﻰ ﻣربﻮط وزارت ﻣعارف بﻮده‪ ،‬خرﻳد و فروش‬ ‫أن ﻣﻤﻨﻮع است‪.‬‬



‫جمهورى اسﻼمﻰ افغانستان‬ ‫وزارت معارف‬ ‫ریاست عمومﻰ انکشاف نصاب تعلیمﻰ‬



‫‪[email protected]‬‬



‫ساﻳﻨس‬



‫‪8‬‬



‫ساﻳﻨس‬ ‫صﻨﻒ ﻫشتﻢ‬ ‫(براي ﻣدارس دﻳﻨﻰ)‬



‫سال چاپ‪ 1398 :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬



S c i e n c e



)Diffusion(



O2 CO2



)Osmosis(



)Photosynthesis(



6 H 2O 6CO2



C6 H12O6



6O2



6O2



C6 H12O6



6 H 2O 6CO2



E



Amitosis



Mitosis



Interphase prophase



Centromere



Metaphase



Anaphase Telophase



Meiosis



Ecology Oikos Logos



)Ecosystem(



DDT DDT



DDT



Transpiration



–



Green House



Biomass



Biomass



Biomass



6-3



.



Conduction



Convection



Radiation



• • •



N



S



،



Atom P



e



c e 18



6.3 10 e



1C 1C e



1.6 10



18



6.3 10 e



.e



c



1.6 10



1c



e



q



19



e



19



c



c 1Coul



6.3 1018 e



10N 14N 20N



50N



100N 150N



b



50N



a



b = 50N



a =100N 50N



150



b 50



a



b a



a b



a



20N



b



15N



a 5N



gr kg 5kg



1kg 9.81N 1kg 9.81N



1Kg *



1kgf 150N



1kg 45kg



1Kg *



10 N



450N N 3Kg



w=m.g



N



• • • • •



• •



F



F



L



C



L



R B



F



A



R



F



L



L B



C



A



50g



25g



25g



50g 50g



25g



25g



25 g 25 g



–



50 g



–



–



• • • •



– – – –



atomos



p



n



e



F



2n2 n



2n2 n=1 2 12=2 1=2



n



1p



2n2 n=2 2 22=2 4=8



2p 2n



L



K M



Al



Be



K



Ne



P



Ar



K



Period



Na



H



Li



Kr



C Xc



o



C



o



)Ar(



Xe



Kr



Ar



) 186 0 C ( o



2



C



B



Li



A



IA Fr IIA VIIA



VIIIA



) 112 0 C (



IIIA VIIIA



C



149 0C



He H



CO2



O2



C S



)CS2(



C



NaCl



MgI2



Cl



Na



Br



Na



I



Mg



F



Mg



Cl



AlCl3



Al



Cl



Al



B



Cu



Fe Zn



IA



3P 4n



11P



19P



12n



20n



IIA IIIA VIIIA



He



VIIIA



(CuSO 4 5H 2O)



A



B



AB



A+B



AB B A



AB



l



g aq



4Fe(s) +3O2(g)



–



s



2Fe2O3(s



–



H2(g) + O2(g)



H O



H2O(l



H2(g) + O2(g)



2H2O(l



2H2(g) + O2(g)



2H2O(l



2H2O(l)



2H2(g) + O2(g



2H2(g) + O2(g)



C(s) + O2(g)



2H2O(l



CO2(g



Mg(s) 2HCl(aq)



2HCl(aq) +2NaOH(aq)



MgCl 2 (aq) H 2 (g )



2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l



Ba



CaO



FeO



SO2



SiO2 Fe2O3 Oxidation CO2



Fe



Ca C



Na S



N



Oxidation



K2O, SO2, H2O, CO2, CaO Fe2O3,



Al2O3, MgO, Na2O, CaO



Ca Mg 2Ca(s)+O2(g)



2CaO(s)



IUPAC



Na2O CaO



Cu2O CuO



IUPAC



Sodium oxide Calcium oxide ous ic Cuprous oxide Cupric oxide



Cu2O CuO



Copper(I) oxide Copper (II) oxide



CaO SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 MgO Na2O



(CaO)



(CaCO3)



CaCO3(s)



CaO(s)+CO2(g)



CO2, SO3, SO2 H2SO3 HNO3 CO2



H2SO4



I II



– CaSO4



CaCO3



Ca(OH)2



CaO



Au



BaO Magnetite (Fe3O4 H2O CO2



F2



Cl2



O2



C2H6 Cl2O7



SrO Fe2O3, PbO H2S )Oxidation(



–



–



Organic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers



–



(NH 4 )3 PO 4



( NH 4 )2 HPO4



[KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O]



CO(NH 2 ) 2



[KCl NaCl]



)NH3(



–



CO NH 2



2



NH 4 NO3 CO NH 2



g



C



o



g



2



C



o



NH 2COONH 4 )aq(



NH 2CONH 2 )aq( H 2O)l(



)Cl2



KCl



MgCl2 .6 H 2O



NaCl



NaCl



Cl 2 )g( H 2O)l(



HCl)aq( HClO



NaClO Ca)ClO(2



KClO



NaClO



2 NaOH)aq( Cl 2 )g(



NaClO



NaClO)aq( NaCl)aq( H 2O)l(



NaClO



( NH 2COONH 4 )



NaOCl



Ca CN



CO 2



2



CO NH 2 NaOCl



CO NH 2



2



CaCO3



2



CO 2



acidus



acid alkali



(K 2 CO3 )



Svante Arhenius (H )



OH



H H2O



HCl(g)



H (aq) Cl (aq)



SO2 H 2 CO3 (aq)



NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)



HCl(g)



H2O



OH



H (aq) HCO3 (aq)



NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)



CO 2 (g) H 2 O(l)



CO2



H (aq) Cl (aq) OH



NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)



NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)



CaO K2O



NaOH , NH 3 , H 2SO 4 , HCl NaOH



(SO3 )



(HCl)



HCl(g)



H2O



H (aq) Cl (aq)



(SO3 )



SO3 (g) H 2 O(l)



(H 2SO 4 )



H 2SO 4 (aq) ( NH 3 )



N 2 (g) 3H 2 (g)



2NH 3 (g)



NaOH



Na 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)



2NaOH(aq)



:



–



(H 2 CO3 )



2Na(s) 2HCl(aq)



2NaCl(aq) H 2 (g)



NaCl 10 mL



(HCl)



HCl



5 mL HCl



HNO3



H 2 CO3



HCl



Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide



NaOH KOH



Ca(OH) 2



OH



(Indicators)



C



(NaCl) (NaOH)



( NH 4 ) (HCl)



HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)



NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)



HCl(aq) NH 4 OH(aq)



NH 4 Cl(aq) H 2 O(l)



(Neutralization)



Sodium chloride



NaCl



Magnesium flouride



MgF2



Potassium sulfide



K2S



Calcium nitrate



Ca(NO3)2



Sodium sulfite



Na2SO3



Patassium carbonate



K2CO3



Aluminium sulfat



Al2(SO4)3



Zinc phosphate



Zn3(PO4)2



ic ic IUPAC



ous ous



ous ic



Iron(II)sulfate



Ferrous sulfate



III



Iron(III)sulfate



Ferric sulfate



Fe2(SO4)3



I



Copper (I)bromide



Cuprous bromide



CuBr



II



Copper(II)bromide



Cupric bromide



CuBr2



BaCl2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)



BaSO4



1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq) 1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)



Fe(s) CuCl 2 (aq)



(s) 2HCl(aq)



BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq)



2 Na 2 CO3 (aq) Ca(OH) 2 (aq)



Cu (s)



CaCO3 (s) 2NaOH(aq) BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq)



FeCl2 (aq)



II II 1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq) Na 2SO 4 (aq) Pb( NO3 ) 2 (aq) PbSO 4 (s) 2 NaNO3 (aq)



NaCl



FeSO 4



II



II II



II II



NaOH HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)



NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)



FeSO 4



H



OH



K 2O



CO 2



H 2 CO3



K 2O



KOH



H 2 CO3 Na 2 CO3



Na 2 CO 3 (aq) Ca ( NO3 ) 2 (aq)



Na 2 CO 3 (aq) Ca ( NO3 ) 2 (aq)



HCl(aq) LiOH(aq)



HCl2 CO (aq)3 (aqLiOH ) 3 ) 2 (aq) Na ) Ca(aq ( NO KOH (aq H 2SO HCl (aq ) ) LiOH (aq 4 ()aq )



KOH(aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)



KOH(aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)



Neutralization



– –



Mg(OH) 2



H 2 CO3



NaCl



HNO3



HCl



H 2 CO3



HNO3



H 2 CO3



HCl



HCl



NaCl