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The next artist in this survey of American artist is James Whistler; he is included in this survey of American artist because he was born in the United States, although the majority of his artwork was completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in 1834, but nine years later his father moved the family to St. Petersburg, Russia, to work on the construction of a railroad. The family returned to the United States in 1849. Two years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at West Point, but he was unable to graduate. At the age of twenty-one Whistler went to Europe to study art despite familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death. Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is most famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1: Portrait of the Artist’s Mother or Whistler’s Mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting shows a side view of Whistler’s mother, dressed I black and posing against a gray wall. The asymmetrical nature of the portrait, with his mother seated off-center, is highly characteristic of Whistler’s work. 1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses A. a survey of eighteenth-century art B. a different American artist C. Whistler’s other famous paintings D. European artists 2. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage? A. Several artists are presented B. One artist’s life and works are described C. Various paintings are contrasted D. Whistler’s family life is outlined. 3. Whistler is considered an American artist because A. he was born in America B. he spent most of his life in Americat C. he served in the U.S. military D. he created most of his famous art in America



4. The world “majority” (mayoritas) in line 2 is closest in meaning to A. seniority B. maturity C. large pices D. high percentage  presentase tinggi 5. It is implied in the passage that Whistler’s family was A. unable to find any work at all in Russia B. highly supportive of his desire to pursue art C. working class D. military 6. The word “objections” (keberatan) in line 7 is closest in meaning to A. protests  protes B. goals C. agreements D. battles 7. In line 8, the “etchings” are A. a type of painting B. the same as a lithograph C. an art form introduced by Whistler D. an art form involving engraving 8. The word “asymmetrical” (asimetris)in line 11 is closest in meaning to A. proportionate B. uneven  tidak merata C. balanced D. lyrical 9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passsage? A. Whistler work with a variety of art forms. B. Whistler’s Mother is not the official name of his painting.



C. Whistler is best known for his etchings. D. Whistler’s Mother is painted in somber tones. 10. where in the passage does the author mention the types of artwork that Whistler was involved in? A. Lines 1-3 B. Lines 4-5 C. Lines 6-7 D. Lines 8-10 It has been noted that, traditionally, courts have granted divorces on fault grounds: one spouse is deemed to be at fault in causing the divorce. More and more today, however, divorces are being granted on a no-fault basis. Proponents of no-fault divorces argue that when a marriage fails, it is rarely the case that one marriage partner is completely to blame and the other blameless. A failed marriage is much more often the result of mistakes by both partners. Another argument in favor of no-fault divorce is that proving fault in court, in a public arena, is a destructive process that only serves to lengthen the divorce process and that dramatically increases the negative feelings present in a divorce. If a couple can reach a decision to divorce without first deciding which partner is to blame, the divorce settlement can be negotiated more easily and equitably and the postdivorce healing process can begin more rapidly. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? a. Traditional grounds for divorce b. Who is at fault in a divorce c. Why no-fault divorces are becoming more common d. The various reasons for divorces 2. The word "spouse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to a a. judge b. problem



c. divorce decree d. marriage partner 3. according to the passage, no-fault divorces a. are on the increase b. are the traditional form of divorce c. are less popular that they used to be d. were granted more in the past 4. It is implied in the passage that a. there recently has been a decrease in no-fault divorces b. not all divorces today are no-fault divorces c. a no-fault divorce is not as equitable as a fault divorce d. people recover more slowly from a no-fault divorce 5. The word "proponents" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following? a. Advocates b. Recipients c. Authorities d. Enemies 6. The passage states that a public trial to prove the fault of one spouse can a. be satisfying to the wronged spouse b. lead to a shorter divorce process c. reduce negative feelings D. be a harmful process 7. Which of the following is NOT listed in this passage as an argument in favor of no-fault divorce? a. Rarely is only one marriage partner to blame for a divorce b. A no-fault divorce generally costs less in legal fees c. Finding fault in a divorce increases negative feelings d. A no-fault divorce settlement is generally easier to negotiate



8. The word "present" in line 9 could most easily be replaced by a. existing b. giving c. introducing d. resulting 9. The word "settlement" in line 10 is closest in meaning to a. development b. serenity c. discussion d. agreement 10. The tone of this passage is a. emotional b. enthusiastic c. expository d. reactionary Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely religious and moral in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that was coming to life in the colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn served to further influence the population. Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution, the two best-known and most influential writers, Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause. Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother's newspaper, the New England Current. In these articles he used a simple style of language and common sense argumentation to defend the point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same common sense practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard's Almanac from 1733 until 1758. Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety of extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonist's revolutionary cause against England. Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of



the Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared in 1776, was a force in encouraging the colonists to declare their independence from England. Then throughout the long and desperate war years he published a series of Crisis papers (from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on with the struggle. The effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet oversimplified depiction of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and evil. 1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses a. how literature influence the population b. religious and moral literature c. literature supporting the cause of the American Revolution d. what made Thomas Paine's literature successful 2. The word "fervor" in line 2 is closest in meaning to a. war b. anxiety c. spirit d. action 3. The word "time" in line 3 could best be replaced by a. hour b. period c. appointment d. duration 4. It is implied in the passage that a. some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution b. Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution c. because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies d. authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution 5. The pronoun "he" in line 8 refers to a. Thomas Paine b. Ben Franklin



c. Ben Franklin's brother d. Poor Richard 6. The expression "point of view" in line 9 could best be replaced by a. perspective b. sight c. circumstance d. trait 7. According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is a. pragmatic b. erudite c. theoretical d. scholarly 8. The word "desperate" in line 16 could best be replaced by a. unending b. hopeless c. strategic d. combative 9. Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing? a. lines 4-6 b. lines 8-9 c. lines 14-15 d. lines 18-20 10. The purpose of the passage is to a. discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteen century b. give biographical data on two American writers c. explain which authors supported the Revolution d. describe the literary influence during revolutionary America



The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another do not appear to the naked eye to change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many unaware stargazers falsely assume that each star has its own permanent home in the nighttime sky.  In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances between stars themselves and from stars to Earth, the changes are barely perceptible here. An example of a rather fast-moving star demonstrates why this misconception prevails; it takes approximately 200 years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard's star to move a distance in the skies equal to the diameter of the earth's moon. When the apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted with the movement of the planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.  1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?  a. What the eye can see in the sky  b. Bernard's star  c. Planetary Movement  d. The Evermoving stars  2. The expression‍"naked eye" in line 1 most probably refers to  a. a telescope  b. a scientific method for observing stars  c. unassisted vision  d. a camera with a powerful lens  3. According to the passage, the distances between the stars and Earth are  a. barely perceptible  b. huge  c. fixed  d. moderate  4. The word "perceptible" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?  a. noticeable  b. persuasive  c. conceivable 



d. astonishing  5. In line 6, a "misconception" is closest in meaning to a (n)  a. idea  b. proven fact  c. erroneous belief  d. theory  6. The passage states that in 200 years Bernard's star can move  a. around Earth's moon  b. next to the earth's moon  c. a distance equal to the distance from earth to the moon  d. a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the moon  7. The passage implies that from earth it appears that the planets  a. are fixed in the sky  b. move more slowly than the stars  c. show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars  d. travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars  8. The word "negligible" in line 8 could most easily be replaced by   a. negative  b. insignificant  c. rapid  d. distant  9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?  a. starts do not appear to the eye to move.  b. the large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify movement to the eye  c. Bernard's star moves quickly in comparison with other stars  d. although stars move, they seem to be fixed  10. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses  a. the movement of the planets 



b. Bernard's star  c. the distance from earth to the moon  d. why stars are always moving  11. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course?  a. astrology  b. geophysics  c. astronomy  d. geography



 Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.         The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths  had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.          The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a



product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.  1. What is the passage primarily about? (a) The limitations of pioneering studies in understanding human behavior (b) How time and motion studies were first developed (c) The first applications of a scientific approach to understanding human behavior (d) The beginnings of modern management theory   2. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to  (a) scientific management  (b) philosophy  (c) productivity    (d) time and motion study  3. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that (a) workers welcomed the application of scientific management (b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms (c) by the early 1900s science had reached a stage where it could be applied to the workplace (d) workers were no longer exploited after the introduction of scientific management.



  4. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in meaning to  (a) predominant (b) broadly accepted (c) prevalent (d) common 4. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered how workers could eliminate  waste motion by (a) using special tools such as cameras and clocks (b) using stop watches (c) applying scientific management principles (d) watching his children do their chores   5. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one of following names by Frank Gilbreth? (a) dimensions (b) gilreths (c)  therbligs (d)  monitors



  6. According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to perform the motion of a given job can be measured by using: (a) stop watches (b) all 5 work dimensions (c) special tools (d) therbligs   7. The word “motions” in line 20 is closest in meaning to (a) stop watches (b) habits (c) actions (d) special tools   8. Where in the passage does the author comment that the principles of scientific management were often misunderstood? (a) Lines 1-5 (b) Lines 6-10 (c) Lines 11-15



(d) Lines 16-20        9.  The word “ dimensions” in line 24 is closest in meaning to  (a) sizes (b) extents (c) aspects (d) standards   10.  All of the following are true except (a) scientific management was  concerned with productivity. (b) the beginnings of modern management thought commenced in the 19th century. (c) Frank Gilbreth’s fame was enhanced by two of his children writing a book. (d) analyzing work to increase productivity is not likely to be used unless all of the dimensions are considered. The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them. Then inscriptions found in baa at the



end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades, but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar Old Persian language. Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that replaced it.



Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years As the IndoEuropeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and eventually vanished. 22. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Reasons for the failure to understand the written records of Old European culture (B) Influences on the development of Old European script (C) Similarities between Old European script and other ancient writing systems (D) Events leading to the discovery of Old European script 23. According to the passage, New Elamite is (A) a language that was written in the cuneiform script (B) a modem language that came from Old Persian (C) one of the languages spoken by the Old Europeans



(D) a language that was understood by the late eighteenth century 24. According to the passage, scholarswere able to decipher cuneiform script with the help of (A) the Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian languages (B) Old Persian (C) tablets written in Old European (D) a language spoken in eighteenth century Iran 25. The word “fortuitous” in line 5 is closet in meaning to (A) important (B) sudden (C) early (D) lucky 26. The word "them" in line 6 refers to (A) Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian (B) bilingual inscriptions (C) cuneiform tablets (D) scholars 27. When does the passage suggest that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic script was finally deciphered? (A) At around the same time as cuneiform script was deciphered (B) Shortly before the Rosetta stone was unearthed (C) As soon as additional bilingual inscriptions became available to scholars (D) A few decades after the hieratic script was decoded 28. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Rosetta stone? (A) It was found by scholars trying to decode ancient languages. (B) It contains two versions of hieroglyphic script. (C) Several of its inscriptions were decoded within a few months of its discovery. (D) Most of its inscriptions have still not been decoded. 29. The word "thwarted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to



(A) continued (B) influenced (C) encouraged (D) frustrated 30. According to the passage, Indo-European incursions caused Old European populations to (A) separate into different tribes (B) move eastward (C) change their ways of living obtaining food (D) start recording historical events in Writing 31. The author mentions the Balkans in the passage in order to explain why (A) Indo-European languages were slow to spread in Old Europe (B) the inhabitants of Old Europe were not able to prevent Indo-European incursions (C) the use of the Old European script declined (D) the Old European culture survived for a time after the Indo-European incursions Lichens, probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche. Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that anchors the plant. The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis-that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture their own food. The fungi are believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to the partnership. Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface of the plants at night. And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains.



Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years. For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen to encounter one another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by animals; these toll or are blown to a new location 1. Which of the following questions does the passage answer? (A) Where can the oldest lichen be found? (B) How long does it take for lichens to establish themselves? (C) How large can lichens he? (D) Where do lichens usually occur? 2. The word "hardiest" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) most unusual (B) most basic (C) most abundant (D) most vigorous 3. The word "framework" in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) structure (B) fragment (C) condition (D)environment 4, The author mentions "the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools" (lines 5-6) in order to explain (A) how the sun affects lichens (B) why plants depend on water (C) where fungi become algae (D) what algae are



5. It can be inferred from the passage that lichens use less energy and grow more slowly when (A) the environment is polluted (B) they are exposed to ultraviolet rays (C) they are very old (D) the supply of water is inadequate 6. Which of the following term is defined in the passage? (A) "anchors" (line 5) (B) "stagnant" (line 6) (C) "dew" (line 11) (D) "ultraviolet" (line 13) 7. The word "prolonged" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) precise (B) extended (C) approximate (D) regular 8. All of the following are mentioned in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT (A) They are capable of producing their own food. (B) They require large amounts of minerals to prosper. (C) They are a union of two separate plants. (D) They can live thousands of years. 9. What does the phrase "lichen colonies (line 15) suggest? (A) Nothing but lichens live in some locations. (B) Many lichens live together in one area. (C) Lichens displace the plants that surround them. (D)Certain groups of lichens have never been separated. 10. The word "encounter" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) lose (B) support



(C) meet (D) create 11. The word "these" in line 19 refers to (A) partners (B) buds (C) lichens (D) animals After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimately, however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newbery, but Anglo-Irish author Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism. Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction. American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children. When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's, stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care, of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses, successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as they were, these early American stories were quite distinguishable from their British counterparts. Few servants appeared in



them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious, self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in children's books. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The career of Maria Edgeworth as an author of children's books (B) The development of children's literature in the United States (C) Successful publishers of children's books in Britain and North America (D) Basic differences between British and American 2. The publisher John Newbery is principally known for which of the following reasons? (A) He produced and sold books written by Maria Edgeworth. (B) He had more influence on children American children's literature than any other publisher (C) He published books aimed at amusing children rather than instructing them. (D) He was commercially minded and cheerful. 3. The word "notwithstanding" in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) in spite of (B) in addition to (C) as a result of (D) as a part of 4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to (A) children (B) Americans (C) books (D) vehicles 5. The word "allay" in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) clarify (B) attack (C) reduce (D) confirm



6. It can be inferred from the passage that American children's books sold before 1785 were almost always (A) written by Maria Edgeworth (B) attractive and interesting to children (C) written by American authors (D) intended only for religious and moral instruction 7. By the end of the eighteenth century, the publishers of children’s looks in the United States were most concerned about which of the following? (A) Attracting children with entertaining stories that provided lessons of correct behavior (B) Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults (C) Expanding markets for books in both Britain and the United States (D) Reprinting fictional books from earlier in the century 8. The word "permeated" in line 15 (A) opposed (B) improved (C) competed with (D) spread through 9. According to the passage, American children's stories differed from their British equivalents in that the characters in American stories were (A) children who showed a change of behavior (B) children who were well behaved (C) rarely servants (D) generally not from a variety of social classes 10. The word" testimony to" in line 28 is closest in meaning to (A) inspiration for (B) evidence of (C) requirement for (D) development of



Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the surface of the Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area adds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State, and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number that live in New York City. The oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the most pervasive influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the people that settled in the Pacific Islands. The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island out into the Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter Island the most isolated place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It ended about 1,000 years ago, when people first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand. Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to arrive on the shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable achievement. But having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef, and landed, on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, self- sustaining island population. 1. The word "scattered" in line 2 is closest in meaning toD (A) widely known (B) usually estimated (C) rarely inhabited (D) irregularly distributed



2. Why does the author mention New population of the Pacific York City in line 5? (A) To emphasize how small the Islands is (B) To emphasize the extreme distances between the Pacific Islands and other regions (C) To note the economic ties of the Pacific Islands to other regions (D) To note the lack of urban environments on the Pacific Islands 3.The phrase "by virtue of" in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) regarding (B) because of (C) taking advantage of (D) in place of 4. The word "circumscribed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) located (B) flooded (C) restricted (D) pushed 5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence used to determine the origins of Pacific Islands people? (A) Oral histories (B) Plant dispersal (C) Linguistics (D) Archaeology 6. According to the-passage, where did the original inhabitants of the Pacific Islands come from? (A) South America (B) Hawaii (C) New Zealand (D) Asia 7.The word "It” in line 16 refers to (A) Pacific



(B) process (C) isolated place (D) Earth 8. The word "indeterminate" in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) undecided (B) uncertain (C) unacceptable (D) increasing 9. The passage is most likely followed by a discussion of (A) how settlers adapted to newly discovered pacific ocean island (B) the design and construction of canoes used in the Pacific Islands (C) the characteristics sties of reefs in the Pacific Islands (D) how early explorers of the Pacific Ocean found their way from island to island The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century. In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along theAtlanticCoastline,mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were,accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.



This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865). 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe. (B) The evolution of cities in North America (C) Trade between North American and European cities (D) The effects of the United Sates’ independence on urban growth in New England. 2. The word “they” in line 4 refers to (A) NorthAmerican colonies (B) cities (C) centuries (D) town economies



3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of thefollowing? (A) Their economic success (B) The type of merchandise they exported (C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements (D) The pace of their development 4. The word “accordingly” in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) as usual (B) in contrast (C) to some degree (D) for that reason 5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline ofNorthAmerica due to (A) an abundance of natural resources (B) financial support from colonial governments (C) proximity to parts of Europe (D) a favorable climate 6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which ofthe following for shipment to Europe?



(A) Manufacturing equipment (B) Capital goods (C) Consumer goods (D) Raw materials 7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced thegrowth of southern cities EXCEPT the (A) location of the plantations (B) access of plantation owners to shipping (C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents (D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations 8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern citieswere (A) more prosperous (B) smaller (C) less economically self-sufficient (D) tied less closely to England than to France 9. The word “recorded” in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) imagined (B) discovered



(C) documented (D) planned 10. The word “drawing” in line 28 is closest in meaning to (A) attracting (B) employing (C) instructing (D) representing 11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of (A) significant obstacles to industrial growth (B) decreased dependence on foreign trade (C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms (D) increased migration from northern states to southern states