Biology 11 [11] [PDF]

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‫د پوهن‪ ３‬وزارت‬



‫بﻴﻮلﻮژي‪ -‬ﻳﻮولسم ！ﻮلگی‬



‫بيولوژي‬



‫‪Biology‬‬



‫ﻳﻮولسم ！ﻮلگی‬



‫د چاپ کال‪ ١٣٩٨ :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬



‫ملﻲ سرود‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬



‫دا عــــزت د ﻫـــر افـغـان دى‬



‫کﻮر د سﻮل‪ ３‬کﻮر د تﻮرې‬



‫ﻫر بچی ﻳ‪ ３‬قﻬرمـــــان دى‬



‫دا وطن د ！ﻮلـــﻮ کـﻮر دى‬



‫د بـــــلـﻮ＇ـــــــﻮ د ازبـکــــــــﻮ‬



‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــﻮن او ﻫـــــزاره وو‬



‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــﻮ د تـــاجـکــــــﻮ‬



‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گﻮجــر دي‬



‫پــامﻴــرﻳـــان‪ ،‬نـﻮرســـتانﻴــــان‬



‫براﻫﻮي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬



‫ﻫـــم اﻳمـــاق‪ ،‬ﻫم پشـه ‪４‬ان‬



‫دا ﻫﻴــــــﻮاد به تل ‪＄‬لﻴ‪８‬ي‬



‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬



‫په ســـﻴنــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـﻴـــا به‬



‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاوﻳــــــدان‬



‫نﻮم د حق مـــﻮ دى رﻫبـــر‬



‫واﻳـــﻮ اهلل اکبر واﻳﻮ اهلل اکبر‬



B i o l o g y



[email protected]



)Cell(



Cell Cell Cell



Robert) (Hook



Cell



Cell Theory



Unicellular Multicellular



)Microscope(



Scope



Microse



Zachariah



Johan Johnson



Compound Light M



Binocular



mm m nm



Knoll



Ruska



Ruska



Ultra Violet. M Fluorescence. M Dark Field. M Phase Contrast. M



Stereo. M



Focus



TEM Transmission SEM Scanning STM



Scanning Tunneling M STM DNA



TEM



SEM



DNA



DNA



STM



Cell



:)Cell Structure(



‫او‬ Fiber Cell



)Pro(



)Prokaryota( )Karyon(



DNA



DNA



Karyon



Eu



)Eukaryota(



ER



Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus



:)Cell Wall(



)Primary Wall( )Secondary Wall( )Middle Lamella(



)wax(



)Cell Membrane(



Semi Permeability



Selective(



)Permeability



Cytoplasm & Organelles



Ectoplasm Endoplasm



Sol sol gel Gel Inclusion body



Organelle E.R Endoplasmic Reticulum ER ER Granular ER



Agranular ER



ER ER



ER



ER



ER



ER ER ER Ribosome )Palad( ER



)Mitochondria(



ATP



Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Organic Molecules & O2



CO2 ATP



Respiratory Enzymes



Matrix Cristae



)Lysosome(



)Golgi Apparatus( )Camello golgi(



Protein Packing Factory ER



)Centrosome(



)Plastids( Pigment



Chloroplast Chromoplast )Carotinoid( Leukoplast



)Nucleus( )Robert Brown(



Nucleoplasm Gene DNA DNA RNA )Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid( DNA )Nucleotide( Ribose T



G



A DNA D.Watson DNA



O



OH



H



C Crick



DNA



DNA



RNA



DNA RNA



Ribosomal RNA RNA Messenger mRNA )tRNA( Transfer )Wagner(



Nucleolus



RNA



)Vacuole(



)Food Vacule(



)Cytoskeleton(



ER



Flagella



Cilia



Oxidative



Cell Plate



DNA



RNA



ER



RNA DNA



DNA



)Passive Transport(



)Hydrophobe( )Hydrophile(



:)Diffusion(



Transpiration



)Osmosis(



)Plasmolysis(



Isotonic



Solution Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution



Hemolysis



)Active Transport(



)Endocytosis(



)Phagocytosis(



Penocytosis



)Exocytosis(



)Metabolism(



Anabolism Catabolism



Grana



Stroma



Producer Autotrophs Heterotrophs 6CO2 + 6H2O



C6H12O6 + 6O2



)Leaf(



Epidermis Mesophyl



Vascular Bundle



(O2 CO2 )



Guard Cell



Palisade



Veins Pholem



Xylem



)Structure of Chloroplast(



)Grana( )Thylakoid(



)Light reaction( )Dark reaction( Grana Photolysis 12H2O



6O2 + 24H



Stroma



)Dark Reaction(



6CO2 +24H+



Enzyme



C6H12O6 + 6H2O



ATP



NAD: Nicotinamid Adenine Dinucleotide ADP: Adenosine Di Phosphate



Blue



CO2



CO2



Guard Cell Guard Cell



ATP



ATP ATP ATP



ATP



6 C O2



ATP



6H 2O



ATP



ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate P



P



P



Nucleotide ATP



ATP H 2O



ADP P Energy Adenosine Di Phosphate



AMP Adenosine Mono Phosphate ATP



ADP P Energy



AMP P1



Energy



CO 2 CO 2



CO 2 CO 2 CO 2



Green House Effect Global Warming



‫ې‬



ATP



)Cellular Respiration(



ATP



)Aerobic Respiration(



CO2



H 2O



ATP



)Glycolysis( )Krebs Cycle( )Electron Transport Chain( )Glycolysis( O (CH 3 C COOH )



)Anaerobic( Glucose



Glycolysis Cytoplasm



ATP 2 Pyruvic Acid+ 2 ATP



)Krebs Cycle( )H Krebs(



C6 H1 2O6 6O2



Enzyme



6 C O2 6 H 2O Energy 3 8 ATP ATP



ATP ATP



CO2



2ATP



2ATP



34ATP



Total= 38ATP



ATP



)Anaerobic(



Fermentation



Yeast CO2



C6 H1 2 O6 Glucose



enzyme



2 C 2 H 5 O H 2 C O2 Energy (2 ATP) 118 Kal Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon Di Oxide + Energy OH OH OH



CC66HH1212OO66



Enzyme Enzyme



///// CH333 CCC H CooH CooH Energy CH Energy((22ATP ATP))



CO2



CO2



)Cell Division(



Virchow



Vegetative Cells Reproductive Cells



:)Amitosis(



)Unicellular( )Cartilage(



Mitosis Meiosis



S G1 G2



G1 Growth DNA



S Synthesis



DNA



DNA DNA G2



G1



S G2 )Check Point(



)Mitosis(



Daughter Cells



)Interphase(



)Prophase(



)Chromomer( Aster rays )Chromatid( )Centromer( Spindle )Metaphase( )Anaphase( V



G2 Interphase



Metaphase



Prometaphase



Anaphase



Prophase



Telophase & Cytokinesis



)Telophase(



)Cytokinesis(



Cell Plate



DNA



)Meiosis(



gonads Daughter cells n 2n



colling Crossing Over Spindle Fiber I I )Aster( )Groove(



)Meiosis 2(



n



Diploid )Segregation( Mixing n 2n



n



2n



)Zoology( Zoo Logy



)Phylum Mollusca(



Mollis Mentle )Radula(



Coelom



Coelom



Gestropoda Cephalopoda Polecypoda



)Snail(



Slug



Slug



Snail



)Bivalve(



)Conchioline(



Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Asymmetry



)Phylum Annelida( Annelus



Bilaterally Symmetry Chitin



Nephridia



Polychaeta Nirus brani Oligochaeta



Hirudinea



)Earth Worm(



Chaeta



Oligos



Clittellum Coelom



Coelom Gut



)Leeches( )Chaeta(



Host



)Phylum Echinodermata( Echino derm



Water Vascular System



Coelem



Viviparous Regenaration Coelem



Sea star Sea urchins



Brittles star



Asteroidea Ophiuridea Echinoidea Sand Dollars



Sea lilies Sea cucumber



Crinoidea Holothoroidea



)Star Fish(



Oral



Disc



Disc



)Phylum Arthropoda(



Arthro poda feet



Joint



Joint feet



Exoskeleton



thorax



–



Head



– Abdomen Cephalo thorax



Hemocoels



Class Crustacea )Crustaceans(



Crusta Shrimp



Crab



Cray Fish



Gills



craw



Cray Decapoda



)Class Insects(



Entomon



Entomology Insecta



Spirical



Partenogenisis



)The grass hopper(



Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax



Nectar



Nectar stomach



Larva Cocoone



)Mosquuitones(



)Class Arachnoidea( oid



Arachne



Tick



Coxal Gland



)Scorpion(



Ovoviviparous



)Class Chilopoda, Centipedes(



Somites



)Class Dipllopoda, Millipedes(



Mentle Radula Coelom Anneledus Chitin



Setae Clittelum



Derm Water Vascular



Echino Radial Symmetric



System Arthro



Poda Chitin Ovoviviparous Viviparous Parthenogenesis



Oviparous



Insect



Crust Entomology



Entomology



CO2



Coxal



Ganglion



Cross Fertilization Hermaphrodite



Ovum



)Metamorphosis(



Larva



Egg Adult



Pupa



Larva



Adult



Pupa



Budding



)Regeneration( (Internal fertilization( ovum



Sperm



)Budding( )External Fertilization(



Ganglion )Cross Fertilization(



Vertebrata



Notochord



Eustachain tub



Vertebra



Bilaterlly Symmetric



Pisces Amphibian Reptalia Aves Mammalia )Pisces( Pisces



Ichthyes Ichthylogy Dipnoi



Agnatha Stoma



Cyclostoma



Cyclo



Lamprey



Saw Ray



Hammer head shark



)Bony Fish(



Epicertodus



Sea horse



Labeo Eel



Trout



Flat



Tail



Trunk



Head



)Amphibian( Amphibios



Newts



Toad Frog Salamandar Caecillian



Ceacilian



)Frog(



)Rana tigrana(



)Reptilia(



Reptile Herpetolgy



Dinosaur



Tortoise



Turtle



)Lizard(



Crocodile



Tortoise )Turtle(



)Snakes(



Fung Karf



Rattle Snakes



Boa



Fung



Fung



)Aves(



Aves Ornithology



Cassowary



Penguin



Ostrich



Kiwi



)Kiwi(



)Flying Birds(



5mm2



)Mammalian(



Herbivourus Carnivours Omnivorus Oviparous Viviparous



Duckbill Platypus



Placenta



Echidna



– – –



)Pouched(



Kangaroo Koala bear



)Placental Mammalian(



Mole



shrew



Hedgehog



Opossum



)Edenate( Armadillo



Pangolin



)Rodent( Incisor Porcupine Rabbits



Bat



)Carnivorous( Canine



Tiger



Lion



Fox Jackal Wolf



)Hoofed(



)Fishlike Mammal( Whale



Hyena



Bear



Vertebra Pisces Amphibian Reptile



Viviparous



Oviparous



Placenta



Cyclostoma



External



Bilaterally symmetric Internal fertilization Fung Opercolum -Coloaca fertilization



Ornithology



Sternum



O2



CO2



CO2



Branch Alveoli



Syrinex



Alveoli



C O2



Urethra



Tadpole



Homeostasis



Piokelthermous Homothermous



Hibernation



Herbivores



Carnivores



Omnivores



Interact



Symbiosis



Antagonism



Commensalisms



Mutualism Neutralism



Cellulose



Termites



Rhizobiom



Antibiosis Exploitation



Parasitism



Host



Ectoparasite Endoparasite Hyper parasite Haustoria



Cascuta



Predation Predator



Predation



Prey



Prey



Drosera



:)Competition( )Competition(



)Competition(



HOST Drosera



Exploation



Mutualism



Commentsalisms



Omnivores



Antagonism Symbiosis Competition Predatio



Cornivores



Herbivores



)Biomes(



Species



-



Species - (



: (



‫( ‪-‬‬



‫د ﺧﺘﯿځ اﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﺳﺎواﻧﺎ‬



‫(‪Taiga‬‬



‫( ‪-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬



‫‪:‬‬



‫(‪-‬‬



:



- (



: Atacana



- (



:



- (



Species



- (



- (



- (



: / Species Plankton



:) : :)



‫ﺳﺎﺣﲇ ﺳﯿﻤﻪ ﯾﺎ زون‬ Limnetic Zone



- (



Hydrophytes(



Plankton



Taiga Grass land Chaparral /



/



/



Tundra



.



NWFP NWFP



. ) Biology: An Everyday Experience, Albert Kaskel, paul j, Hummer Jr, , New york. ) Biology Concepts & connections, Third Edition,Neil Campbell, Lawrence G, Mitchell jane B Reece. ) Biology, Salvias Mader, th Edition, , Mc Graw Hill. ) Biology: ThE DYNAMICS OF LIFE SCIENCE, Alton Biggs, Chris Kapicka, Linda Lundren, . ) Biology The Dynamic of Life Science, Daniela Bluestein, . ) Biolog: The Study of Life, Third Edition, Allyn and Bacon. ) Campbell, Reece Biolog Eighth Edition, Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson. ) GLENCOE Biolog: AN EVERYDAY EXPEIRENCE, Albert Kaskel, paul J. Hummer, Jr. Luck Daniel, . ) Holt Biolog Teacher Edition, Johnson and Raven, U.S.A. ) Life Science Teacher Edition Holt, Rinehart and Winston ,A Harcourt Education Company.