Biology 11 [11] [PDF]

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‫وزارت ﻣعارف‬



‫بﻴﻮلﻮژى‪ -‬صﻨف ﻳازدﻫم‬



‫بﻴﻮلﻮژى‬



‫‪Biology‬‬



‫صﻨف ﻳازدﻫم‬



‫‪.‬سال چاپ‪ ١٣٩٨ :‬هـ ‪ .‬ش‬



‫سرود ملی‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬



‫دا عــــزت د هـــر افـغـان دى‬



‫کﻮر د سﻮل‪ ３‬کﻮر د تﻮرې‬



‫هر بچی ﻳ‪ ３‬قهرمـــــان دى‬



‫دا وطن د ！ﻮلـــﻮ کـﻮر دى‬



‫د بـــــلـﻮ＇ـــــــﻮ د ازبـکــــــــﻮ‬



‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــﻮن او هـــــزاره وو‬



‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــﻮ د تـــاجـکــــــﻮ‬



‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گﻮجــر دي‬



‫پــامﻴــرﻳـــان‪ ،‬نـﻮرســـتانﻴــــان‬



‫براهﻮي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬



‫هـــم اﻳمـــاق‪ ،‬هم پشـه ‪４‬ان‬



‫دا ه‪５‬ــــــﻮاد به تل ‪＄‬لﻴ‪８‬ي‬



‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬



‫په ســـﻴنــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـﻴـــا به‬



‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاوﻳــــــدان‬



‫نﻮم د حق مـــﻮ دى رهبـــر‬



‫واﻳـــﻮ اهلل اکبر واﻳﻮ اهلل اکبر‬



B i o l o g y



curriculum@moe gov af



)Cell(



Cell



Robert Hook



Cell



)Cell Theory(



Unicellular Multicellular



Microscope



Scope



Microse



Zachariah



Johan Johnson



Compound Light. M



mm m nm



Knoll



Ruska Ruska



Ruska



Ultra Violet M Fluorescence M



Dark Field M Phase Contrast M



Stereo M



Electron M Focus



TEM SEM



DNA



STM



Scanning Tunneling M



SEM



STM



DNA



DNA



Cover Slide



Cell



Ruska



)Cell Structure(



6 0m m



Fiber Cell



Pro



:)Prokaryota( Karyon



DNA



DNA



Karyon



Eu



:)Eukaryota(



ER



Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus



:)Cell Wall(



Primary Wall Secondary Wal Middle Lamella



Wax



:)Cell Membrane( Semi Permeability



Selective Permeability



Cytoplasm & Organelles



Ectoplasm Endoplasm



Sol Sol Gel Inclusion Body



Gel



Organelle )ER( Endoplasmic Reticulum ER



ER ER Agranular ER



Granular ER ER



ER



ER



ER



ER ER



Palade ER



ER :)Ribosome(



:)Mitochondria(



ATP



Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Organic Molecules & CO2



CO2 ATP



Respiratory Enzymes



Matrix Cristae



:)Lysosome( Dewy



:)Golgi Apparatus( Camello Golgi Protein Packing Factory ER



)Centrosome(



:)Plastids( Pigments



Chloroplast Chromoplast Carotinoid Leucoplast Amiloplastide



:)Nucleus( Robert Brown



Necleoplasm Gen DNA RNA



DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DNA



O



Ribose OH



H



)T) Thymine Crick



)G) Guanine



)A) Adenine )C) Cytosine DNA DNA



D Watson



DNA DNA



RNA



RNA rRNA



DNA



ribosomal RNA



mRNA Messenger RNA tRNA Transfer RNA Wagner



RNA RNA RNA



:)Nucleolus( RNA



:)Vacuole(



Cytoskeleton



ER



Flagella



Cilia



Flagella



:)Kentosome(



Oxidative



Cell Plate



DNA RNA



ER



« » Gel



RNA Sol RNA



« »



DNA



Passive Transport



Hydrophobe Hydrophile



Diffusion



Osmosis



Plasmolysis



Hemolysis



Isotonic



Solution Hypotonic Solution :Hypertonic Solution



Active Transport



:)Endocytosis(



Phagocytosis



Penocytosis



:)Exocytosis(



« »



« »



)Metabolism(



Anabolism Catabolism



Photosynthysis



Grana



6CO2 + 6H2O



Stroma



C6H12O6 + 6O2



Producer Autotrophs Heterotrophs



:)Leaf(



Vascular Bundle CO2-O2



Mesophyl



Epidermis Epidermis



Stomata Guard Cell Mesophyl Palisade



Palisade



Vascular Bundle Xylem Phloem



)Structure of Chloroplast(



Grana Thylakoid



Light Reaction Dark Reaction Grana



Photolysis 12H2O



6O2 + 24H



Dark Reaction



Enzyme



6CO2 +24H+



ATP



C6H12O6 + 6H2O



NAD: Nicotinamid Adenine Dinucleotide ADP: Adenosine Di Phosphate



L L



CO2



CO2



CO2



CO2



CO2



Guard Cell



ATP



ATP ATP



ATP



6 C O2 6 H 2 O



ATP



ATP ATP



ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate ATP



P



P



P



ATP H 2O



ADP P Energy Adenosine Di Phosphate



Adenosine Mono Phosphate ATP



ADP P Energy



AMP P1 Energy



C O2



C O2 C O2 C O2



Green House Effect Global Warming



C O2



Light Reaction Dark Reaction



Grana ATP



« »



« »



)Cellular Respiration(



Oxidation Reduction



ATP



)Aerobic Respiration(



H 2O



CO2



ATP



Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain



o o // // C CooH CHCH C CooH 3 3



T



Anaerobic ATP Glucose



Respiration Glycolysis Cytoplasm



2 Pyruvic Acid



+ 2 ATP



H Krebs



:)Krebs Cycle(



C 6 H1 2O 6 6 O2



6 C O 2 6 H 2 O Energy 3 8 ATP 38 ATP



ATP



ATP



CO2



CO2



2ATP



2ATP



34ATP



Total= 38ATP



ATP



)Anaerobic Respiration(



Fermentation



CO2



C6H



Yeast



12



Glucose



O6



2 C 2 H O O H 2 C O 2 Energy (2 ATP) 118 Cal Ethyl Alcohol



+ Carbon Di Oxide



OH OH



// // Enzyme CooHEnergy Energy (2 ATP C 6C H612HO126O 6 Enzyme CHCH CooH (2 ATP ) ) 3 C 3 C



CO2



+ Energy



CO2



CO2



CO2



« »



« »



)Cell Division( Virchow



Vegetative Cells Reproductive Cells



:)Amitosis(



Cartilage



Meiosis



Mitosis



S G1 G2



G1 Growth DNA DNA



S Synthesis DNA DNA G2



G1



S G2



Check Point



)Mitosis(



Daughter Cells :)Interphase(



:)Prophase( Chromomer Aster Rays



Spindle :)Metaphase(



:)Anaphase( :)Telophase(



G2 Interphase



Metaphase



Prometaphase



Anaphase



Prophase



Telophase & Cytokinesis



)Cytokinesis(



Cell Plate



DNA



:)Meiosis(



Gonads



n



Colling Crossing Over Spindle



Aster Groove



)Meiosis 2( n



Haploid



Diploid



Segregation



n



n



n



« »



« »



Zoology Zoo Logy



)Phylum Molluska(



Mollis



Mantle Radula



Coelom



Gastropoda Cephalopoda Poly Cypoda



)Snail(



Slug



Slug



Snail



)Bivalve(



Conchioline



Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Asymmetry



)Phylum Annelida( Annelus



Nephridia



Polychaeta Nirus brani Oligochaeta Hirudinea



)Earth Worm(



Coelom Gut



Oligos Chaeta



Clittellum



Coelom



:)Leeches( Chaeta



:)Phylum Echinodermata( derm Echino



Water Vascular System



Oviparous Regeneration



Sea star Sea urchins Sea cucumber



Brittle star



Viviparous



Asteroidea Ophioridea Echinoidea Sand dollar Crinoidea Holothoroidea



)Sea star( Disc (Oral



Disc



)Phylum Arthropoda(



Arthro Joint feet



Poda feet



Joint



Cephalothorax Hemocoel O2



:)Class Crustacea or Crustacean( Cray



Shrimp



Crab



Cray



:)Class Insects( Entomology



Entomon



Insecta



Spiricle



Partenogenisis )The Grasshopper(



Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax



Nectar



Nectar



Nectar Stomach



Cocoone



)Class Archnoidea( Oid



Archne



Archnoid



Coxal Gland



)Scorpion(



Ovoviviparous



)Class Chilopoda(



)Class Dipllopoda, Millipedes(



Radula Coelom Anneledus Chitin Clittlum derm Water Vascular



Echino Radial Symmetric System



poda



Arthro Parthenogenesis Crust Insect Entomology



CO2



Coxal



Ganglion



Cross Fertilization Hermaphrodite



Ovum



:)Metamorphosis(



Larva Adult



Pupa



Larva



Adult Pupa



)Regeneration( )Internal Fertilization(



Budding )External Fertilization(



)Ganglion( )Cross Fertilization(



)Vertebrata(



(Eustachiantub



Vertebra



Bilatral Symmetric



Pices Amphibian Reptalia Aves Mammalia )Pisces( Pices Ichthylogy



Ichthyes



Dipnoi



Agnatha stoma



Cyclostoma Cyclo



Lampery



:



Ray



Hammer Head shark



Epicertodous



Trout



Flat



Sea horse



Labeo Eel



Head



Operculum



Trunk



Tail



:)Amphibian( Amphibious



Newts



Toad Frog Salamander Caecilian



Ceacillian



:)Frog(



:)Rana Tigrana(



)Reptilia(



Reptile Herptalogy



Dinosaurs



Turtle



Crocodile



)Turtle( )Tortoise(



)Snakes(



Karf



Fung



Rattle snake



Boa



Fung



Fung



)Aves(



Aves Orinthology



Cassowary



Penguin



Ostrich



Kiwi



:)Kiwi(



:)Flying Birds(



)Mammalian(



Herbivores Carnivorous Omnivorous Oviparous Viviparous



Duckbill platypus



Placenta



Kangaroo Koala bear



Opossum



:Placental Mammalia



Hedgehog Mole



Sherew



:)Edenate(



Pangolin Armadillo :)Rodent(



Bat



Canine



Lion Tiger



Jackal



Fox



:)Hoofed(



Wolf



:)Fish like( Whale



Hyena



Vertebra



Bear



Bilateral symmetric Internal Fertilization



Cyclostoma



External fertilization



Opercatum Coloaca



Orinthology



Sternium



Rectum



CO2



CO2



Branch



)Alveoli



Syrinex



CO2



Urethra



Tadpole



Homeostasis Piokelthermous Homo thermous



Hibernation



Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Interact



Symbiosis Antagonism



Commensalisms Mutualism Neutralism :)Commensalisms(



: )M u t u a l i s m (



Rhizobiom



:)Neutralism(



Antibiosis Explaitation



Parasitism



Ectoparasite Endoparasite Oxior Hyperprastie Haustoria



Cascuta



Predation Prey Prey



Predator Predation



Drosera Heterotroph



:)Competition( Competitors Competition



Drosera



Symbiosis Antagonisim Commonsalism Mutualism I Omnivores



Cornivores



Herbivores II III



)Biomes(



)Species



Forest Tropical Grassland



Tundra



Taiga



Savanna Chaparral



Rain



Species



:)Savanna(



:)Taiga( Taiga



:)Tundra( 1 5



:)Grassland(



:)Desert(



Atacana



:)Chaparral(



Species



:)Aquatic Biomes(



Species Plankton



Arthropds Mollsuks Littoral Zone Limmonitic Zone Profunded Zone



Limnetic Zone



Hydrophytes



Species



Plankton



Taiga



Grassland Chaparal



3 4



4 3



Tundra



1 6



) Life Science Teacher Edition Holt, Rinehart and Winston ,A Harcourt Education Company. ) Biology: The Dynamic of Life Science, Daniela Bluestein, . ) Biology, Salvias Mader, th edition, , Mc Graw Hill ) Holt Biology Teacher Edition, Johnson and Raven, U.S.A. ) Biology: An Everyday Experience, Albert Kaskel, Paul J, Hummer Jr, , New York. ) Biology: THE DYNAMICS OF LIFE SCIENCE, Alton Biggs, Chris Kapicka, Linda Lundgren, . ) Biology Concepts & Connections, Third Edition, Neil Campbell, Lawrence G, Mitchell Jane B. Reece. ) Campbell, Reece Biology Eighth Edition, Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson. ) GLENCOE Biology: AN EVERYDAY EXPEIRENCE, Albert Kaskel, Paul J. Hummer, Jr. Luck Daniel, . ) Biology: The Study of Life, Third Edition, Allyn and Bacon. NWFP NWFP