สรุปเคมี มัธยมปลาย : Chemistry For High School Students 9786165821308 [PDF]

Table of contents :
สารบัญ
1 เนื้อหา อะตอมและตารางธาตุ
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์อะตอมและตารางธาตุ
2 เนื้อหา พันธะเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์พันธะเคมี
3 เนื้อหา สมบัติของธาตุและสารประกอบ
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สมบัติของธาตุและสารประกอบ
4 เนื้อหา ปริมาณสารสัมพันธ์
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ปริมาณสารสัมพันธ์
5 เนื้อหา ของแข็งของเหลวก๊าซ
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ของแข็งของเหลวก๊าซ
6 เนื้อหา อัตราการเกิดปฏิกิริยาเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์อัตราการเกิดปฏิกิริยาเคมี
7 เนื้อหา สมดุลเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สมดุลเคมี
8 เนื้อหา กรดเบส
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์กรดเบส
9 เนื้อหา ปฏิกิริยาไฟฟ้าเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ปฏิกิริยาไฟฟ้าเคมี
10 เนื้อหา ธาตุและสารประกอบในอุตสาหกรรม
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ธาตุและสารประกอบในอุตสาหกรรม
11 เนื้อหา สารประกอบคาร์บอน
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สารประกอบคาร์บอน
12 เนื้อหา เชื้อเพลิงซากตึกดําบรรพ์และผลิตภัณฑ์
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์เชื้อเพลิงซากตึกดําบรรพ์และผลิตภัณฑ์
13 เนื้อหา สารชีวโมเลกุล
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สารชีวโมเลกุล
เฉลยโจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์

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o nlLLvr.:Lnuvuuosrlri tltA Tnuvurinvovno:r qvilan6ufrnnaauoonovFroilnv x ovrrorl uriot^rrfirurfi "irueu6r6nnreou6nav rvirrTL sx 6r6nnaou 9)



arurGrriutaslausuri



.



tooo'c tnervnrrrtt{.1



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lrti



lA



:



3 6u6nmeou d'.rriu frrruvitTaravfi



tA - ltA



nrr:ruuruiluoirn.irrir (noedrl6') qFru^uu,r^rrta (Cs lnuno:.r[1, ax 27'C) rfloeiou triufi.:



dr:Jfr ffi



. r,lil,ZtlA :



rrquuxri'ulIr



rflau{.:n.it,lri



tR



uura



t6'zu6 nd'ru"drfl



nrrruururiurrnndrdr uoitrifio,ira.:rrn



lFrv^uu,r^r4.,n,j',vri tA utiov (ud lA {a6r6nmrouevd'Loofrfi'arafiea) ilavrrru



vrrrr nruduTn n



.



rri



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:



(



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n



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n rufi



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r



rfluTnuyrf,o*{r nrrruur*rluqr ufirur.r qFrunorl Luaeqtn.jr dr



t



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100 -



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t



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rj



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rolfrud



r



rfi o



fror



n



rd n meouar



Gfl{Grfrnnrou



revir'hid'r ror fi 6 ud n n?oueluo o



r rirolauvor



a 4 v n rd EJr ri'ur,l3o



2, B, 7 flornra e 6n t



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nar u:l Br qvt:J



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6rdnnrrouee:rrYr



0[ann?ou n?0,.t1,\lusy



ror



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rfn ro.:6



n 6e Gwir"lfi Cl urriayoynorfr



6 ufi n



neourluond nnru uilo



1)



or4fir{usv : rfrosrnnrar{ryirr(uryqa.:m4olnu; ua;or4olau;



2)



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a)



(olnr,ly + atar,ly)



: rSsn.jr "arerley nollnr rr rnuof'



mtldrru6r6nqeou



:



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6t6nneourTunrmoTauvovna16u (orerfJuorq16rrriur,r6onlr.rriufil6') Tnenrafiqytilrol{'.:ruriufr'o':rir616nnrou A t



,



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r6flne'r "r{usylnrr



rnupl'



4)6nearal*nau 'v



: nrq{r{unvufl.:1 aurrnrfiorfiuoylrrrcrauailfrraalflLmr



fiu amrlryno:.rlnr



re



(r(uryrfiflc , r(uov{ , r[un;au)



d'.r



raupi6.rtrifi 6mr6rr:levnoufr uriuou



s),{1 AEN : rir{fiuflofl sufirtrirjro,i'urne (rfinflLfiunylnrrraurffinrqr6flrfi'u?irfiunyflu) 6) ncrruufiruorqasrYuos



:



fiunvTnrre



raupifinnmu{ruue.:rioBn,jrfiuovlnuvunvfiunvtooofrn rvrarvtrit6'rfirrqrn



taoouucnuavau6.:ornriuotixf'nrsu wirfiosrnficrnrfiunro.:nr4{r{urv6.:q11616nnaau{mr.rri'ut; 7)



ruar



h



rnuoi



rnna ",



,



a



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RTP (Room Temperature and Pressure) tridr rtr.revu'ir.i nloruno*,r^rrt', rijo.:qrnnrrulfiauanruvtflunrrvirarfl -eorrdo



dnr*rurtardrmlesnou : areileynorTnrrirauoifitd'#r s anruyfi tv'{flrvrv.ranrvmos ufit urnvror



r,t



ile



lrilfrlirnrfl



fi'uoyTnr



o ,



er



fi rfi nfi 4 at a.: aroJ



ur



* rm uI n rr ra u oi : lH rn



11



: Fz = F-F



g)n-roeirrmatfioryt-uostntctouoi



n



fiunyrdsn (Singte Bond)



Oz = O: O r{utr{ (Double Bond) Nz = N=N fiutrau(TripleBond)



.



nnoonroror u6o nnaeuuilfr



neiro,ir:rlnInrlqflurerilrirl#d'erorfi6r6nnraouc.ruon4orrvirrTru:lnr o Lan



'44y-c4



m?ourrnf



1



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[n n



(uafiouriunr4uqj vtttn; lorflnrthl



r]rous'r nfi 1 qouil'r H



H



aa a a



aa



O:ICI:Oaa aa



aa



a



H x



ax



Xa



c



ax



a



x H a



x H x, N a H oil



H



{eg1r{u : 1. z.



H , He, Lisyfro{nrr'lfirrrauciErdnnrounerirfiflr



2 fr'r (uafiou He) r?fln'jr "Duet Rule"



ee lrirflunlilngoonrFrFr rnaryfiE16nmroue{uon4o z d'e 6.rfi6r6noreoufra:rroutfrrfifl.i + fi'e



3.



B rra, nt fi6rFnnaoufror.reoul6'rfiflr 6 fi'e rnarvfircrauciErfinnrouuni g



4.



PCls uav SFo



5.



n1



fi6r6nnrourfiu o d'r r3fln,jr "HyperValent Molecules"



q Tra nsition r{ruluqjtri



rfl



ul:J



nu



n



goon



rn m



tir



a



o,



{uafla{?IufivLnll[aun



*"



t**":



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vfi n mlfr mu6



Clz 2.



16



nn



H-H



+



HiH



Cl



+



ICI; C



-Cl



d



u-uovq : 61rldfiurvfinra1{lru6r6nor?oudlllfi'u z



triu Oz



+



O:O



t{



roudr rl fi'u



qj



(



uo



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r rrt fri'uo



v



m



o



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(ror:lrrrtffi'uo;nornr6o.:6'r)



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o



COz



3. rrt-uost{ttt



giu



:



o



r 4 fl r{ur



",



rfi



el{.r ru6



16



n n eoude



il riu a



{



(



ro



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+



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+



H:Ci:C:H



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r



Nz



a 1



n



o



U



rt



o



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tetailst



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2. dorulruldu 6o anilpralai.odudro,un.rEr6nnrrounieerfiuovlaflrtao{ U{ 3.



m



A



n-o aneuuud16a tl 6



BCls



aneTnesa#r.:ttuuso {t



analnetair.:uuuufru



cxaaax c 9X aVaX 9



S:C:S



t,.l t



CI



xx



xx



ri



*.8*



dartnr{6111{ltuuaxod xx



xx



xx



xx



rUr



I



*



i.c1i i.c1l



.8. cl/ t cl



,1T,



xx rUlrxx



PCls



t



Fr



xx



CSz



rfiurvirri'u



n'r?,J6rJr.J6lu6rlrrrLUsnrrnvrLr.rilLdu6o[[aFrrErdnmaourierrur{unvrflulfru[tavL[ao.r



16nnaoufi ira6oqrnnrarffrvirfiuovrfl us



gnalurar"ra



t



Ifl;'rl,crI ..+ ti+



CI



**^, ,z



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r



-"il



+



r1T"



xx *Yl*xx



cl ct



I



B



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Ict--L--crI xx P. xx +/\r



I.cf.



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a



ir



.edA



6



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Ex: HCI , HzO, LiB(ionic),



Lj



Li2SOa(ionic)



-':"



-



iH lr 2e.t iLj u 2e,,



z.lrifi.:urln 6o ncnfilriaurrnrir'hfuie rosfi6rdnmroue.:uondorrrrlr:lolA'lfrruri ae , B , At , Ga Ex:BeClz, BFs, I



4e'



4



i



Be N



B



xJ



AlzOg



be



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Al L iieI



r --s. rfiuuiln 6o nrnfiarrrrnfi6rdnneoux{uon4ornu a fr'01fr niu N, p,



Ex: PCls, i;tr



.



,d



rn?€i1uiofi



SFo



, XeFz, lFz,



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lr



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1z"l



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1



mono



hTu



di



2



tri



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tnt



tetra



5



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t?TUF]



6



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tan{v



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, ) 't4rl"Jgd.:



, i.



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cfifnfalu t . drud'e



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3. fr'ror



4 ri'c



*rnfiofl rar



+. frrorm o #ofllar



t



t



(lil



rdfl



A'ruvi'rfl



urar) lil froldrufi'e unt



hi'dru,ir "llouuontxri"



a. firadr.:rnaciru



Coz dru,jr nrfirouloroanttri Nos dru.ir tuTnarqutnmontqri Nzo dru.jr htulorrrnuqplrugfltri' Paoro eiru.jr urnavvloay'lofal4Eioont{ri



Nzos dru,jr hlulntrquurumvoanttri



co



dru,ir



nrrfirourJouuont{Fi



BeClz



dru.ir rjr (lrirjru,jr alorersuilouuont{ d) dru.jr lr rra rdBil n aoteri- (ilciru,jr ru raa rfi fl illn n natrri)



CoHrzOo



ciru,jr rouo utnnriteoi (arrdrh



CHq



ejru.ir l'rvru



Hzo



or



2. ornrirudrnor'hirirun.:frrsfr.rfl "ioe - lad"



tnntY



4



4. a-lsnr{u



Xe rflufru



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t. uanmtciru : al?il?ynoilInrelaueildE]u4naarrileynoulffualguuu - L



o, ct,



1 or1



raqn)



(druu:r'r.r ailn nrfirou)



a



il



n"s



sr u r[u



os



I



a.: d r



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E n e rq v



)



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or"rodrl



436kJ/mol , AHeono = 146kJ/mol



-+ 2H(g) oz(s) ---+ zo(g)



,



Hz(S)



uflunrrleuntlQondq.:ru



AHaono =



Y



Aa



4



rfluntvltunr:4rrnd'1.:ru q



v



n6.:.:rufrfrrlir1rurvi1r,{a'{.r1ur(uov*nitfiunrvLtunlra?.i{lrt6ovrdwru



riradr.r 2H(s) -+ Hzg) 2O(S)



---+



Oz(g)



,



AHro^aron =



-436kJ/mol



lflunrvurunrtntflv{d{.i1u



,



AHro,.ation =



-146kJ/mol



lflunrvlrunrrFrlflfld{{'lu



s1



o n,lr rsmyYuograsfi reilasnauTn \ uil1fl n-{



?yfl



.'



Lunl?6ir.:fiurv



[uuilu :



61f1.:n1Et...fia1gao



rr ta u oi (Bond Lenqths) Au



d



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E



1 ra .c rt 3



-



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A



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rfi o



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(pm)



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.[udrirJfl



orr5r



a"{{1uil-u6c[[asn']1rJg12rr"u6r'luara:lrcnaulnrrtauoi



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Fl



I



61.:ilY{q1til',t



ruurtrir



Ftelr.rgllytuf v



l\UfivLOUe > v,{Uf vFr > 1\Ufv6't}.J



ila{{'ru1\u6v



iluavLFru,)




K> Ba > Ca> Na> Mg >Al > Mn >Zn > Cr> Fe > Co> Ni >Sn > Pb> Hz> Cu >Ag > Hg > Pt>Au



CuSOr + Fe



-r



FeSOa



.:



urcEnlnfi srrcfi trulillaqa 1)



ro{ueuroo6mad 1



+



Cu



Cu(NOg)z + 2Ag -) 2AgNOs + Cu =



L{U



. ur{aau



rfror16'



tyl?'ty Fe 1# e 16'fin,jr H 6.:r{ruvrufi1fr



tfrartrit6' Lyts'rY Ag



hi'e tfrrioBn'ir



Cu



ernilrcturrrrlr*nailtnlilailnJ



(rfi



u:-j.:rflu z ilrymvrtfruri



nou : urreyra.ir.:h



rnnafi



ufi



or



fi'ull



ua n



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&. TUnOUrn€tno[[f.toouoou t4a



I



4



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lu6ar uur.roirno.:h rann:lnfi



h laqnudwosarr(vrr.:{ru)



fi



n{ur,lrion6rfi



ruayvirl#1fi



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nnrouruurrlSrrruyn{{ruurnn,jrilnF



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hranavrr.:{rsfio ruf,erdrlfillrannvrr.:rerfiofian',n:?c{urrutr.lfree



ravfinre



ruaflflcdru:ruflrfluvronr1 lil16or1nnoori'.rrfloare rfirrrfluurr.:aounoufiu 6'rgil



s&



.



-Ja :lqegvrtJilanour{aouFrou



- r.JraTuLana douan,,r't^uroroud.ttlrn aoL6oFrsFruao:JLuaefl o.161?d.:fi .l - flulo grJrr.: fiufre E.:luqiruaraouorouE{}.r1n qrr160FrqounoNniaeto.i6lt0.:4.t ,!.



2. uer ec u'irrn"x :



Lr



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rir oGuranrfl:lecnou uar 6r n



n



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"[uhraqaufl.r 6tqafirlornoru 16.:4 n{rr.rTr.rua q n



q



nafiuro.r lufi



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6.: fi60



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ra



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z)



r{uoslaTorrsu : u?.i6{anryu.j1.:l:rrnnafilfrorernoyFlorlaTprrrquluTrLannlrfi{ n 6



d



6



o'



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r,r5o



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Luontil[annilu{ Llrrr?.irylr.ir.:hrnna:lryunvrflfinrrrru{.ir[r.ir.J']n[i]ufrrfi19 11\11yFi1 AEN 6.iInyllruflo.:[[r.: "L ryu.i1{flidu 6.: ufr s ux rfl ufr mts s n 16orrsnunoil ryaafl o.rarr:Jaymvrfi6.laln,ir:lnfi :rrn yl1



H8+



5+



ilililil115-



S+



o..()-



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H



o oio.: n r r



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nr



uys o.: dr



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d



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q



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>



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>



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6arru > c:Ha > 4. C:Hs > CzHo >



r



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tll u rl frerermilfrffinrFiatilfl \



n.\C(g) + 2O(g) ---+ COz(g) pr c(s) + oz(s) --+ coz(9)



ilfl



YA



n?fl 'rvl.ic{



e



Fnul\a.r.r1u



1. t>fl>Pl



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El ilgfi3fl1 c(s) + \s) sr nlr erujr



vr



2.



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G



, AClg SiCl+ , ABrg HzO



C:H+



3. Ft >.i>1>n



'lr-.-*'.



Iri I



I I



\-7



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---+ cH+(o)



-



X kJ/mol .nrrvrd'rflu )e(s) + \(o) nrnndlmu y



c



q



vfi rir



2.Y-6X



r.qRfinreA'pr6es6r6nneourflu 1



!



+ Oz(g) ---+ Coz(g) \ ctol + 2o(g) ---+ coz(r)



fl fi



InSa



o1



kJ/mol



oTla



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3.Y+3X



2



2



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r



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d.:rrur{unv c -



1.Y+6X



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o



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a



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r,



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@ 3.



rfi



or,raor ua^r^'.tr,lrrnurluuufinur,fl urJfl ffiurqnnnrriou



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ArnVf,- - V.('



!+.arerJrvnol1ooofrnEntuflE]rIiud,rfl[a{vrr.l1ylflr'V,,"lbt1llLV1>



El ,i.n.rrrr^ol1ruo61?ava.: onyo.. ua; Kzcrzoz a.rtillurjr ud.:e1nilflFrdrr^r^ln#o^uo^.:lur.lrrrdmldr tnO nYnOUA



ttFl.lllil Flvn0Ud



LLFI{UUFIOOv t?



fiareoSlurmrn a. Inuvrardfluturnrn



2.



1.



E



Barrosln1nramnr



+. InrratfiBrtnTnrrtrn jq



Y ;.j v , u 'oo -, - % ' yrr.irfirr.:r(ruaynrfl a6{neoruavfrrtdrufrlilavarfldrfldr6nnr': rfilrirnrlutovla:rrfiorufirfi.:riluror*fir



,



'



Auu^



u,



4



I



rrj{aranynrflfrkiriluao.:deu deuufl.:16ra'm AgN03 qvtfrnvnaufimo dnc{e uufl{rfiorjrtrl:vu.rflsuu#.rsvtfr arefirrr (n) e{rraiur(rufikiaynrflrlufifinix rfiorjrtrlmnrao.:nd'ufroetorjr:lrrnfldrfitodilxoonrrrirtor.lr ,



runynalsrilusorur{.rdr{r (B) 'lunrruyroriu uonqrnflflifinrndrre (c) fiu,r6oqrnnrandu firrfiolirhiurir



i^



Lrn0tur.itJ1vrFt60Lranuofl iluI1LnFtv,l0{n1{ Lr.Jorm}Jr{1rnva1fl HCI



otri:..leyno:rrorro.: rar"[u{olnr



uh]16'



A



B



C



CaCO:



lz



BaCO:



lz



BaCO:



2.



BaClz



3.



NaCl



4.



ufl



KMnOq



KCI



|-.-



'-, .-€HzQ(g).+ 2Nz(g) -r 4. qH4(s) + rz(s) ---+ CH.rr(g) + til(gi



2HCl(g)



I



I



qffi-r.fir+u A I 1. '1.6kJ



no{fio 1e fr'rfi cH,t(g)rfiodu+z.os svfiild'r.rrurldnuLriln{ryirtrr



2.



@1 ara{ln rlatldr;r1fiilr146fi



7.1kJ



3. 14.4kJ



4or



1. SiOz(s) ,



Ge(s)



2.



Si(s)



3. NaCl(s) ,



unelv,lo{



4.



Brz(l)



KNO3(r) NH4Ct(t)



Iarrr4,adaE



LtJorJ6il6r?n0 LLU 61tFl LFlilFlynournnflu



1. CaClz + 3. Zn



+



NH+NO:



HCI



,



\i



A-)



fg



ora



6{fiue.:flpru,rflErrriofln.jrrirlfi cua filoru6oorrirn.jr siHa "[uviruo.rrdsrrYu



nllusn : lf,laNasntnanJulumtnouffinlNfla



\



o



Hzo lprfl1fr'6u6nnaou{Tornrrhrr



o' ia3 !a. Au 'a"^ 61tvtl]v'{ufvLooounsvLllu6't?vl:Jfl1 d1?vt}tv'{uf v[FlLlLnuF]avrllu6't?vt LtJ]Jfl,)



4



El



o



o'lu



airrfiuo;riuovmorro.r



i \-a ^ tr( il?vtiFl31ud1$]Lvaflil



i



HF qyfi !a-



\,



(lt)



o q;1fr H3o* figiluaufluoeir.:1a



El'flu ^r.uriotilfl{olorqnfror 9-' cHo fi:.rraTrlnqariofln.jr



.



ri'rl:lenou



! 6'u]LilnailrLuu?lu



1.



3.



-.-.-l+



2. BaClz + Na2CO3 4. NaaPOa + KCI



4.



4BkJ



El



^r^.uuuiltllflBilaaotrd'lur-lrqvrfro:]flffiflr



Nlll,ct(s) ---+ NHa*(aq) + cl(aq)



AH = 1SkJ/mot ri'rlfr NitoCt 0.1 mol ayartr'[uilr 5ocm3



. qruraqfi to.rr.1',^^^o ),4 z. nd'rrrufr r:-l6flurln.:fi



{onrrrlnfrn



t



Fir Ls



3. nrrrrfrr{uro.i61?nyn1fl



,i



k.J



= 2.0 mollL



, i^ 3 ,! 4. n1?rilnfl urriln.:yl rnpt1]urilunl?rilafl udnluy



@



mrerrriotrJfluaexarffiurr:lavnraro.rareilernouorq{urstfin



/



srqardrJornou



an5'td2u



lA + VllA



1:1



m'1



VIA



1:1



Ft'l



3.



IIA + VIA



1:3



d.r



4.



VIA + VIIA



2.



+



1-1



El mu'.lr*'.rtrraqarlohJfl 1.



H2O



4.



CzHq



-



{o



,a



a



r:]fr



,



n n oio.r



M.P.



{o4alu{oloqnfro.rfi4o



marirlv{flr



B.P



ultl.tounaNtunl tlJul u't



t1,lnc



t:.Ju1



m1



2. 5.



tllouaoil



CH4



3



N H3



CzHz



6



CzHo



6nt



riluhl mrl.r{oln



rrrt{uru#ufi 4 Fr, nx1:Julefiurrrv u.ir.:rrrfuouro.ililLaqn5 < 4
pir E" flounri':t



118



AH
frrrfrrruauri niu roH a.itr.l oH-turL6 svnn6vrfiuA'nflFinen d''rfl



oH- +



cHocooH + a)daagrJ



:



1.



rirrfirnenarlil



cH,coo-



*



nro



H- lunerrorqnavufruA'ca{rrn



2. fr r 16r ruaarl:l o H-'lurr 6q vn n6 v rfi ufr efl Finrrr



nr66ril?ru pH ydy



.



o



uotrrrararsrilll]laf 6



6



1) FrxlrJ6?1nA{U1rJ1 [g



2)



[Um6n1ueil



.



lunrerirurru fra.irnrodou u3a ruaeiau rmnoi'rfiosilrn



.



lnnoflo{n?noou



rir



. .



4r44



1r?o



rnnoflo{H.r6oou rrnnnQ 100%



pH soilrt'rratsa1su"v'lrv{of : Tsrdnrrulpir pH rotalrnvnrariv{rv'lof ,



aurrnvirururirmourixufirn{rr116'



d



-' '.A rlv{ryloifrrfrprsrnnanrriou riurndoro.:nrodou ilnir pu < z v



4



d



-' ' '.A riv'lrv{offrrfras1nLuadou flirndorolruadou l-rir pH > z



3)4nrnarirurru



tH.l = pH



Ka



lmoniaul trn6oI



tmodaul' -looKa-loo' trn6oI



pH



-logKa



: + lo9--lrn6ol



lmadaul



tOH-l =



Kb



lruadaul trn6ol



pOH =-logKb-log lruadoul trn6oI



pOH =-logKb+log trnial



lruadaul



fQnrifuorln .i .



:



i) k) NRt rJoir{uu'nt r uu n it



tt) t



a -,



fiodrnrorHCru fi.rfirir ra = 4.9 x HCl.I



54



ol



__9_



rq



'10-10



ririlrs.+g rfrurirndua.rl:lh1lfiGrrnr



[H'l .



g



o



0.2



5.4



rno I



21



o 2.



lHcNl



z



mol



q.qxrot", o



0.? x mol



o.l



oz



fK..n ,l



tt.0



2 frnr oflrnraru.irnrorfl*mnfle fi



-9



10



{-IllI mol /dm"



t



*



too



N



O.?x lO



dm}



-x



7



o



10-



1xtoo7



fQnrifuor)tt: tt)tn)tfiNRtnt pu un, poH id,



^ rratfirrrafi.:firj1 toHl = 0.003 mot/l rir poH rvirri:rrvirtr,rd



?oH. "



-lgtort'J



:



-logr -



logro3



- toX to.oorl



.



-0.5 *



3



-lq (cxro3l -[,., a * io3'd'l



r



.



ffiorjrareaynrfl pH = 5 .irucu to



"rnt:.nararrlrl#1fr



-q



2.5



roo cm3 pH firirrvir'lor



I H'l



lo"



pH



- lo3



Nt!t



Nrv,



pH



-lo3roL



N2(1oo)



pH



a



ptt



6( t)



pH



6



tros)( ro)



.



l'



-1



ro



N2



10



100



fQnrifiaritt : ,duuau^ar^r^1g Ntxcrl



fi



tailff?t



It.ct]



J. tcrl



\og to



tuil



HCI 1.6 mot/dm3 40 cm3



rYudrrnvnra NaoH 1 mol/dm3 60 cm3 q.:urnour{r{ujro.r [Cll



. (lx\.6x40)-(txlx6o) 100



N



tu*J



o.&



LCr-Jn.,



{



[cr-]n,,,



6.p4 + O.6 =



O-



64



o.o4



aa



;



fqn{fuaritt



tt)t



61?auarfln?otusria



pt



fi))fl ruRt



r{l{u



uot r,raooa



0.2 mot/dm3



^iru,ru



20 cmt



inir



rir{srnarrnvnrgnrntt0fifinfi.:r{l{u



pH



mol/dm3 oirurut0cm3oqjrvirlnr (K, lo.iHNoz=5x10-a,Kutto.lCH:CooH=1.8x'1



nlo uetfr



nre\usrie



[H') " fET I H']



rH+t = x 2x



5X



ir



-4



lOx to



"



a



'lo = - loqvJtr'l . -1oo ro3 .



g



"3-2.i



pH cirrrlt



:



x5[Xl0



. I,rol;F



-2 .r-log rH-l = -lT ro



fqnrifuarjtt



n



tcxto



1u



.".



0-5)



J-i;.t.'.



10



[H1] . {E [H'] ' 102



pH



o.oso



n)ti)lfin4ft) ph varffitn:ntctirrl tu]ai



araavaru{nrorrru1tdnfllTr6srrrultrom



10 cm3



fi pH rvir'ln frrnrrrru{r{uro.:nrorruuTtdnrflu 2 rvirro,:



hrdeilrLultromuflo:-E:rrnrrrvirffu (K, so{neorruuTq6n =



iifu tn'l



Ka [li,o]



abTl



ItMttl



-t 5*fi'* -47 1o



I H'l



I H.]



x 10'5)



' loqJ ko -



PH



loq



[nul



'Irl{;I - lo5 clrro5) - tog !



pH



2X



4



pH



I



5



pH



5 - loge



Ptl



5



PH



!-!



pH



7



-



\oo



2



- t lo3 (5'(?)l



I



hnrifuorllt,



tt)rn'))4)ruu.) pH



svrfi:rfiranvarfl NaoH J ar d L1\0 LlrfilrayalElu



N



!n*l



r{r{u o.t



mot/dm3



F



0.'1 mol/dm3



pH 3 1\oFl



= a[H*l \



(o



=



=



b[or-]



m:r



l)(25) - (o.t)(x) 25 +



io-3 (lstx)



nrtr.lrvjrlrrlualrayalfl HNo, r{uflu



d



o



ro eltstxl



u0tttrailfutuf



11tl-x) to 25-X



X



1o'(2r*xr' 0.?9+ 001x



't



25-X t5



=



0tx



(l-ot) X



. =



x' x=



-x



25 - O.25



94 15 24.75 1.Or



24.50



Ctrt



oiruru 25 cm'



hnrifuosw



intt ruxt pH vot n t aottru tutr



ntr



drdrenvare[oNlilrflfl (Ko = 1.8 x



10-5) nrrut{tfru 0.40 M.l'ruru 1OO cmt:.rrr,lsorfluodv,lvrrduall:.'1 sy (pH range = 8.0 - 9.6) rdoifilaraayarflnan'latnennoin (HCt) nerrr{runu 0.30 M .l'ruru 100 cm3



ilmngdtlq



d1rn vn r u rrfi rrfi tfrq



;fi



toH-l



rfl



urvjrlorluurir s



mot/d m3



K6. LNoOH'l + N{ruio t H Cl I 7



2. NaoH finrtrrffu{u rvilriL



HCI



a. ,*rrfu^lravarulure ngiln?xfl



pH
Cu2* > Pb2*



ataras F, *



. .



(nir r0 4r fir6rSnnroutddn'jr)



tottarav : Ag*



,



F-



Cu2* > Pbz' > znz* > Mg2*



rnefiu e- gosataras : Fz > clz >



Br2



>



12



lz



,



Mg'*



tJfr



rtr otarsrYuloaou



ffi umr



ua



utaff c



raanmt , toaourcn'luartavarflfr'0.11.r'nir



huun:



E0



rrnn.iruyislauy (iu e t6'6n,jr) 6rnvrfin:Jflffiflrfi'L*vi.:lnuyt6'



Ag* +



e- ---) Ag



Eo



=



+0.80



Cu2t +



2e ---)



Eo



=



+0.34



Cu



.J



,d



rlJil 1 lnoil0mfl1 qrnRir



ttvi.l Cu Flynoufl



qyniu,iT Rg iu6r6nneout6'dn.ir cu d'r



E0



uu Ag-



frJyr 2



qrnRir



Lu6'r ?a Ja'rfl s y6'r N't ?n rLEl.io rn n m?oua1 n



fi-.irnlrrt6'rir}irrvi.:



o.1



Ag(s)



rn r



Y



uu



Cu zundou uavfi



;oqjfi uyi.l Cu ua y61



nnrerfludflr rflo.:ernfitooauflo.l



?a



ffi



tillnn:l0ms1



syrfiu"ir Rg iu6rdnnreoulfrdn.ir cu



rtJ01:JLryr.:



rfr nr:Jfl



ra't rjs y



E0



J



r,a



urln1



k,a



d'.r



ia



Ag a.:1il[u6'r?aya'ruyrr.r Cu'' suLu ryr ?1



y c u2- lil a'umn udr6



16 n



mrou



ernryi.l ng t6'fiulo.:



cu2* aynrflod



nlfaadilnltEqand dri6 z i6 tdurn e



1



)



rnrqodsJrna6oanfi



ratooffi rod'u



oe



2) rnrqa6{sJrna6nandlore n6.:rJ$?6ar



nrr64dilfl re?oandln



sr



e



1)



ua-nmr : nrrqaarnre?nrond 6'o.:nirfilfi.:"irueu:Jrrqee uorarad'rpiu*ayarrru6nrYru"d nr



z)



ailoonaonE[ qtiu



n



unyoiruruoyFrol.rflo.:



uriny"rfror'1u6il n1?



uuvdr : {oaor pnrz ur.:fltrioonr?0.:nmqaailnraSoondrnfl rr':floon{or,6ec trirfiufi u^r6utn',rq^arnrr? a9



I



o



q9,



4



U r



, o



d4



' nonlL"trr1n1u1u rl.iuu n1[qolsvrflL1/fl1uLilnou u?o0'rLsvluil choice rLayfi1il1?nrtAF]'tFrolrs'rn choice



4Av LFt L1,



16nroirueuilavq unvoiru.luovFrorro.rarerir6'uInvil6m:iru.fqvirun.ir o q'l



rJffiar6oronf riarfi,iruru:lrupxilto.:dlrortsoiu rvirfi'u,irururlrtslf,xrqo.: ,Ja



s) FiraEirr rnrqaaru Ad



d



i



o



'



bv



v



nnru.n uasqlu'ruotssrorJfl o{r61ailn61orluiX.:aram".: oiu rior tt



'd, rviriraraHdnnu"r



rnr6oond' rd



^d !0n1r4ndiln1r?oon{ilua1fl1fil1n



!



t



qv



q



d



v



,



q



3



) 9 4 yrflnFreosl.r tlre[:Jurl\rj.rd,]ud'rnry ^^Y efiil.:lrilnno.:Fln:g'r turu01,r1LFr].r ltuyu1



6flurflourrfi:ltolrJfrffirrtrhlrrnrfi tz



fr'oTr.r16'fi htp://www.tutorpoint.neVcourseichem/chapterg.php



177



3.1)



qadilrnt Cu + t-



t1111



cu +



i,



l;)



Nos'



iri l



NO3-



+ H* ---)



CrJ2*



+



NOz



+



HzO



2



i,



.ja



&4



-; iruvr 1 : lr1f1mfl}JtaflOonfi^ tFt{U[yllJL[Ay



4)



+ H* -> cu2* + Noz +



Hzo



a



o



Fr.i1



lfi il ua;ao



rviT



li



an1



{c



1Cu + 2NO:- +_H* ---+ 1Cu2* + 2NOz +_H2O



\l



O



- r)



/\,1



- ?x3 -



au?i. runvnn



2:



d



Ld



^ rllurnfl dililr;6vr6r[1r:r



1Cu + 2NOg- +_H* --J 1Cu2* + 2NOz +



2H2O



iier^i,n z rtiol.r!



'1



Cu + pic



2 NOa-



r'lri + ri"iei#rn'r



.- odrdr



rfi



aa



+



+ 1



HzOz



+ FeClz ---+



i'21



2HzO



+



a



n16rtvr1fl



Y,A fluvr 4 : nafln H rilunefiovnfl



+2



tillnuooxlnn q



11696



lt



-)lFecl3 +



, 1 rfir t



trl"ln



,./



-NaOH



r'2'



t ryrr:irnt:nrtl'



z L:.t.. :i:-.. I



+ l HzOz + 2FeClz ---+



.ia



!,4



iill



,,



NaCl



.i



auil 3 : f1nflrlrnofl.l-u,ru.: tfrora60 H unv o'hi'na o dournerv H rflusrn6aevna



t



FeCl3



_NaCl + lHzOz + 2FeClz ---+ 2FeC\ +



2



I nu



x2 = 2 (erui'rueulilaornor.rfixfl)



'NzOz + !_FeClz



r:)



c



filr#lfru = 2(-1)+4(+1) = r{1?r.rAaii'ru?i = 1(+2) = +2



nrilnoutofl oilrvs?Qil



vv



Lfl



o Ln'r6r;rixriu



l, - ?l.2



i"iturri



3.2) EadNrne NaCl



?NaCl



ruriir



+ 4H* --) 1Cu2* + 2 NOz + rr i.i



t



4



g d



t



--i :



-



u1q1uQuLnloon{rnnuilrvr8J



2FeCls



-.r.,.i,



+



2NaOH



-: ltuvt 1 : 1r'16't4vllJ tnloon{- tFr{u1ll}J nnr orir udr



&a 2 : nun rrnva



ua;ao



ttn J



Lvi11?



-.jJ



^ Ulq'lUzuLAIOOn{LrllUYltl\}J



v ,u ^ ^ o t6 r:-lurafl 6Nrltv6llf'rLulr Lfl



lnu



C ri.i"i lr.l ,:,: tS z ._i tt



2 NaOH



Y v Ao ,i a v 40 6 ...., flrared'rfiufrfrnreril6uuraflooniLo{u friruruhaoynorulrirvirfi'u



bA ; - ruvr 3 : 4afi'r4ilruao ,i0 vh



Ftl



1



t



Na L[aY Cl (qa



dqv.



lvunoun to)



frornrurarhnovnoilL{11il62fl



I



3.3) qn3tilmf, MnOz aot 2 x 2 = a



MnOz



+



+ KBr +



HzSOa ---+ MnSOn



+



KzSO+



+



HzO



+



Brz



(ilr.irurulilazu6nd'nrdlr4ru)



i.:i



KBr



{.A



+



HzSO+



--+



KzSO+



+



MnSO+



+



HzO



+



nuil



Brz



ii2) ufir



t



x2= z



r un;n o rrir



tfr



rfi



I



uaynnr ryirta



(rir.irucuknru6nfiru"rirraru) rru



r{rt:lri'.r



&A



2MnOz



.ja



1 : lr'tflF]ytN[a100nTtP]nu



+ 4KBr +_H2SO+ -+_K2SOa +



+_HzO +



2MnSO+



ir'";A a lri :..:ti-



"ra



ildr



'rl'li.il1,.al;.lil0*'5J!il;



t.1



AUIA



.:ar:#'r fruua y26 md'ru.fi'



2 : U1Sluiu[nloon5[Fl{U



itr - d vl [1rl.J [tnynn Ld rlJurafl dNLj?y6yr6



2Brz



n



fl



uurtt{ri'u



u



ii( 2



& 4



a



A



4



-s,yu ltuvr 3 : flFlrLuaofl.rLuLnFraFro



2MnOz



+ 4KBr +



H2SOa



--+



2KzSOa



+



2MnSO+ +



HzO



+



K, H, O rnv SO4(qrflunrjr(rfl n'lr) 4norterioufitfr lud'oodrr



2Bt2



rdonoa K riou



+



2MnSOa



+_H2O +



2Brz



y.a fluvr 4 : 4a



+



2MnSO+



+



+



2Bt2



lluvr 5 : qn Htlny O



l MnOz + 2KBt + 2H2SOa ---+ '1 KzSOa + I MnSO+ + ZHzO +



1Bt2



&c , I auil 6 : vlou Llrt:luofll':m't



2MnOz



+ 4KBr +



2MnOz + 4KBr



3.4)



Ef,drmt



4HzSO+



---+



+ 4HzSO+ --+



KMnO4



2KzSOa



2KzSOa



+ HCI ---)



KCI



+



MnCl2



4HzO



+



HzO



+



Clz



+



: r 1 x 2 = 2 (nnr"i'rurutuaovqoildeu)



SO4



!.a



nosln



K



F]0s1n SO4



Clz



rfi



l.i



KMnO+ nFr 5 x 2



+ HCI -+ l ll



=



tO



KCI + MnClz + HzO



i,tl



&A !a - - tr uvr 1 : 1.11f 1FlYt8Jta100n5lFl{utlr}J



fl



, i



ttav



,v



no n.J1t1\!ttnynnLTl



L?



(rir"l"ruruhnzu6nflrur{rrqnrl I



q, ' a dc v v ' .; + .- firarazudndrurifrr:.l6ruraroonBrorfu ' 'A t 6'o14rurartraovnort{rt:}itflrarefi.:fruuavzufimd'ru"f illllnovnorhirvirrTu



2 KMnOr + 10 HCI ---+



_KCl +



2 MnClz + _H2O



+



{a



5 Clz



'ill'in t3 i'n:r:l".trre.';rra;i.i C r.lot: tt, ,i''i



..i .. 't,rL2r,t.. L,.- ' r.., ) ,.



auvt 2 : unya n'lr{



-itr



u1s1ueuLnfl00n{tFr{uyl[1\]..l



rfl uLnq d'1.::levfr



vrf,uruls{riu



,'s.1W!eE==1:?'i:



!,a



2KMnOn+ 10HCl ---+ 2KCl+



2MnClz+



i



16o noga



2KMnOa+ 10HCl



li,rii::



1t. l/t]r



---,



zKCl



lii.l: x?.ri':-t'(



Ct



x riourwrrvd'rufrrr qat{ude



!,a .[uYt 4 : F]nfi1n H Flas'tn K



+ 2MnClz+ 5HzO+ 5Clz



riir,,iiulrli-l



'j'lr. i0 nJn.:r



.i



YA



2KMnOn+



16HCl --+



2KCl



+ 2MnClz+ 8HzO+



5Clz



un1fl?{r? vir"l#nanrerra v



Eodilme



12



+ KOH ---+



KlOa



+



HzO



+



.i



fluyt 5 : tuo.:s1ni.l.l,Jannil"/tl.J cl vd



tv



Fto.ill?1



3.5)



4



flufr 3 : narlnvlruao K, Cl, H, o



HzO+ 5Clz



1



rt



no



Pl



cl



nalnrFrdou



A



"-



n



?.ilru.i



Kl



-. rfio{s1n I, finrrrildfluraroon{rol{uvr.iryrrJuauan a.i?i'rn1?Lranoonrflu 2 d'rriou udrnioe:rilnrflud.l aa t(i) lz



tfir ,,i



1x 2 =



z (nrruairurulunovnoudxfl



)



?.a



ii5l



+ KOH ---) KlOg + HzO +



*lz



Kl



fl



i-



tr



uyt 1 : 1r1f1mytilLafloon{tFrtuLl\Ntlay , tr ,v



an



011rl\:JLLAT^O rvll



L3



s x z = 10 (nru.irurulraoymorffeu)



i ir',r l-.,1..1.L,i.r.; p'll; ,;:..1i "'



112+ 51,



+



_KOH ---+



"rfi : f.i.,i.::i.:';-,i'Ir..]:.i.4Y ji1l;jt! j;':l;pi



2 KlOg



+



HzO



+



10 Kl



va 2 :



lJUvl



rtnva o



&A



2KlOg+



HzO+ 10Kl



112+ 51r+ 12KOH ---+ 2KlOs+ 6HzO+ 10Kt



312



---



+ 61196 ---



^ -itr



UlSlUeU[n10On5tF]tilylLV',|:.1



rllurafl



6il!rrfi^dYr6Lrlru tfl .Jnu



:)



112+ 51r+ 12KOH ---+



6 12 + 12 1191



Ld



2 KIO:



+



6 HzO



+



10 Kl



lKlOs + 3HzO + sKl



i



ao



fluvl 3 : aaflFlvlLunoFro K, O, H rnon K



rvrilyffluflQroat{rufrc



&A



fluYt 4 : Frnf'tFt H Flos'tn K



& A iuy flUYl 5- : ?lIl lz fi01-lU1L'lfi'lflnU



rY d o, vrou'hi'rfl uocir.:rir



Lu



fl rr t)



nail ilnrainanf,In snt uufr fii sr



uanrnt : qn6il n1?srnnrrnirrnr nr#rron"f'lnflfiqrarurnr n{nr 4fifinrru:l6fluuilaq rnloo nratfiltaloonfrrnrd'u"[r]'rjrrrrfiuurflunr?rrJfrffiflroonfirnrd'u



nfi rnr{'u loranr



4fifi unyrrnfifinrranlaroonBror{uhi'rjrrrrfiflurflunl.:



rJflffirr?d'nd'u virn'raoa'luunia;nr6r:Jfrffiur'hi'arqrniTorufi'owerr.jrqn"[unrnnalarua rnmvr?unou'lunrana .)-Jr"'lfililnreerlalnraq;tfraunr#orond qvLrnnnl.rnuLnnuafl riavLNonn rLFraynr{lnn?a1 Lfid}rL?nirufrQ { d r ,^- c,,:j -.-nmqaTnunr?.rrJflffiaru



LrLvlounLryulslnnlaEa6:rnmlnrflorfr'flraloonBlodurfifl.:odr.:6arlritfr--.



2)



v-^



flu0rou [umf on i't



. 16onpisrnfrfinresirfl/iL



e ttdrrfiflua:Jn']?



Oxidation/Reduction muaird':-t



z. oraormlfiryir 3. 4n O Tnflnrrrfril HzO 4. na H lnflnrrrfr:J H* 5. orailavslorenra6r e' o. ffroqituarenvarer!a'Ifi1frll oHz. eeuuflunrnraSnron"6-Trrfl



"-



s) n"roeir.:rneqaatrnr6oroni



fre



flq'ruru



mot



frlyirrir



rii z nri.rrJfrffiflrfi'o.:rvirfi'uriou :



Zn + MnOq



+



riruo.r6rnre rfiouldfluuflu Hro



H* ri'.1 2 (6or



H2o ---+ Zn2*



n.r.u. qrnoiruru e- rorn6tilfrffiurri'.raa.:y



+



+



MnOz



OH-



?6vr1 "-;di



lTunoufr



t



rdonnr6qJfrffiur oxidation



(airre')



do



ai



rfionnr6s:JflfifurReduction(fire-) 6a



Zn ) MnO+-



Zn



)



oraorn'lfirvir 4n o TnflnrrLfiil H2o



zn



4n H Tounr:rfrr



zn



-) -) )



Oxidation



H*



nallrrsloflnrarfill



e'



Reduction



Zn



Easr41#rvir qn o lnflnl?rail H2O



MnO+-



qn H lomnrerfir H.



MnO4-



4arJarlTnrunretfrr EaluruarFr oH-



e-



+ 41-1* MnOa-+4H*+3eMnOa- + 4H* + 3e-+ MnOa-+4HzO +3e-



Zn2- ".,-* i-t',r..it,, l, /r H ' l



->



MnO+-



4OH'



MnOz



Zn'- i-u,rt1i'L ln,]1|l 2.Lrl$ttilultriati Zn2' .",r*i i 1l:r,:e i,:ri;) H 07



-



MnO+'



--,



Zn2*



--rf



zn



Zn2*



Ln'+2e MnOz



+



MnOz



+



MnOz + 2HzO



a



",-i.-: ill'l'rlxGfliulnllnz



-> +



MnOz + 2HzO



-) -)



MnOz + 2H2O



N'in



i



T'iLillnUeUirn?)



MnOz + 2HzO



MnOz + 2H2O



+ +



AOH



4OH



Redox : cluiu e-vr{6o.:drnrrnr6.:rJfrffiurfroflvirriu 6nr Fr.r.u.flo.:6i'ruxu e t6'Oe (nrn 2e- LLav 3e-) Oxidation x 3



3Zn



Reduction x 2



2MnOq-+BH2O+6e-



Redox



3Zn+2MnOq-+8HzO



) + -)



Redox 6uq?ni



3Zn+2MnOq'+4HzO



-)



+ 6e2MnOz + 4HzO + BOH3Zn2* + 2MnOz + 4HzO + 8OH3Zn2* + 2MnOz + BOH-



3Zn2*



ltadh{flllnfi



uriraonrflu z



r]evunvr



t6'uri



a46



1



)



r{nana'llun llto tsan Llamlon tr



2) r{nnoranLm?LaFl



[traanaxlilfl qrq



4q v .!,j v l, ^&vy -oqtfludrucntaro - : r{adfirildfluvtd.:lrurnfiuflundr.:rutlh1r '1)uil1sfi{ E' d1il1rntfiofruldro.:uavfinir 2)



eiruilernau



:



TradfirmaS



. ,frlr{fl.



a'tna1u1



Llaynolfiegl uyi.:Tauy ^irnt"[uarea;argfifitooou



tortnurriun;nraoqj



uolun



. unTu o .



6cil1urnao



.



rYr uaTu or L



^ flnunlua



(Anode) 6o'ilcfi d



ffi



roo nfr rprd'u 6fi ed)



fl



dv



s



(



ax



(Cathode) Flo levttnoilflntfl't?nntu (oon{tFrt)



A 6 G



o rn



rfi nnJfl



Y.j-



t t 1 nlilf, [a Et plo



fl o.i



J 6 X rq [,



run']vtu1 Lvil'{'t I F] tvl?1 vc{ 1il1f



n



LL



Fl



n Fl')



lflutoooutfr



.



fl 0.1



a66tt



615AcA'rsOrnntilf taEt



. ,frlr'|fl. g r



(Etectrode) t



\,



, Y.



qvq



x



v a



6ttsil1urftaailro6Eyr1u10aau'l{rflufr'e i ne u ' rlraa r1lrorfl LLFtAvn?.:



rfi



oilrioe{qanrfl'lu



rYut#Fttlll.iqt



fi z rl*tnvt



- d'c,joth ld'uri rTrTauyri'ctrl rsiu zn, cu, pb rrrlonraqvr{r1.t.1fir{rudeu'lunrrtfin:Jflffierfrou &A-YAn,^, EorTrfihifideuaerlorf iunrrufia:Jfrffiartnrfi niu pt, c (*natvlri') - rTer6as



.



yA



uulytflo{ds?I1ulnao



- rirhinruetqalvlflr - inurar4aayu.irrlooau:.rlnraylooounl.l"[u6raavnrfl616nlvretno{'uroinvn6sttad g)ii'rodr.r



+



. rr'orio#r1vlflr cu uav Ag artilluareavalfld'{ail fiqrerurqrnnir E0 qvil!'jr ng fiFir r0 4':n'lr (fis uvd L ^ (e- tuat{rurticuen) 6rFnnmuld'6n'jr) -6luflurTerrn q



Ag



Cu



r?en,ir "IFrTma" r{ru cu rflurYraL6fln'ir "uolun"



g



J^ . ilon6fl1iltnnflil



+



- llnliln :Ag*(aq) + e- --+ Ag(s) - uolun :Cu(s) ---+ Cu2*(aq) + 2e-



+



a



oo



,d;



+



e-



+0.80



uoluo (Cu) uvi.t cu sJntoua{ rflo{srnnarst:.ltflu



+0.34



tooou cu2* ltvtu



. 6



&



da.



fllau = il0nfgloorl{lodu = 60']{ un[ilo = 1l1u1n = ilonig1'offiu = aon{[ot{ uo[uo 6!-



=



s1n6rn1? uillaFtx'Iil"i1 fiirrrnrlvro (Ag) n;finrnouto.r Ag(s) firnryfiuvi.r ng rir'lri'uvir Rg 4uurdu lurruvfifrrTr



-+ Ag Eo Cu2* + 2e'--+ Cu Eo



Ag*



.



AgNOs



4



;3 11\ Lr



182



o



.A-



vvrlurn Aovirufirfr inurau



Eaqo{loaou Torefi fl.: rrnTvr o Ag* n;nora.:Lfio{qrnnarErfl u Rg d'lriuavv,/1uLn6osy fi'ordrfl tooourr nlrlu prTvr nr'lurrr mer{rr *r uolun cu2* 6



I Ud vl\'r



a4,



,



U Ln A 0 C.i n O.i S 1



fl



v L0 0 0



ua]l



J lvr o



il 1 6 v rvr^ u



+)



.



rrndnm*rrriudu



rdoiruvir cu nr"luaranvarfl cu2*(aq) dnrur{rfluri,.r v dd v , , U U 4 a nu nluvrl] Fl.tllJ t{r}.Jilu6.i n2 1 s vvr 1lru1vr l]]ufl e cathode ,P



1+;



.



A'rufifinrcur{r.r{urirn,jr rfluflr Rnooe J^



(-)



3



u0ntg1illnnflu - unTmo : Cu2*(aq) + 2e- --+ cu(s) - rtatuo : Cu(s) --+ Cu2t(aq) + 2e- rrndnru r{r{utilaurrn rfi ruaunra



neoox



tfr



. q1 n 6 n1 ? uilrfl ncr:r.i16 n naoucvtuasrn 6'rudfi nrr u r{r{urir (Anode) trl6'rufifinrmrr{u{u4s (cathode) N



ufr



drbi'6'ru Anode rfi nnrrdnndoutor uvis cu A 3



ua



vnrru tflu



| , -,-q "[uaraavalflsvs:i?r:J drudru Cathode Cu2*



" riurfr:.:Tu



! ,+ , r 4 ^ a,tnL e- Lnatllu cu tnlvYtttyl.iLaut FrQ1l]Llilfluq{ana.l



. e-



uflunlflilo0[ffifliYa?lfin 1)



ua-nrn€



. ll LrYtuayl\1ulooou . ( ) uornel:J ufrr{ur,i6oa nrurrold'r? . I uil.i6n1uy ., uon6r?friafi 6n'luv6fld xflu *ri nirrlooouriu . ffruunrTuoraqllorfi ornro . 6'ruuoTunt{rxfirsfi o ra:.ro .'lfiaranvarfl



oqjfr



q



vufl otu



n ffi o



nr o



ru



r{uflufl



o.r 6



1



rn va



1



fl fil.i a o r tvi r



flu



aa:l rYr



/



-1 *olun



I



taoouluaraavnlfl



loooulun1?nva1a



ll



i



t, I



_



n5.:rtadoonqrn{u



| lYa



duu



\



nSrttnd5rrn'[u un[yo



6YY',l1UtnAO



na;nrutooou



2) n"'laeir.: X



Y



3-do



^ rurlunlilflo.ir{ndflacrilnil



Zn



Y(s) | Y"'(aq) ll X'-(aq) | X(s)



Fe



r[,.]un1v,{fl0.:r{adrinrrfrnd 6o zn(s) lzn2*(aq) ll Fe2* ,Fe2*(aq) | Fe(s)



Hz



Cu



rLilun1v,{flo.ir{ndriaerfind



6o



Pt I Hz(g) I H.(aq) ll cu'?.(aq) | Cu(s)



f,:r,ri:,:.ij,:,r,'.,i



ilrtfl rsaura



f,n



dir acfrn



dlrtfl rurn e grunt



or



;';1i:i!::;:,^,'+.---. 1'



taf



t)fi'ndb,lf,rrtadrrnrsru : drydnuoi E0.",, r,rilrflfir d'ntilv,iflrrvu.irrt?etorutad NlFriq'ru 6o zs'c arrn;arfl"[un?.rurndrfluflu 1 M nrud'u 1 atm



(E0..01,,



-



Eo,,ur',) dntQv



: lfrd'ryd'nuni ro fi z tfrn z) fi'nrib,{flrndsrradmneoru _#



1. Eo, ^ 2. Eoo



uiu Ag' + e- --+



r,rrrsfir d'ntitv{flrn6rrradrrmrgruror:Jflffiur5d'n.i'u 4



vrrsfit



v



d



t,



A



-



' d'ndlvir{rpr?.rrtadurmrgrutotrJflffiuraonfiror{u tcju



Ag



Eo,



=



*



Ag ---+ A9 * e-



Eoo



=



+0.80 - 0.80



a; n6srtadlaloratqurrortsru : (Standard Hydrogen Etectrode) 16'fr'edo.jr sHe



. riruuo'l#flrt H, finir Eo rvirrYr o.oo v ufiolffrflud'rr:liuLrfiflunir . d'.:riu frr Eo ro.:nr6rrqndrfluFir + uaor.jrfrr e 1fr6n,jr H



e0



rirnrqdu (rflunirurnegru)



2



frr



Eo



torndrrtadrflunir - uarrt,irBr e 16fiofln.ir



H



2



4) rntrar fi'nrib,l fl r r{a dur orrmu (E0)



. urlfrqrndrnrr 5)



4d



E



""rr



o q'l



Eocerr



uavdr



=



=



E



0



eo. {rrnrtrnr) - Eo. {uoTuor)



Eo"",noo"



- EoAnod" [dlJO



d'oraglugrJ Reduction



r6tNo



nrtff r po [nslf,nrruflurYudaaurilfl rr udnrna 't



) fr'r



n



dr a r n r r ni r



z) fi r ror rnt'lo



nr



Eo s y ril d fl urn6a.: u il r B rfl un al



rur{r1:Jluar nm s ytri



r



fi



zu



a rio



Fir



flu{r



3



)



fi



r



ro



r



a



r n r rr rr r n rYu



ni



a



)



fi



r



ro



r



a



r n r er r n u flu



r E0 s ; 6'a.i ro r il r a u riu6'r



ni



E0 q y fro.l ro r u rL.J n



:.r



E0



riufr n fl



fl



nlsflnidnila0laffc I uanrna



l) fr'rrjrlnuvfifinir



Eo



mrrtilextflndTar,ryfifinir



E0



a{ syyir'1fi'Tar,ryfiirir



z)frrfr0.:nmflo.:riutrihi'laravtfrnnre4ndou 6'0.:rjrlarayfifirir



E0



Eo



oirn.jtfranmrnaou



rirn.iTtayyfirrrfrornraflo.:riu rrrxtflndlar,ry



flo.:[r1 s) fi'r6'4.:nralfilar,lvrnaour6e{u



@



'**'rrndrfie**.r*x*rru



hirjrlnrayfifi



e0



a.:n,jrTnuyfirmfi r:rrrrtfflnfrTauyrla.:rer



rraffirfrntYrrlad d



1



)



tu



.!^



3



v ilL,



lrtJ1?lo.: t{na tv,{y,l'rLFtNyt[nF]fluto.i [:.1[Fl no.itJlunryLL6



Ly,lv,{'rLfl'] Lil



Lur{nd s{Lna:lfln?fl'trFt}.t



0



IFr



d1 E



z) eiru:l esrrauro.r rra6 rfr nTnela ri



.



nLLfi:.t0 ""rr



ro'rlr,lfl -, (Etectrode)



- 111[t0LuFl L:lulr,]!an yrrnnllflnrtjl0on{[F]{u -



fllrrptLvln



ululjlaL TLno:lflneell?Ftntu



a66id



o ara6rffnTrnelad urriroonuflu 2 lhumil



-



rriu trtact --+ Na* + ctdrravarfl nen rra rn6o



arerlavnoutooofrnuaorruae (rifirlrr{r1:lrfifle{o.:tunreufiorrJfrffiur)



6ranvarfl6rfinlvrataei(svfirlruffrt:lrfi€.nliorlunrerfinrlflffirr)



rsju



v fluoounrefr ?rrilrrdariilfr nEsrrraffi rfrntnrlasfl' t)



nrrfi uvirlarasoiuafluare:l*noulaoofi fluaoruruae' trlfr srerurfir



.la



, r o'Loooufr il nir -^ E' rir n,i r



. z)



u 1o o o



I



)a,



ufi fi



ri



rfl



uunrTr



nr



(ri,lnL)



ffi r r?d'nd'u



rfi rrrJfl



r E0 4 r n,i r ril u *oTun (rie L,l n ) rfi ^



nr



:J



fr



ffi u r a o nfi mrd'u



neoiuvi.:lar,triuasluareasnrara.:fireilesnarlaoofin:



t



lrXrfifl!fl:r



toooufinir



eo sir



d'olllufi nir



Eo arn,ir rfl uunrTm n



. loooufirjr ro 4t l#lfialril



Eo



nrafiqrrrurr?rrinrTvrrr-uotun 6'o.lfisrarurt}r6'eEr



ro.l Hzo lugrlfi.r6tfinm:ou (2+zo + 2e-



--,



Hz



+ 2oH-; t0 =



-0.83 V)



nr



E0



lo.l



HzO (% Oz +2H+



+ 2e' --+



HzO ; E0 =



+1.23v) d'etr,ru



Eo



mrrn.jrtfju



*oTuo E0



ro.l H2o rrarfiqrerurfrc[Fr1fln



;



2Nzo



+ 2e- ---+ H2 + 2oH- E =



E0tto.l Hzo rrarfisrrmilxutoTuor; /,Oz+2H+



-0.83 V



+2e' --+ Hzo;E0 = +1.23v



s) oi'coeir.:



.



a&r



,



6



a



a



dv



L



,



b 4,



,



x ,a



a



,



r



'a, nefrr-rlriilriruderu"lurnariorJffigr Gqrncid'ora'r'irterfiaicud'rilu6o1rifidrudr:.rrduo) Y c aeA a x ^ . flq1€ru1il?[rnlila lilils'rtrulr:Jter:Jtv'tgu looouilzrma{d16asa1fl[vlelunilul



U



Cafiode



Anoda +



Na+ + e- ---+ 2HzO +



Na



2e ---s Hz+ 2OH-



Ea



=



0^



E=



-2.71V -0.83



V



{{{uv



^gax--tru111tto [uo hrileltru'llilfetut?lEtu laaauail1loitdl6atsnlgtYlgurruu'l . ils1f



e- -+ SOa2-



/,



SzOa2-



y,



g, +2H+ + 2e- ---+ HzO



+



Eo



=



+2.01 V



E0



=



+1.23



V



oirfltuv



. rl0ffierri'ruuntilFr :2HzO+2e- + N2+2OH' . :lfrfiBerd'ruuaTun : H2O ---+ /, 02 + 2N* + 2e . ili?Germu : Hzo > Hz+'/zOz . E = E0c,,noo" - E0Anod" = -0.83 - (1 .23)= -2.06 volt ("irli'jr E0"", 6tdnTmrtani'finralra:.lo) "",



-v- fr-,rir udr o mrirTr



ru"lu



rnelfi nrJfrfitsar ^&nta-{ o trtqtauttttuntiln lurrislerull:JfElutvlfl u looouuzma{d1tatsa1atfl gurruu1



- Cathode



Anode +



.



.



Cu2* + 2e- ---+



Cu



E0



2HzO+2e- ---+



H2+2OH'



Eo= -0.83



=



+0.34



V frltuv



rflu unrTtn



V



ualuo l#fi qrtrur t:JEautfi su looauauto.r6tl?atsa1s E0 = +0.34 v 'l#tuv rflu uoTun Cu2* + 2e- ---+ Cu



fi qrarurr?r



/,SzOa2 +



e- --) SOa2-



/,Oz+2H+



+2e- ---+ H2O Eo= +1.23V



Eo



=



[fi eufi'ufT



+2.01 V



:lifiBerrTruunTua : cu2* + 2e- ---+ cu



. :lfifiBerd'ruuolua : cu ---+ cu2* + 2e. ilfifiBermil : triar:rranrfiuut6' o



E0cerr



rJtglsr tfila



=



E0c",nod"



urtr a



-



E0nnod"



dhlfl



rr n



=0.34 - 0.34 = 0 Volt



fi



1)r{adilSsJ{fi rflurmaddairrsrnrsndlv,lflrunrfiilerunyrrderrvjrfiu '



1.



u:-i.:r:lu 2



uur nr:.rtflnro.rrtad6a



lv



[{aafta?'lun o eirutilqru v6outaduri": u?orta 'aondrrr



.



r{n "laaaltnf o rtndllaor . rrndriu o rradrdoryl6.: Hzloz 2. rtaa6ufrnlvrrlaoi



. . 2)



nltqrlTnuvfrrfllylflr nlrdlTauy'l#u?avrf,frrfl tv,ifl



r



t{ad46er{fi : rflurtadzuaravu.jrrrtadriamfrnrirrtari616nivretaoi Trreludr{ro.irqadriarlfrn ,',na',rrilfr'ul, rJflffiurrtndri'amfinurn arrrrnrfinrrJfrffiflrfround'Lt6'Tnflnradrhldprtyl rfiarfluuqaffirdnTmetapfrfiorjrnd'u h



16b



L]]



. .



. .



tv, LFr



tn Luil



rqndarnutv,hir *:.rr nyflr ^d4fa t{nauntna -



rqnriTrrdElN c^d



t{aaaLylfl:.J



LtFlFtuJfllJ 1r?OL{nAUttF]O



- dau{ef



fl



qrJilestfl



rrii u afU 0 u4fi



lYarrfr n fi'ndlv'lflr



{UO1lO.:



ualun



[{aa



al



6r6nImrlad



uuntuo



sorrtad



:J0fl€Er16narff



(v) NHaCI + ZnCl2+ H2O +



rirulv,lorfl



runatyld'rLoy Mnoz



Zn



rrfl.rrflun +



*nrtylo{ uny Mnoz



Zn



Carbon



Zn2*+ MnzOs + 2NH3 + H2O



Zn + 2MnOz ---+ 1.5



1r?o



ZnO + MnzOs



61?ayalri NaOH



:-lrovr



ruriunaSn uay



Zn



[.iu



61rnyn1fl KOH



Hgo



+ Zn(OH)2 + HgO



61rara1fl KOH



uilurufrn ttav Agzo



Zn



t{oLiln.t



runatv,loi'ruar



*nrlylni-zunr tti uny



HzlOz



Ni r.i1u H2



Nio ,.i1u 02



+ 1.5



,J.r



61?Avalt'r KOH ruonnrrtari



Zn + 21'11n9, + 2NH+*



+ zn(oN)2



Zn + HgO



---) ZnO + Hg



Zn + Ag2O ---s 7ng + 2Ag



t.J



1.6



61rava1fl KOH u?0



2H2



+ 02 ---)



2H2O



1.2



6'lrAYA1fl NazCOa



ilastsu t ) rn



tflr



raai'U gu4 frEir



equtara;



oio erlyl



. rafnmetularas t.



',t fr



sfi



fl



frhtnetad



r



rirrrr:.rfr'o.rod druuprTrn L6lJo c{



y y iov - o 2. Iauvfr"L{tr fios 6ruuoTuo ea ya



3. ar



refi lfr 6'or



urfi



rfl



raro



n 16



sr



rYu



uoTua



(laurfi lfrquy



a. nrvua'[v{fl rfilfr'fror rflunayua nes 5. nrrrr rfl:rflufl o.i 6 1?^ yn 1fl qytri r:16fl uuil a.:



.



oYroeir



I



E'..-*' '"



,t.u^rr^ " 2. uolun



ad^-,qt&



s1 n?:l L:lun1?{]-t.rouo1fl t.:u :J?1fl nvtafl nFt':no



I



*



;



-.-{



*'



raa vnre6 tsnTvreta



t:lu



,froudfr'o.rnrerjrrurqr



:



riu (Ag)fi.:rfluTar,r:fi1fr'1u n{ : Ag N os (fi looou Rg. tufl ourTllnurfilfr1rl



3.



a



4.



nrvLLdtv,,hfl1 : n?vLLdrr?.r "-1uaflr.:t6fle



I



#**'-r-:..::. ":'i.-:,*isll" *'- ir,i:r-- - - - -' ...' l&':SiliiIl'ri-



-\;--'-t:-a



z)



; ..



-



I



m



rirTa ra vlriu?Evrdd'r



atv'l f,



r



. ilanmf t



. frruuoTuBr



z. 6'ruunrhor



rfl uTnr.rvfi



trJu?4vrdfi fiTauvfi



fr0.:nrarirhirS4uf,oqjfrru



6'or tfl uTar.rvtfi o 16fl ed'ufl:lTauvfi fror



nr:rir1#ffi



avrd



u6o



e.laurtrjr3qrf;d'o.rfiarau6orlu6ulfifinrnrrrarrran'lunra?6,r.f d vrr Lur.r ?6vlf 3.J'r nil0



Fte



ilretsudiuaf,n6snfr 9{ i



,



oonfrtodumnrirrqrnTnuvfi6'o.lnra



?



i, o"-



v,



v tu



) rnerJavflv,lrfoutn



(Electrolyte)



d



,



*X



vtoon60:t:-toflLAL[n:[{an6vd}.t11',1v,{'t[t:t:lF];n1 ilfluFrouofl1.iavLoflFlPr.iu t



Anode +



Cathode



d-



Pb



3



u0n€enil[noflu unTma :2H*(aq) +



Pb02



---+



uoTuor :2HrO(l) + Pb(s)



z) rneoirelv{



Hr(g)



---+



PbOz(s) + 4H*(aq) + 4e



(Gutvanic)



Cathode +



Anode Pb



, x d a [ilo 3J meqler tT'l 'quil:J0 n5



Pbo2



^2 :Pb(s) r SO4 uualuo



Pbs04



unlua :Pbor(s)



s)



2e



rnao-obi nttr Anode +



Pbs04



1



(aq) ---+



PbSoa(s) + 2e



+ 4H*(aq) + Soo2-(aq) +



2e



---+



PbSoo(s) + 2Hro(l)



oiat:J (Etectrotyte) Cathode



Pbs04



Pb Pb02



^ & -&



rlifi?erdriosnsu *n1mor :pbso*(s) +



2e



---+ pb(s) + so+'(aq)



uaTuo :Pbso4(s) + 2H2o(t) ---+ Pbor(s) + so+2-(aq) + 4Ht(aq) + 2e-



+):.Jfrffierrecu



pb+pbOz+ 2HzSO+



=



2pbSO4+



2NzO



rilrJtBtgil riiua f,nds nfi cclll



d



ilnd tUFlflO.l



sratu



[daa



a



al



6r6ntvrrlad



ualma



:J0ms1raorfi



1r'l



morirrrld



flr (v)



rxnn?{y6il



Tauy Pb qr:r



tv,lflrur:r



nzrit



-



ttFlFr[NUu



HzSOa



2PbSO4



rtLFltFt o???nfluFr



2HzO



rFtro.tnornl n6'osrirflail 1.4



A "* ,u L1',11',ll



LFlfO.l Lfi



Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)z



,.r.iLrnilvlDi +



rrunlFlot?vl't.r1u



2Na(r) + (n/B)Se(r)



rflusorzuar



oonttoirorTnyy



il



o[ulrflrJ6.1 350 c



--)



Na(l) Sa(t)



flul0tnn



;.



Beta-alumina



- fr'am,lof



2.04



---)



?{1fnyn'rfl KOH



Nio(oH)



+



cd+2Nio(oH)+2N2o



qr:l



Tnuv Ni Cd(s)



(nndfrunrn)



L{nn Lqrofl}.r



2HzSO+



---) PbOz



r{nnunrnn



Pb+PbOz+



6'r?nynlEr



Pb(s)



2.1



lt'lulermu



NazS"(l)



oFtdlunt?l.J



AI, Mg, Na



TiSz



rtaanrrg}J



lrio



Li(l) + 1;5, Voors



Li(s)



u?o Mnoz



--+



Li* + TiSz-



4



arrrohmof



1r?o



FIO



:.J1r'l



1)



ururafir



B



u ac



r-



AL



L[



yl



0]J



d



ttumLnot?



3.0



6u144



Li(l) + 1r,466, ---+ LiMnOz



nrrfl e niailfl aotaff



tFt O



tvl?F1v"rvrlJ0



no



nlrtlaofril



nrvLeunl?flo.:rJfrffiar?orondfirfrnrqr,nTnvyqnoonfrtor"i-lfluarr:lavnoulunrerurnrfrornirrlrYu niu



nrerfroafirrudn lnuvriurfrnn,ll:JlrrJo.i rflufr'u firfirirhlrfiornreryndoura6oafirdo oz utavnelNdu



z)i6rndarfi'urnearnrou auranvirtduarfli6 firi'.rrLLunndfiarrfrnuayrrnzi616nlrrlnsi -ddaquv-



1. vr161r?ovn113{au L:lun1?Uo{o1J Ou 6 ad



X-^a!da



[[aYnelil{u rilue6mc{yFtlnltat trrJan Lunlu.lo{nudutJ



4



v 1 ^du 2. yrlerLrFrLyrFrn FroerLotnunlrannrou torarl Lulauyfiufinnroylflu Cathode lotr



. . g.



)ofr



rioTauyfr nio



a



'



' d'ndlv'hilr oir n,i



flurToauro{ drutylar



r



El



liri6ovluln"f' 6a riruneyualv{frrarlualraya1flnrrru6'r hlfiruuoTuoufrnnrroonBlnd riu oz nnlfltilu 6'r?:.]?vnouoonttri'uoitrifirulfrrYurv6nrfio.:qrn.ir



-



o Ad



o d



o o



At



o



,



v



oontrri'rorrv6n6oafir svdr'[#ru6nufiorafirfiutos ,



d+



4 o



a



i^



+. ririEeurir 6onleilrTnuvfr6ornrearoir:rroirriurtrenynrflruril (NaoH + NaNo:) fr'uqufrIauvdrirtnr6o:1frilr



nrmorrJlisurfi nursrtrarraf,rYarrfi nuacEtf;'ntmelad lv



d



iln{.i'ru



LFIIJ



Y ,u



tt ---+ t[Y'11',11



a



11',{}11



\e



ilfrffirr



^ LnnfluLo{ to



Eocett



ucnt6SJo



fl1



rrad616nlvralad



[daanaxlun



ilO[tnnO1.1



A



a



C



-)



rn:J h



tV, LFI



tnnfluLo{ tl.l nL16:Jo



flauen



runrtvrnr-3d'nd'u



1'l:i'ln



uoTurr-aonfi rord'u



fl2nL



*oTun-oonfirnt'u



flenu



unrlmo-?d'nd'u



LTll"l1



rlavTflt{



rtad:lsilnfi



cirulylqrfl (rraduri.l), rrnduaaprrlari,



n1?q! Lauvnefl



rtad:leor, rtndriu



-3 [[ay L{nnt{otv{a{



nlfvrl



HzlOz



rtnda vartv,lfi r uur n ;rir,



rlaylfltf



rqndfinufia - unnrfiflu (rradflrunrnr)



r{anrmflnil



[Tan L{rofltJ - {aLv,l0t



6d



d6d



t



r{nnnrflfl:J Looau



V tu Ll^lT/1,



g Lnuv Lulr?6?16



ttn.ifuodn



riruuortri d'ndlv,hlur meEruror 4



- Al3* + - Ag* +



e



- Fe2' +



2e



ssrirurernir



[



Al



)Ag



2e-



-Lr +



Rl



---+



3e-



--+ Li --+ Fe



Eo



r'



at ru ut



rn r nt



ot



u



nnl ul ilt



n6r



nnd



Eo



=



Eo



=



0.80 V



Eo



= =



-3.04 V



Eo



-'1



.66 V



-0.44 V



rouradrfluTcaofirolrrndniotriflnrra'rd'u At l At3* ll As* l Ag uny



ftli*ll



ftg.l



f*[.



t-i I t-i *



$g



'



"



0.s0



.



g.{,o + t.(6



tq+ -



{A



LUo



:



L?',1



m



Fe



E'cofiode -c



-



*



LF.r*



- r-l.cl)



"



"o.44 - (*s.



o



_O,{+ 4 3.04



s



E



tooouvllllfl



-o buin



+



nser?o1:



)



u0tfN t't')rrnil n ?a1



3 - ruIFr Fl.iu



nu



2sOs2-(aq)



{uflt: O-@ ;



04



J.6o !



+ 3HzO(l) --+ 2Se(s) + 6OH-(aq) + Szo:2-(aq) 6'1 2soa2-(aq) + 3HzO(l) + 4e- ---+ SzOs2-(aq) + 6OH (aq) {o1o16od'nd1v'iflurmagruroqJfrffiur se(s) + 2e' ---+ se2-(aq) 2Se2-(aq)



Euftnd*



'



L61rt



n)ri)]i)n6n)



LoooUtLav{n



|



-o



= I.46 \I



IQnrffuorln



Fes+



Ei.ar'



dcothode-Eornodo -0



Il



Li l Li* ll Fe2* l Fe



-r



zsecsr + 4r-



-O] + [O



;



Se'-rcry



-r



lsudannr



I



$ecs: +



,.s --+ Set-taq>



Se



cs:



{ te'



Eocell Eocell



= =



0.35 V -0.57 V



fLU



'



u,- f", "



f"alt



.



o.qz



E".h



" -092v (nit*rftl,



Eoerr OOflSlOUUelAsUc{r & A a xq



v



d



- (-o.q*) "o.e2\



(rmun\o., anllri$a.*6{od



u nlasu611 il15c] fl n1*1 tT{ N [ 0t tJ Ir| tu [ua u1a s to fl ,r



www.tutorpoi nt. neVcou rse/chem/chapter9. php



o.$E



fduldSofrrurr



,



hn{fuor)n t)



rt)rnt4)04nt



r'



vott"rnlulfft



qrnurunrnrjot:.ld



; Ea = ;Eo=



-AlA'*ll B'. lB



-clc'*ll B'*lB -clc2nll D2*lD -BlB'*ll E2*lE



{o1116o



2Y 3V



;Eo=-4V ;Eo=-5V nir E0 ceil flo.r D I D'* ll B'* | B lrnv A lA2* ll E2* | E



crrs:r$a "irarr{+uriuirdr



ir E" htildaiu'irader



fra



E'arnfidn



o!9 [



1



Ron) c"n) rt*)



*'>



4



L



5



2



L



ot"ll B'nlB rrdorrdr B**)p'u = 2+1+r+l ! + Rln**ll E'*lE luei fl'*)Es .1+2 : B Volt



tlo\t



Dl



lqudtdnr Ern) ftou



ditl 2) nrnr.Jfr



i" " -3



v"lt



fi e.rn " r Y"ll nln"'lt E'*rE d ,** '-3 Vrlt DlDr*ll B?*ig



ffirrn1tLrfl ndlrnynrs cuBrz 6'rsn:yualvifl r



Tafl



riruuol#alnrrd'rd



Calhode



Cu2t



+ 2e



---+



Cu



2HzO+2e- > H2 +2OH---+ 2Bf Br2 + 2s'/,O2't 2H* + 2e- - HrO Cqthode



flu



flnode



ffu



L



c*ll



:



t 2eC" t Brt *+ $t, * 1eCu21



ttth,a. ' - r.o1 -0.13 V 0.34



fnnrdc



Eo



=



+0.34 V



Eo



=



-0.83 V



= Eo =



+1.07V



Eo



+1.23V



0.14



EirJu"tion



*



t"p,qr46tion



.. 1.o1



r



[o$ d.l



r"



V



V



( Er*;u.fion.



docndtreoJ reduclron $t



1.01V



lgu*)



hnrifua.lN' tI



r't)t



n))4)Ntt) E' va,tt"[nff)tnrn)s



ern:Jfrffiurn1lrfln6leavarefrrflnrv$alvlfir loflrTxfid.rudrulunrlfirrr.lflffiar rit,lunrhialnrad'ld Catde



Anode



Cothode flnode



t-0cell



6. ic



+ 2e- --+ Cu 2HzO + 2e' ---s Hz + 2Ot1'/.52C.62 + s ---+ SOa2' '/z 02 + 2H* + 2e- --+ HzO Cu2*



+ 2e- J Cu --, Cut* .



Cn'*



*



=



+0.34 V



Eo



=



-0.83 V



Eo



= =



+2.01 V



Eo



0u



, +0.34 c' , .r. L r€aluc I lo0



2e-



EoxiC^tion



- Eo.Je Q.31 - O.3 t O Volt



-oo tcotLrde



= r



Eo



C



louir



Eo



+1.23V



Y



= -0.34 v



CEo4u.1;*;o'ra V )



a-eceihsr) re&clio0 r{uc)



1t



r e0 ror :Jfl ffi u r Fr6{ n n ii5 d'ndu d'.i fl - Cu2* + 2e- ---+ Cu(s); Eo = 0.34 V - AI3* + 3e- ---+ 2Al(s); Eo = -1.66V - H* + 2e- --+ Hz(g) ; Eo = 0.00 V



z) rit,runr



ni



lauyolalfir,frorq1n At uay Cu SoflayTnrerr.rrnryilriL Bo u^v 20 n'rl6i'rd'!



rir:rrrirr.liffiglflunto



HCt



nrut{:.t



{u 6 mot/dm'200 cm3 nu:Jflffiorarqrnfrfiorufla H26.72omt fi srp laravnarfirjlurlirrJfrffiurrarinfinir 6l



z0ler taqi



I dr a1t



1



GH+ raq)



Iarr"drittrrs,iu,



e



'--,



zel



Cs)



3 H2



($)



,\l



2el3*



#I



+ 6e+6e-)



a.er



O,tl.



dm3



lx2r{dt4' 5.+



5,4 x 80



!o0



6.?b



$



-



t"q$,"_ -''r



-'j,



:*i'fc,r-,!F*+rtrE 'l



"l



r



:- 1- j-.'



,YffiE#fln.- .l



Te fl Er"rd6



;.-;



'. '



il ? ?d u n 1 ? r}t



e{



A4\



A



:.



Y



il il fi6entr,tr,trLnfi E



BrO3-



1.



+ r r{ H* ---+ Ba +



12



lunreotaatnrafrrsoiu{olofro



Bros- :l'rnroonfirn,fi'urflu +z



,;--^*:2 - Eox L'lJUne?n1{' --\/2. lA LO lPr2tlfilrlrU'lyl , q d r /4 t4 t v 3. olnnn?ouy]nlfl lyr tu61]n1Q!0r3n{utmlnu 6 0ranntou 3^, ,/-.\ (4..' 6ll n1??,llJfl o{Lnn?fl 'ru rrn?pr b-orra uayrnnloTodu s Tra



vd



d



advt



a



" nluuFr:.jnn?fl1fn0nty]fl{tilEno.lu aMnoa'+ bl'+ cH2o ---+ xMno2 + yloe-+ zoH* AA v 4 v r.,r,3"" -.j. 1A pt e 1 lJ T tn fl I fl O.: n ! fi il n 1 ?? n 0 n { T n 1 uu Ft tl, Fl o [:lu ljo t n q n m 0.: i,^-ai n. Fr?.lil0nrfl1oontrFtxuLurjln?€i1?Ftan5r4at[6rFro6OH- + I- ---+ lOs- + 3HzO + 6e-



fl -



a.



l,--a.,j



3e-



nr6.rrJfrffiur5d'nd'u1u:Jfrffiar?oron.i"fi4au6'cdo



a,btinycl'rir2 .t.x,yuayrflnir2, Rr.



E]



,



Fr.



+



MnOa- ---+ Mnoz



2. {o n. ruav n. q. i)o n., Fr. uny .r



rlay {.



^rAfrsrarur{o ncru riflr ri:-lnrezundourol ry6n riotrlfl



n.



ufi



n:Jfr ffi urSoronsiTofl Fe fi



r. rflaoonfi rqusrnornrarfl .i



n. rfio



Fe 4naou



rnroonfi rodurfi



r{u



ud'r36c"ilorefi nrerrdurflreerrlfr



rfio:Jfrffierdo Oz



+



2HzO



+



4e'



riolnqnfr'or



EI



2Hzo



1 rLav 1 nrraird'r.r



1. rio n. *ay r.



g. fla r.



+



1 taY 2 nrraird'r.t



1. rio n. *ay



r.



3. {o n. uay



n.



2. {o r. uny n. q. {)on., fl. L[ny Fl I



,3



-" nryunutazi-lr,tdlojo't:Jil t,^, )..-



rrndl :snlsn2*@Ig) Irnd2 :



Mg



lMg'*



ll Sn2.



OrTt c, tflu*nlrrr,



@ , l.



e: cu tfluunTvn,



-,



ffiurfrra



4OH-



lsn



Eo""r = 0.48 V ;



E0"",



= 2.71 Y



Eo""rr



= 1.75 V



il, Mg tfluunlvror , Eo""t, = 2.71 v Yo 'f. ,n rflu*nTvro, Eo""rr = 1.75 V 1l



@'"l'**ridl@Illt{da{jr&&ji,l



ffi :



Eo..tt



= 2.23 V



rj



t0 n\qt



I



0



tr



+



4OH'



El



;.rur^',rrnfi d'.:d r.



zn



2.



Cd



3.



ZnClz



4. MnOz 5.



6. AgzO



7.



NH4C|



B.



KOH



9.C



dou:.lavnoutorrtnd urin;rfi



lu{olerlilnn



or



untuo



uoluo



6rfrnlurlad



rirutv'lorfl



1



4



J,/



uonnrtaf



I



4



B



2



A



B



6



8



d



un tna-ttFrFlLtlg}J



J.



6'0.:



airurlevnou



Ad



{uFtito{[:!aa



2.



NiO(OH)



i 4.



EI



[.ru



L



c1n6iln1?[t6or:JfrffitLrr1o1:Jd aKMnoo



rir a,



+



FeClz



El



@



il g



+



dFeCle



2. 1,5,8,3



1



4.



fr3u.ii rir uu erl#ri ol:ld flul



u', en rfi ordul



^t*i fl. Mg + $62* ---+ Mg2* + Sn ^', Rr. 3Cu + 2Al3* ---+ 3Cu2* + 2Al



5,1,1,4



fi



n. Zn + Fe2* ---+ Zn2* + .1.



2. rio a. unv



3. {o n. unv r.



+. to n. uny .:.



il0mfl1ann{u VOz.(aq)



VO2.(aq)



n.



EO



tlr6e.]



=



+ 2H*(aq) + e- i



?iulL:u



Ni



uavdtortoaoud"rd



rirr,luod'ndlv'lrtrrnr?.:rtndto.:r.Jflffir166'n{urorarerir.:1



+2H*(aq)+e-



Fe



Pb + Ni2* ---+ P52* +



1. {o n. *av r.



6



cMnClz



d uay e firirrvirtarfioanarnraufrr



b,



,8,5,4 3. 1,8,1,5 1.



+ bHCl ---+ KCI +



H2O(l) +VO2*(aq)



U)



+1.00



6u1 ttu



HzO(l)



+



V3'(aq)



+0.34



6|l]fl! I



Vt-(aq) + e- i



;.



6 r1tu,)



v''(aq)



H;



Sn2*(aq)+2e-= ;Ll]l.t'(i ,-,;' -



;"



a



drvno{



3. drflfle



-0.14



Sn(s)



" nayflorfirir6'rrEqnuerlnranyartL



1.



-0.26



'



(Voz )d'nnrXr,lfl.rareavara'lunrv:lorflqvu:ldsurfludlor



a?



- dulL{u 2. .



4.



4,



dlJ'J.:



+



eHzo



I



rfio{:rlaravA, B u^v c nr1udmavalotuuuur?o stfinlfi,Jad'rd



tausdir



looou'luaraacars uratodaucddu



A



B*



lvlil1tu



B



C*



[il r:laflurL:-]n.1



C



A*



Ll.J



nrer3fl .i 6ir d'L



Fi



r E0 {o'lnro



n 6'a.r



A>B>C 3. B>A>C



2. C>B>A



1.



El



tllaflutrlla.r



4. B>C>A



lAnar+rfrprdulurrndrTamf,nrfrprufirrflud'rfi d9 d



znr(.) + 3sn2*(aq) ---+ 2At3*(aq) + 3sn(s) {oaqrJrloh.l



ulro tFtnnno.: 1



.



-d



.



, !-



LnuS0vnt.J Lufl tJvr11,tu1vr r:lurrFl



.



lvr



o



z. :Jfrffiurnr3.:ltad6o 3Sn(s) ---+ sn2+(aq) + ge' e. Fr6{ltad Al3'(aq) + 3e ---+ Al(s) fid'ntGd'nf'urirn'jrnt'trtad



Sn2*(aq)



+ 2e' ---+



4. lur.:srnlfluon6r6nnrouinrdoufisrnn6.rlrad snls; I sn2*(aq) trlti.rnr6.rrrad A(s)



trl



rirrjrprirrtnd A(s) A2t(aq) uavn6srrnd



y"



1



;.



E0



= 1 .00 V ray Pt(s)



Pt(s) | cr(g) | c (aq) rrriorilurrndriarrfrnuavriofi'uhnoi'frumof E0



1. Tauy A , o.3o v



2. Iauy A , 2.30 v



3. lau;



+. Iavy



Pt , o.3o



v



Pt , 2.30



v



t{AA tUn.:U



+ 2e' ---+ l' +--g- -*- Ti3* + 3eFt'l E"2



trl



Eos



= 0.73 V



(3)



2. -0.53 V



V



+1.99 V



+2.52 V



firfro.rnra1#fiunafrfi.lrrrnr6orduviru,rdn frsrerurnay:Jrunreoiot:..1fl{olntrinro*ir



n.'ldareavarEnot



t.



ri o



Ptct2 u6oalaayarfl 6ufi



u:r n rno?'lrirTrr rn rio



rir



n. u:ldflurvir c rflu*yir



l.



rio ri:.r



n oio fi':.r



t.



flo



ur nr rno31#rTrrr



n



a.



***rrsxarsEffiFanlr,€



rururrallo.t



pt(t l)



C ua yricnl rio fli re



pt



3. {o n. *ay



@



(2)



iln1 n Llnm



1. -0.33



3.



(1)



1



lAt3t(aq)



tolrrnr{ria'loqnfrol Ioflfir n(s) | A't(aq) ll B2.(aq) | B(s) I B'*(aq), Btt(aq) ll C (aq) | Cz(g) | Pt(s) fi r0 = t .a0 V



rTrlnuvfrr{rsorTe aoifrrnofrruuiryruaypir Pt(s) fi



Sn(s)



Fe ua



rrTc



ar



rio



riu



c 2. {o n. uay r. 4. rio n. uny l.



|



aey



tytg



"4 n1flusn : cl lflfloNanouJunoun1n1il %o 14-15 g



A , o 4 o o "Lunrafrnr*rrfrt'rrfi'rnrrruneouflo.:Tnuv 1t



fl



rluril



o



re



n



(tt



t



)



u



a



yfl uo



z{vl



vn 6uo



qj fr e



{



fl fi n a n r eyr rr nor



ud



ua{slnTnno.:



m;:ln,l6nfiu6'eervrilla



g



, f, a o



f



rrl d s u



ril



n r d Fe > Y > Z s. x drl# re rfrflddnmaoutA'irefiu +. dr rqfi rJ rr n gdurrnr ntooau oH- fi rfi orluilfr ffi r roonfi uor{u t



A



,



A



-



cA



a



e q 4 t



v



III'[0 prr1il Lnfl I n'u L{an L{o tl\a.i fl o t:J q n no.: dqvq ai u ,! 1 rrluL{ aa Lvtilr tn uri til6 fl ulrff.:.rruunrfi hirilun dlsrutv,lfl r z.



LF]



, AaZ



.Z



a



v4



rtarirfi ornhrvirmutfiriorflorriu16otl nrrrlrvirfi fi rfr orn6.:ler1r{r1:J a



d ra-



4



v



t



c



"X - oanfilnufiilfrffiflrmNrilfroufiunrrduorriltslTnrtnu'luoonBtqu 3. rlnrirfraur6.ilil?rilu .^dl id -, ^, "X 4. 6rdnlrt'tnFr'[urrnrit{otnn{F]o.tLilu6{'l?avn'ltlvlN6NLrlttJutll6



:J



l\fl



Fr



n e



11



a



Fr.



EI



n'r?rrun61?nya'rfl NaBr firirnrfueuriluri'suotuouavtunTvror



1urtaffi



nretil6euuila.:trav6ilnrerran.:rJfrffierrfirfror{u



16nlvmta d'riol:1fl riolnnnfro.r



n. :JflffirrrfinrfiufiuprTvrndo Hzo(l) + 2e ---+ Hz(g) + 2oH-(aq) -3i 2Br(aq) ---+ Br2(l) + 2e' T. Llnneflrrnnnuvrrrolunrro dl q n. 6 r :n v a r s fi rir u nTvr n v ril 6 fl ud n r v ruh n fa s r n d u I lfl ufi rir uiu Fr



Fr



i



.:.



YlLlo



.



i^ r 'n.^ 3 tY',1 tnLnnflU



Lun:Jn'l5flmn



{o'lnnn6'o.r 1



. flo n. *nv



s. {o



r.



nr.



z.



{to n., fl. rrat n.



a.



ffo t.



znr(s) + oz(s) ---+ 2Hzo(t) rirraurrnr6silfrfr?urd'.:fl Hz(s) + 2oH (aq) '--+ 2Hzo(t) + 2e-



El rr^,ir{urndrvru,lrrfiouJfrffiflrd'railn1lnfifl



oz(g) + 2H2O(t) + 4e.!



-



rrna [To Liln{



tr-



J



a



riloF]o'



q



h rq t



---+ 4OH (aq) ,



,



i e^



*



d



tu



.



X



A?LQ.rsrcyrfiorlylfirtr,lnlue{s? nlmo{n1? turna flnfl Lilr',|'rflo{ rrnaillnflunroevrrotir.:tr



n. LyrlJprQlilaurorurid Hz



r. rfirnrrr:.rd'utor*ffd



o,



oonsln?vL:r r. rdrnrrrr{uiura.:taoraonttri'tooou t. fro n. uav t. rvitlu z. {o pr. rvirrlu g. fio n. , 1. , Fl. unv {. +. {o .:. rvirrlu n. anlBurcu



ll



@l



H2o



oorax,



nmnardrlufrolnkjqn6'arrfi ofr'0.:nrrqrnrr{ru6nfrraTnrrfi t



.



fl }r



lfrrw:lu.r6nrfl uuntrn



z.'lfrnrvuanra.ittflunrvr[66nu



3. 6 raavarfl



4. @l



6 rdnTvretn r{6'or fi



toaouro.:1nerfi uil



6d



tt LaurLFt?lilfl r][Ljuau



x ilrvnoufrrflr1q c H o uav,s arerlevnordvrin s.oo g rzurtufiodr.rarlq:nihiuff'a coz 4.83 g Hzo(9) t.+8 g fiu,r6oufluuffn Soz soz firfio,duqnoonfilo"fhllfluufla soa drnvarsrlrr,rr.,o,rflunrnf'nfih3n



^.r,Jrrnuu X",n



dv



nrafllillvruvrrnnofifluarravnrflTsrfiflrtanron'["loi



El



t.00 mot/dm3 .irueu t09.8 ml qlRirue ruuramrrorffid'a



1.



CzHsOzS



2.



CsHzOzS



3.



CzHaOSz



4.



C:HzOSz



n.



tri',urluto"fTnuv



1



o



v4fr



ufi



r



r



{alnrtri



qn



. tu{luyrs y0 y [u Ln{ ao n:ifl ,]L,l nfl o.r rL:t



z.'lri'tar,lvonfr



rfr fl



s]



g. lframa ynrfl a ynfi



rfl



ufle unrTr



6'or Fr



LFro,



or



rfi fl iltooou rfl un re6 16 nlratn r{ !. 4. Yrrlo[uolauyoyntrufl]Jqy0noan{ Ladtilu Alzo: rnly



I



fgl



q tu



1':sr tilvl1 [r6 a{



6 Lurr



,



e



ua



zuu{'tug nc{r1.:1u0.:u



6ea{



"---lrl vro.:runo.1



Pt



(lnuy16o cu riu zn)



61enYA1fl HzSOq taOal.r A



y



$JOnL swrtch



1.



4a 4 r h 4 1m tn Flfl US;IUUOfl 'l.i t? Jo



:JffiurfiuaTuo



a--



iloma1iluFrtvro



yro.lttn{ ayalEt vto.lL[n.l



2.



trl



A{Lnntfl d



t



avalfl



vto.i [tf].:mnFlynou



l



vloluffa H, 4ordurr



v4;t



3.



a.invn uavvro.: t[F].ivr{Ftavnlu



4.



ftnvd avnru



vto{Lta{nnflvnou l



vio.:ufla u, ryn{urr



{o1orfiu,lflouriu'lunmzu6nTauvh16fltl ra;rLrJnflrfiflil Tofllfrud'nnraro.:rtaffirdnTvratnoi



n. rirulv,lfl rnavu6mxa.:1u6r::lavnornrnoteri'u3amf;fi !.



r,laor n,lar



1r. Llflnrfl1vrrro[uF] v4\"-



n. enrlnulJlqln[tua{touenu no u']TvtnLvlluu {o'lornnfro.r



t.



{o



3. {o ,



fll



n. r.



2. {o n. uav t.



uav



r r{a n6v6



n.



n tu



N [v{?'ll1 ulruF]



+. {o n. ,1. ttnv i,



vnl



rn



-a Fril0n?al n.:u



r.Jfrffilr1 :PbOz + SOa2-+ 4H* + 2e- ---+ PbSO4 + r.lfiffiflr 2 : PbSOa + 2e' ---+ Pb + SOa2dl fi



qrarur{onoril



rfl ereflu



, r,iY t



YA-'"



2H2O



E0=1.69V E0



= -0.36 V



ltndavnutv'lfl r rurunrvriefl



!



^ n. flilvs1Er lfl v]fleau lnnLnnfalvr er



n.



"



1



Pb Lrav tiruotunrfror pooz fl. flruvoolvl n. flruvd'ntv,l nrirfi z rJfrfurmr 2Pbso+ + 2Hzo ---+ Pboz + Pb + 2soq2' + "l1.33 haoi{. L6nnau}Jn'nrnrrnhd'lviflr Fl?.lvl 2



fifl.Junlvra



rfror



{o1oqnfr'or



1. {o n. unv



t.



2. rio r. uav



n



3. {o



.:.



4. {o n. *nv



.:



nr.



unv



4Ht



_-r..:.+:;-_t!:- - a:-:: ..:.;!.:: .- . . j



: - .'



d:.5 -:jI



: ns'lidogaoialilinourhntu ia



rhduqt



zs-zo



arrilevno:.rotir{irsro.i z tdoavnre'lurirnrfidrixl duri'lrnloonfiror"fi'u 6'rfl +5



+4



+3



+2



tU0O.1



u1t.lu



tflflQ



rixeiou



!a^



,



-



v



q



.jq



co



Lil036e{61?nyn1fl Z(+5) 6rfl zu{d.inyd"[u6']?aynlflvrrilun?a-Lunr{uvl



drr-Jfrffiurfi'r Fe3* qytff y 6 1 ?a ya 1 t'r d rd fl r riu I or fl Y ffo l n r r KM n oa rfl u:-Fil'r rufi a n'j'r



x rill x rrr{ruufil



o1nTfltfr



ar



udfitjr



qY_--A



syl1 Z'- {.isvqn00 nx^4Ln{0fl't.l?t Fttte Lu x uia Y rrvirrJflffirrril t vl'unvrr



ilA{.:1Ufl4.:YtUGg



v,{ufytFtfl']



e4



or:Jfr



ffi tLr



tiuqrndruru 7r-bond fir



< vl'unva < r{unvdtl



vd



vr'unvrEflr



nerujortr"lunrelfi



rrnn.ir



.ios1,r



-)



lrrn n'ir



o Vill-l6YtOfl'l Ltll.l 7t-bond



. r{uov{fi 1 7[-bond . fiunyaufi 2rt-bond



A ^ a-AaY * o airuiuar:Euvr?dfrfrri'.:fiusvrErc fiun;{



*a; vl'usv6rtlenrri'uoqllulrrnqnrdar 66nreuj6e:rrfiflLFrmil'iortr lunrarfirrrJflffier fror?irnreliu^irueu " 7[-bond " 'luara:-]rvnouriu urnnlerlevnoulnrfi rt-bond rrnn"ir *a o.:.jraralavnorriufi nrer:r"ioltr'lunrarfi nrrJfl ffi errrnn'lr



f,



rtilasnaillolstnrfuail (Hydrocarbon rEsilBiail f{1r



H.C.



HC)



nlag1{



4rrrirl,l



rfluos



CH+ - flrmu



uoatnu



CnHzn*z



dmu



CzHo -



CeHa - Tvlelvru CzHa -



[[oanil



uoalnri



CnHzn



CnHzn-z



CnHzn



Cn{zn-z



tiluriluou



CaHs -



ll'lYlil



czHz -



6tvni



Csl-l+ -



Tv,{rtv{f



caHo -



fletvni



C+He -



ttTnafiQtvru



CsHro -



ttTnnlvlulvtu



l\UfvPt 1 Vtufv 4.,a



LllUrdUn?.i1r?O L{n.r



osTarurBn



(rfionrnaqr{uf, CoHo)



216



CroHs



\



u'r



fiunvs{r}.J



- uruY,lvrrdu



Cr+Hro - utOuurrfiu



t fiuov



rflurfrumxr,r?olqifr.:



,



M ,4 L8.tl.l



milr u,dv-



-



L:.IONF]E, L:.J:.Jfl'],



v, L}.I



avarndr,tild1tdflr,fi 16,



,,tr 'oY Ll.railneil1n4Ft , "Lr.r,.rfla



,



trinvn'rnl1r , tilrirtv'iflr rrririlrnao{srnovTeHrfr



,



n



4r



tlrtJ 0utr0 a rFtuyln0 fl 'r.t



vruf yInflty].iyilFl lfluetUor



fi'uovni



(rflulolrnofriu ruoa6u



:-



11n601 rtnf t6}J1 tFlAt'tt.]atJne



va



vluf ;tFtfle6nullunyFl



*nvrfluxiln



)



4d



t fiuov



rllu?.irla



ltlFran,rufiu - L'Lludu



Ll.ravalu



, " '"tv,ll'!'t , "Lilu'r



tflNlLnnu0Er



- L{LnnlrYtu



CoHo



: - ",^Y oilme, Llrl.rfl1,



u,l



Iilrfiu



CsHa -



6lililFr



uflulffurreq,r6otsifr.i



0711J



csHo -



C+Ho



c



ud



csl+ - ttlnraTl,rafiu



ltTnauaa6u



fi'u



y,{uf ytFtfllvl'114ilFl



C:Ho - tmToatyrervru



ltlnauoarnu



c



tu:J ouLto n Fruvl no fl 't.i (



rfl utoTq



r:.:



o



fri'r:



LL



o



at



o



f)



, '; u ,aY Ll.Joilmxil1n4n Lr.rl.Jfla



,



triavarsrir , tilrirtv,iflr 4l



l.l



Lfll.t1il1n6Fr



,



,



.



4



uHurJ{ [n?{61t1{611ttJ5snau a,.lauou



nr a:.leynoul ata



.J.l



tll



rnrf:rou



xeln



Fl



r{ilnr[ury16fload'Lri



(cyclo-)



L{n.i (iso-)



rdune.r (normal-)



oullufiflo.:ou LtlJlmn



ntf lEgnanttnmafioateiltcnouRrfuau {{ 1



.



T



n



tsd 5rs uu u



a'



r



6



il



:



r ff o.r



{fi



orr o



rfiun y (fi'us r 6



:



fl e,



nrTnx65tfi + urrt



6



fi'us r {, r{uo r a r r )



r1



6'uri



nr(un



r



z.



Iae.:afi r uuutio : ru6 o.: uanryr{uor{



3.



T



+.



lnr.ra#r.:uuurr[u : lrirfifluovmoilnrrf:.lou uritfrrrrfru tun:ilart']rfruu,yruoymounrfuou



n e.: a



o



#rs uu u



sr 6l rJ :



L[ 6 o.: rofl



un



vfiua;arr.r



1 yfiun yryur' r.: o y m o r n r fir o u



o'to?t1.: d



6oraluraqa



CgHo



la5.:6li't.:ttuurnil



H



HH ll C-C:C-H II HH



Ine.:a#rsuuueio



tna.:dir.:uuundr.r



CH3CHCH2



CHs-CH:CHz



cH3c(cH3)cH2



cH3-c(cH3)-cH2



Inera#r.:uuurfru



,/\



H I



H_C_H CaHe



(iso)



HI tl



H-C-C:C



tt HH H



o



o



il



I



CzHqOz



H



H-C-C-O-H



o



il



cH3cooH



cH3-c-oH



I



H



H



CsHro



tc'



il



Ao,



H



H- r/ \ -H CC H'r r-H



tl H-C-C-H II HH



A



CHs



CHs



H:C HsC



CHe CHe



HsC HsC



CHo CHs



217



.W.wi::'.:''=..j.9*.*.€l:ji].:...1..i:.:n!1J:,6!:1-



arrilrcnauactrurfin 1.



urrafis arr:lrynorlaTnrnrfilaufifioynornrfuaurfluyruoyrdErradrfiut;riuavrilue.:ilnr 4J



o v



2. 6lilil0rYr6l1nilfl o{ovt6il1nn



.



:



rzurtrr:i*frirfiorurrir4rfi4or'lurarorrnrrileyno:.Ltalorenrrfuou



. triniorrir:Jflffiflrfi!arr6u -" ( P1



. .



ruavtfintrlquuud'I6



lt



i



I



l:l I tUE 7



1



t



l\ 1] ttil t{ a "l li].l



il



(carbon-hydrogen ratio 4ld4o;



,



hiylondTrefiu , trlv{ondar?ava'rfl KMno+ , lilvirilfrffiurrirnan Hzso+



n



lfl



.i; I



1'1



ti I tl



I I tl.l



)



rioralt*uudkiralo 1u,r4nrrnifirfiuu4mrTnre.:airrlfrunruuu:run;vlnrLUrLrdo.i6rffito.:nrrruflouri'u) oylrrrfi nTrraqnr6nfi 4rr6orrufi u (Colo)



-sadvu



3.



Ou[?tJ1Flnila']leqn



.uuu11{ OH



CHs



NHz



o\



tN*



Toluene



Aniline



Phenol



o



./o



Nitrobenzene



CHs



CHa



OH CHe



CHs Benzoic acid



.



uuuN1nffi1



1



para-Xylene



Ethyl benzene



Anthracene



Phenanthrene



Pyrene



?{



Naphthalene



@.*"*W|!*



meta-Xyle ne



;tnwx*{mrg



Q'



trfrJtgnaUdunruaclu6ud'r



nrar.:uGeLrfiflLFrFu6rJilAro.:arsil:ynou6rrir uny hi6:.rd'c



nildiluFt



arflJtgnou6rsio



:ilu:.rrfiusv



1\Uf vLFIfltvr.t1,u0l



nrrylonqr.:d



nrrv,lo nqr.:



fi



Brz



lu



arfllffirnulilAiln-e



tt



v1



1v



v,lonsrsfilufia'ir.r



CCla



alrnvn 1fl



v,lo



i



ut



Ln



'Yo Ftt'r,Jeo.i



Le



rfin:Jflffiarnreee h,



v



rrir



cA



rir:Jflffirr uaracr



d'r



,ia.rten.ir (fi rt-oono)



til,io.:tr



Lunlrrn Frrlfl n?fl 'r



a



toBJnnnrufltfiflc



2 9Jamril?)



tririr:.Jfl ffi ur u^, uu nfru



rYu H2s04



4v



r',lonqr.:d



tnnLlflnrflr n1?uvruvr



gilurunrerfio:Jflffiur



I



ns r.: fi 1i'.: fi a'i r.: un vfi fl rr



tilvlonfi



KMnOa "[u HzSOa



nrrrirrJfr fi3ar



t



Nl'{Uf yFl 1r?O :Jvluf yfi 'tu



ililaqil[dsuYu Alkane , Alkene , Alkyne uaa Aromatic 1)



lo160olnrraoilrua2 ddo



t



t



v



{ 4 o nar[fruirurunrfuou"lilrvirfi'u



:



a & qor16oora.:6unrure nhrana ("1'rueu c) rnervlfluue.:ueuuorofcrnd



o



dd



o nerililcrucunriuouuvirflu q



or



:



r6o orarerEers nrrJtfi



(r.re



o



6



a6rnlesnau



so16o nare[6e.:orruflj uuuTN[ana aqt



.



9v



ahraqnlnfrfi'u) lor16ondufi'urfioareilarno!ratnla{nrt5fl{ovFloilnrfiiau



:



Aromatic



> Alkyne > Alkane >



.,:. r6u0t?.t > L8In{uofl > ",: !{n.i!1n



Alkene



nrefilsifr.iilrn rirl#1n16oorrt.^o,nr',r rirhi'lna.:air.:unvnv arurirriutfi'lrir,lurrrriu



o Atkane fi1n16oor4.:n,Jr Atkene rnerv Tnrerairsfievrio:rrrnn.ir ufiprd'elfrr,luruilun'ir



.



d+i.



Atkyne fi1or16oor4rfi4oLlr?1v lr.rraqnrflurfrumar Tnarairtrfluertflourrnfi4or



2) narru6rn-a



g)



merflrtuf



nmt6lln-rqot(ra:



Alkane



luf :



> Alkene > Alkyne >



Aromatic



> Alkene > Alkyne > ilBrurruttrir: Aromatic > Alkyne > Alkene > Alkane nrrrarX:nirntrn,



Alkane



Aromatic



219



.\



.!r:;ji,:r:.::'l,,



-.r:r,+



f



dlflltgnauauflfg r)uqjf[.:rid'u (Functionat Group):r(ruduaarr.jram6uvr?tiriurflual?l?vnr1n rravsvtL6r].i6lf6tanrvto.:dre 2) o1e1{ udn.rra{flsrif'utasare6urn6d A



uilv{{ffiu



,q



tfiorara:l*nau



Ft20El1{



dFrfd1fil5snoil



-o-



o0n{



orvro?



CHs-O-CHs



R_O-R,



-oH



laoronfrn



tLoan0flon



cH3-oH



R-OH



-COOH



Prltu0nta



ntnouvt?fl



CHo-COOH



R-COOH



-COH



Fl1?:ion{lan Lflo



ruo^6tEoi



CHs-COH



R-CO-H



cH3-co-cH3



R_CO_RI



r06tvro?



cH3-coo-cH3



R-CO-O-R'



LOl.tu



CHg-NHz



R-NHz



rotrri'



roturi'



CHg-CO-NHz



R-CO-NHz



yluf ylfiflt



rLoatnu



CaHro



CnH2n*2



1\1.16vFl



tLonnu



CaHe



CnHzn



v\ufy6'tu



uoatnf



CaHo



CnHzn-z



44'



-coo -co



-



Pr1?U0UA



)



{u



afl



a



dc



LLOnn0nfl Ftr?u0ua



ovil



NHz



-co-NH2



3



tu



doililvrl{n{u



o.:d'rroumss uil{



a1



rJ1r



Lu



lmu



Nfl .: mtu



ornas (EIher) 4n6Inr{r{i1{



R_O-R, 1



6(ilu-a



m66[61{



,r?og'r{



.



q eua ll



.J,^.i,d



fl o.: 6 rvr o



L;



fi



uo



qj



ril



q



ra qj u



o n 6 n fi .v



r



^



2.



d fr



s.



tilnyarfldr , gp rirrflalqrntrifi l-oono



Y



antrflcoirfr 6or'Lulrrar



9d



ilfl-Trrnrrai1.i6ly]oi



:



B



ta



uLifl{ri.i'u



ROH



T



rl



o, a



(o1efr



fi q rua



I ffi



T



o e eo



urt



o1d.j1Iilfi {e)



+ R'OH ---+ ROR +



H2O



CH:-O-CH:



+



Dimethyl ether / Methoxymethane



CHsCHz-O -CH2CH3



+



Diethyl ether / Ethoxyethane



+



Methly ethyl ether / Methoxyethane



CHs



9]8il



fA



oon{ u?o ttonFronn



doraqjfl.:fit"u



-



O -CHzCHs



" u**me:dl.,ur",sar&**raxts



il Fr dr fl uo



am



u



r0an000d (Alcohol) 6orolnera#-x



-



R



,q adoltilfl{fiilu d



oH



r. fr'fi (nnryrricue.rrflud'ud'l



a



lu



a



x



LEnton{a



n;arerlr (uriaynrflrfiur



a r,lqjf,.:rid'u; ,



z. lrirjrlvlflr rflolqrntriunnrinffioayarfl , ae 4r rflo.:nrnfifiuay H-bond g. gp rfi!fiunrurahrnqn , rilunarr (pH = 7) , rflu tsomer ri:.r Ether



6ltJlJO



e rnrd61.:



,A_



^ rJfrffitTnrarm?€iuuJytluon



4 oH + CH3CH2 - OH CHsCHzCHz - OH + CH3



Fl?oEtlit



U H2



:



COz



+



,



fr1ra.::lfrn-?er



2Hz



Methanol (vnutrjl6'



-



Cr-Cg)



CHaOH



tfirflurfiorvrhl)



,



Ethanol (vrrut6')



Pronanol (lfrrflupiedrayaruluqnrarunrarur)



OH



4



I



t- H- OH



tiourortlriu



Glycerol 1uilr r



r?EluluLyr ar rfi



nTl.l ta n n )



I



H2



iltcrnfl



R



ilN1AA



OH



n firrrjori':r oH orqrfJu HC (Hydro carbon) 6rd'r ra6otri6rnie fi16'



r nenirflu HC 6ilriQ : 6Fr? cnHzn*r- oH > nenirflu lC til6ufr'c : 6Fr? CnHz*r- OH (C=C)



L[ny CnHz*s- OH (C=C)



nso0unSd (Garboxylic Acid) nSa 0rganic Acid r



U



6lA6Inf.:6111{



rq



av



dol,ur?{{n[u



R_C-OH t.



6ltJUA



d



tl



o"Y ^ - - z firTc (anrvrrie uxr"flud'ud'r



.i-



lu



Ft'rfLonBa



a uqjr{.:rid'u) ,



,



v,loffia



\



d



,



- - rjrtv'lflr avaredr (urinvarflrfru.r crca)



rdnfiofl rilo{srnrrnnrr'cilryurru 5% , BP 4r rflornrnfir{urv H-bond , z. gp dur',u:.reahrnqa ({rn,jruonnoaod), rflunro (pH . 7) , lsomer riu Ester



cormn-rbJ 6lffi :



CnHzn-r



-



tri6lrfi'r



CooH



:



CnH2n-l



-cooH



o n=0 (formic



acid)



+



il



H-C-OH o



n=1 (acetic



acid)



+



l



cH3-c-oH o



n2ag1{



n--2 (propanoic acid)



*



l



cHscHz-c-oH



+



CzHsCOOH



+



CeHzCOOH



+



CaHgCOOH



U



n=3 (butanoic



acid) +



I



cH3cH2cH2-c-oH o



n=4(pentanoicacid)



+



ll



CHgCHzCHzCH2-C-OH



!aarn0s (Ester) o



iiou{f[.:rii'u



4orr1ar.:a#r.: n_3_o-n,



dd



tLaa Fr0n{



Fr1?ltotun



lu a uqlr{tridu , trinvnrfldrrilervtilfirTr gp riou{rrrir , Bp rdrnrrrraTrlann umnd'r , 6d-a z. rfluc{mfinhur,ra:r (firfluioenhu) , tilu lsomer fi'unrn6uvrid 1. anrv,riruarrflud'ud'u z



d}JUA



n-roeirs



CzHs



-



COO



- CoHz



+



Propyl propanoate / Propyl propionate



CzHs



-



COO



- C+Hg



+



Butyl propanoate / Butyl propionate



C:Hz



-



COO



- C+Hg



+



Butyl butanoate / Butyl butyrate



CzHs



-



OOC



- C3H7



+



Ethyl bytanoate



- CzHs



+



Methyl propanoate / Methyl propionate



CHs



1. Jo



-



OOC



rnr(i1{tou{tilod



(Esterifrcation)



-



il0ms1md1nry z.latntta?a flo{to6ltvtof s.



(Hydrotysis)



:



i



o



Jo



R-CooH + R'-oH ---+ R-Coo-R'+ Hzo



:



R-coo-R'



Ester : O



rflo.:qrntri



Ethyl butyrate



+ Hzo ---+ R-cooH + R'-oH



laTnela"fd'aaturl (Saponifrcation): R-Coo-R' + NaOH



n1o,]ilud1nilfla.:rntdi1.:



.



liljrb{flr



ovnorfivirr{un;r6arril



C



----+



R-CoO-Na + R'-oH



Nlslnuoanoaodv6o nrn



6uvr5d z as'ln6iln1?fr1ud1.:



ilnmg1rn56151.1



o



Ester



o



---+ R-C-O-R t tl



+R'



R



+ HzO



6eil.i1 o



fi



dtt'urv



16



fl



criL



a! C Ao O Yrl.J'rslnLroanoEon



roamfld (AIdehyde) o



6lntIn5{6lt1it



4



,tdouilfl.:ndu



il



R-C-H r. firir lanrvrrirur.:rfludud'L



f{ilfa



Pr1?uon{1anIaFr



1



+



lu



a raqjfl.:ri-d'u) ,



avarfldrfr c,-c.



rnnfi'a , ep Fiou{r.:Fir udrmrtlre nT:.:rana



t



z. rirrJfl ffi rr fi'r d1taya1fl



r:.J



ru6 n d', rfl



u tsomer rii..r Ketone



o ll



H-C-H



=+



Methanal / Formaldehyde



+



Ethanal / Acetaldehyde



+



Propanal/ Propionaldehyde



o a'log1{



CHe-C-H o l



CHsCHz-C



222



-H



tililltvlflr rflorqrntri



nt0u (Ketone) .\ anetns.:afr.:



A



t. aruuG



,a



au



dailil?{{nlu



lt



R-C_R



n1?'LOUn



I



'v



v



I



firTr (anrvirirra':rfluo''ud'L s lu a uqjr{.:rid'u) , a;arfldrfi c3 oirrdac rf, orqrnlrj rumn d'r, ap piou{r.: rir rd:.r nr rrr al:r in q



rrnl



z. al.lffiIorflarilndrflrit.l Aldehyde I CH:_C_CHS



n2041{



,



^



rflu lsomer



ri:..t



lilrjrh.lfrr



Atdehyde



+



Propanone / Acetone



+



2-Butanone/ethylmethylketone



o il



CH3-C-CH2CH3



taliu (Amine) flnf Inf{6lt1.t



dau{f[.rfiffu



R-NH2



oviltu L



t. firie lrursufludurir



o"[u a uilfl.rrid'u) , rofiurJf,rnfr rav1fiu4firnorr{uovlalolsulfr uri ro



lJumnu0lJ Liltnn Fl.:uu BP ttfl



iFl.:u primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine



-,-Y 3" 6nlur (cr-ca rfluffrq , c+ {utilrfluto.:Lual z. fildri'r



aruG



Lrav



c 4rlrflutoru{.r)



e. ayarfldrt6'6 flnr{uilcn aromatic amine



a. rflurua rfla.:qrn N 61:J1rn?i1r,1'usylnraof6rumrir



r



t6'



5. ilQn Mw ol"r1 nvfindu (uofiuoonuafiu Lodrmofoonuoil)



n10ft1{



CHsNHz



+



Methanamine / Methylamine



CHgCHzNHz



+



Ethanamine / Ethylamine



CHsCHzCHzNHz



+



Propanamine / Propylamine



t0lurI (Amide) o dnrlnr{6111{



I



I



doudS[.rfit'u



R-C-NH2 dv



d



o V tuA



4



1. 1Jfl14{yr60 s.:nval?ru1 LFlo . a



dTUG



A Fr



AM 'A Ll.J rn



fl n l.J



U



I



nfl u6v lfl



O



v



U o



U



tu



rolilftilqilnil rravvrnflnilLn0]1\ufvLatnrlsuLn 4{ A



LF]



roluri t



,



rrm ro[tJn



vC



?[qu n{uu BP lrfl .i o{u



2. Wimary amide > secondary amide > tertiary amide ir,aa r,a l 3. r1lu613ilrrno1rfl 1ilil6 LLnv L}]lJnau oyul



4. aYa1flu't Lnn untauilen aromatic amide .i



,.



CH:-C-NHz o



+



dt



!



.



5. riluna1{ rUo.is'rn e- Frlonrolul [u N {



LnFr



n to



v



Resonance c't L]]yl1ilunYlnooatum



o tl



nlaglit



ll



CHsCHz-C-NH2 +



Ethanamide / Acetamide



Propanamide/Propionamide



223



-J nrf arilradrfuEgfl auailmf g



t)



rnadrudaare:lasnorlaloroarfrauarpTeua-nrnr€iruqhueunrSuaudogluara:Je"nouor-.:d



oiruru c



o1u11



r!fl



1



1.



(meth)



uoarnu (CnHzn*z) : 'hldruras^irulurrlfllou rrdrn.:frrflfrrfl -ane CHa dru'jr methane CaHro ciru'jr butane



ethane CsHa ?iru'jr propane CzHo ejru'jr



2



tov (eth)



3



naovr (prop)



4



frevr (but)



5



rilufl



(pent)



6



tant



(hex)



2.



ethene CsHo ?iru'ir propene CaHe dru"ir butene



7



railvr (hept)



B



aonr



I



Tuu (non)



CaHa



ejru'jr



10



nnn



C4H6



€ilu'jl



s.



(dec)



propyne butyne



j



t. 16onldoynounrfiiaudflrrfi4oriJuTrirad'n ridu



Tci



u d'n fr'o r fi



r,r



pentane



CsHra



drur'r



hexane



CsHro ojru'jr pentene CoHrz ciru'jr hexene CzHr+



il fl r rid'ure il o d fr



x



CoHro



CzHrz



eiru'jt heptene



dru'jl dru'jr



hexyne



heptyne



Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)



(Parent chain)



*n;drua{fr'rflrflu



:



Parent Name uravfrrllraqa#ufi



fl



z. u6unrJoTdudnmrudruruFrlfuouovnor.Jmrl.rFrl?1.i(stioeviud'e) 6 1



116'rasvirfldrfl -ene (6u)



uoatnri (cnHzn-z) : hltjrurnt"l'ru?urrr fLou ttdr a{frrfl deu -yne ttori) CsHe eiru'jr pentyne CzHz dru'jr ethyne



z)i6rnalumadruiaare6urn6d (lUpnC - lnternational



r, il r{.r



dru'jr



uaadu (c"Hz") :'l#tirurag"irueunlfuou CzHa ciru'jr



(oct)



CsHrz



(uou)



uavorudanrfi'rflnriluannradrut'o



?:l rvn o L fl o r u ri n vr,trifl r ri'r"'u



3. ry'r.rFi1rruil.rflo.rFr1firou'luldudn



tnrflnEnflrillir'lfiFirralFrlfuouovnol.Jfifitcifr{



uio



ovnoruvrufrfirirullil.r



rioufi4nr unr frrfir,rqir{rri{u fro.rnsrflr:.:rirhfui'rur,rrirflo.rnlfLouavnorfifiarirr,rqlf,.iri{'ufirirrioflfi4orriou 4. LonFi'rruil.:tou,lrir{.rrid'uTdfi{ u3o d'r



ratriud'rdnuahld'udrfl



oyrtarlrrufi frrfld'ernr ayu.irrnrrar'hid'u6'rflrpr3o{u}J'rs



"," LLnv?vu"i1.i



rpr3o.:1rN'ru "-"



s. rSflndouriorruuurufi nSoroirurari.: srn;u€irudalciild'n n.ifrruAxflrfio6{1?il?vno:.1 uriu t:rrnnnfirovrrv r{uoyrfiflo1fia.:fr'rflfiefl "ane" ?5ofilrfluuoanoaod'h}'a.:frrfl6'ee "ot" rLaufrlfiuilrd.:rid'u r,rioTcifiruafiouriu'hi



il.:ronoirurufroflnlularfiu



(mono , di , tri)



s) fi'cadrr



CH:



Darent, chain



CHa-C-CHz-CH-CHz-CH:



CH:



lt CH:



CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3



t. vrl.dlndn



CHg



I



CHe



CHe



o



CH"



9"o



(16(o



CH3-C-CH2-CH-CHz-CH:



tiru'ir



- 2,2,4-T rimettyl hexane



- lsooctane (common)



@,,



CHs



:



(l U



pSrent chain



2. ayrrir



p-arent chain



s.



uuri.:rotnrfiou'lutriud'n



CH:



PAC)



o



o urldfi{ u^rurruuurud



Q'



aqrJiEnmEiruiiaarailrcnau6uflErf,' (tupec)



Ether 2) Alcohol 1)



3) Carboxylic



8) Amide



riru'jr Alkanp +



acid eiru,jr Alkanf +



Ester 5) Aldehyde 6) Ketone 7) Amine 4)



dru"jr Alkoxy alkane



+



eiru.jr Alkan#



e1 oate



dru.jr Atkanp + at



+



zjru.jr Alkanf



dru,jr Alkanf +



dru.jr



O



oic acid (Tdr,rd'n 3 oeioiruuri.:urnra:.ro; O il



(Tdr.ln"'n



c oqjrirur,rrj.:u?n16ilo)



one



amine



o



+ amide (ldud'n 3 odriruuu.:uentauo)



Rtxanp



g) Fi'eaeirr



o il



CHe-C-CHz-CHz-CH:



2-pentanone



"r,-r€(8.



Hs



lr-pentene-2-one



o



o



ll



il



CH3_CH_C_CH3 I



Qi-ls



-fi



H



-c-1-i,



-6 -s



11



CHs



CHs



3-methyl-2-butanone



o ll



CHs-CH-CHz-C-H



3-methylbutanoic acid



o ll



CH3-CH:CH-C-OH



I



CH:



3-methylbutanal



o ll



butanoic acid-2-en



CHa



CHS-CH CH2_C_OH OH



3-hydroxybutanoic acid



CH = CHz



methylcyclohexane Br



Br



2-cyclohexylethene



1,2-dibromocyclobutane



nracirudoarail?vnouliloon60r PAT2 lnuFrr{ nardtri6'oruiu!1nuv4v



225



u0niurfi



rfr



srdaurYuarrilrcnaulatntnrfuau U[in-Ssrnrstnuri (Subslituti0n Beaction) ;. " , ' o i a rJfrffimfid'e r{rlir:..Jfrffiur t:lvirnrauvrufrovnor u5o u{ornou "[ur,rqiuanFnlo.:nmilavnou



n't1NuN1g



a 'LfrzudnJiilTt



ar\,



6uvt5r ^



1



)



ufr or



rir a r rrley



riautt



2) .l'r rfl ufr'oror



rJffiar



R-H + gr,



u6



n o



a



,6



rd



I



d'



^ (-1u61?oiluyr5ti l5unilfli5urg:.lu'r:rue 2 nuo,



l.: riQ uvi



tlu



ne



(at xa



rvi



r _Replacement



Reaction)



tYu)



nd.:.nura.:lunrerfi or:Jfl ffiur -f,---iJ) LFr61?zunmnruYl 2 {uFr t6}.Jo xuo1,tu{t:lun1{yrtJ6uuFtu]un?a



- cHa(g) +



d'fl



rrd.l



R-Br + LL6':



Br2lcct4(t)



HBr



>



cHeB(g) + HBr(g)



IBromination]



rJffisrenllisarrnrrilud n?acjlit



- CH+(g) + Clz(g)



t[6.1



CH3CI(g) +



- CHgCI(g) + Clz(g)



Ltd.l



CH2C12(g)+HCl(g) [Dichloromethane]



- cHzcrz(g) + crz(g)



rLtt.:



- cHCra(g) + crz(g)



Ird.:



HCI(g)



HCI(g) CCI+(|)+HCl(g) CHCI3(|)+



uil1s ru4 : ilfr ffi urnr aurufi rolnr 4 arla lsu



-



n.ir



L?fl



[Chloromethane]



[Trichloromethane] [Carbontetrachloride]



ar1a6 lud'u



rJii[Surnrstnu nS0 nlss3un-J (Addition Reaction) rfJurJfrffiurfifin.rduurruu



n1'trJulJ'tg



tylfl .l'truo tFraz [tayd1?ila F]nluyln{



1)



rioulq



,



o



^\



L



Fl



,



v



6 1 ? r.t n nR



A



tu



Ft



[a il



0



+ Clz ---) Pt



CHz=611,



* ,,



CHz=61-1,



* ,rO -+ :



d



rL



*:



n y].J 6 tJ :J



+ Brz ---+ R -



+ BrzDClq -->



CH:CH=CHz



226



ru"/r'1



R-CH=CH-R'



vtsJlcttuFl



t6'armrhmfi'ru"d



(Atkene u6o Atkyne rvirfiu)



z) ttJs'l[:..]um0.io1AEll,tn.:.l1urr6.i lun']?rnnilnnif J d



CH2=9t1,



a?og1{



uqlovnrorrflrtrlfliarerlrynor6uvrit{hi6:rd'r na1.lsroe.Jmeillnlu



rfrrrriuardrynoutil6rd'e rvirfiu {



^\{, r/



TJffiar



r,rSo



dAda,:-&



Ni /



CHBr



-



il



1n



CHBr



n.J't



-



(CHBr)z CH3CHCI



>



0 ]J a e



m



r1



CH:



CH3



-



-



rFt



]J



R' [Bromination Reaction]



-



CH2CI



IHydrogenation Reaction]



CHe



CH2O



:Jfrffilrnrrrcrriotator4arTarqu



[Chlorination Reaction]



[Hydration Reaction] lStLn.jr



arln6ruru lGtnu.lfiounrrrir:JfrffitLruvrufiy



r) :Jffiarrnemrficuoafiufifu x, rirlrirfiaare6rn"c r6errjr "Hydrogenation'ld Nir,16o pd u?o pt rfluflrrd.r Ni/Pt



Ex: CHz=6g, * ,, z):Jffiarrnafir



Ex: a)



CHs-CH:



Hzoorvqrnuoatnu n'rlrfrfioruoa6u (trj6rn-r) r6enjr "Dehydrogenation" Ni/Pt



CHs



CHs-



rJffi armere



)



x n-x



HH tc = c'.H 1 H,



>



fiu arr ria{esi.:



rfl



uf, rau



Br cHr=69, + Brzlcclq ---) Nzc 4) Markovnikov's Rute uU



t



a



Hz



Br CH2=9|,, + Br2(aq) ---+ H2C -



Br



cqz



uia Markownikoffs



OH CH2



Rute : lunrnifi:Jflffi?.Jrnrrae:rd'elilfiuas oyFrorluiouiavrtolJfisy[{1



u



reilnQnJrlrlJounu H sv{uriL C fiuovdri'efifi H }J1nn"j'r deuovmoufruadosv{Lfi'L C rduovnid'rfifi H riofln.ir firrJfr ffi t rnraaeil d'cfi



CH361-1=911,



rri



u(.:svtfl u Anti-Markovnikov's Rule



+ HBr -)



CHe-CH-CHz



Lr6.i



+ HBr -)



CH3CH=CH2



CH3-CH-CH2



BrH



Markovnikov's Rule



ll HBr



Anti-Markovnikov's Rule



5) Baeyer's Test : lfr1unrrmFr6oune1$JuFrnrir.:rvu.jrl Alkene rlav Alkyne Torrnravlonsr{darravars KMnoa/Hzo



.



fr'mn6ou etxene sstfrnrezuhord'ruqdd'rud.rrflu gtycot d'rd (ctycot lfluuonnoaodfifiraqjfl.rrid'u KMnOr / HzO



+



OH



. 6)



6'ry



ndor



-



At



kyne n rlfr



mriladou6116 Aromatic



a raar6



+



KOH



OH



Glycol (-OH



6o{u{)



mfi'rur{fi 1ri'[ri otycot



Tnfl



nra?'lanqrld Brzlcct+ rroy KMno+



o Aromatic



+



BtzlCClA



---



.



+



KMnOa



---+ hiv,{ond



Aromatic



MnOz



(-oH) 2 vi)



hiv,lonfi



aqrJgrJuuunmrfi nrJAfiEsrfl acamrltanauacttillfin ,,:



v



$t



urihj



ffi Er 1n1rilo ns 1{A



rI



1ri6



2)



i h, , 1il1 LvlJ tl,l tfl rJ1il1nm4Fl



a)



nrrfi



r.r



rTe



rfi rrrJfr



B



rz lua v KM noa



h



V *u



orrJfr



4 v



ffiurtfrfrosfi d'erx uavnrrfi



+ Brz



FeBrt



nnJfr



+



t



ffia1nr?rrufi tvirfiu ttiu HBr



Br



227



i{+'i''' : :t1:i'f€--'l



aqunr* fi nilfr ffi



sr ua



olstqtnrf,uau



rJffiar



z'



Alkane



Alkene



Alkyne



x



r'



r' r'



x



r'



r' r' r'



x



@;



LY--



v'larrqrnfi Bt2lccl4



a'ir.l



I



rir:Jffiarfru



x2soo



Baeyer's Test (Solo KMnO+/HzSO+)



u0mfllrntuvruvr f



rJffiarrneeu.r6'r



nrtr0aqrJgrluuunrrrfi



orJfr



lQ",n-*"'



G



G



r'



.j



o



r'



r'



friuuaudrsilrsnaulatornrf,uoudud'ruaslu6ud'r



dorrjSsurfieu



laTortnrfuau6rfi'r



lalaenrduoulri6ruor-r



:lesrnrnrar6ra



rLonrplu, ltTnarronrau



ruondu , uontnri, lrTna*ondu



Y{il6eil[nFt



(--(-



U-U, \,:(,



^i tqil1v?t?{11.t



tn n



mmlarnrrfi



Bt2



6'4rlfr uar



I cct2



rfl



Aqv



_



tnF]Lfln?fl'lttyluyt lA 2 tJaFlnilfl SuFl 4'-, *-, - i lru.i rLun 1{y\?{ rlu Fr rLun ?a



Ln



v



Cd



d



' FrT.tyril n Ltn yyt d11.t v



a



\,



LnnLnd n?fl 1n1??1il ne



v



14



LnrJa Ftnru,n LFrfl 2



yionfi



mry{ornr.:fi



4



nrtilutLoa



:JfrfiBarrnea*uotJ



t,



a'rtiluuonnu n;Lnr glycol + MnOz



Lr.Jv{on6



KMnoa / n:or6oqrs



n



LT]TJLfl3]1



L



uflnf s1v{aarilo t6[{{u



L:J



rnn



LL]



tN F]



t :Jfr?6errn*61



6



ud'r rasrJfr ffi tLr



rnm{'r:JfrfiBenfi'u ua



@....,'t*W6*$ilu'tt*&



N



tfi



i+le*



tn,



L:.t



tn glycol



unn



riluyl'uny



16fl



Invrio flurfluarflflrr) v



L:.Jrna



t



LflT]I



n potymer (r,l'unr {



dd



Lnn,lA Fln [u?l !fl



H,



d



LF]u nv



tll



Lafl H2



*14



tfl



'l



vluf v8 uro vrufvd'rl.J [:J rn o



!



Lll ttvrUy)



c



rJfr fiE la6



:J



fr



t.



J:



nrft rfi srda orYuarrilr i-i



fifu r fi



rfi r



,



v



r{0.: rir



ar



rJffiarrnailodou



cnau6uili d6



ail ry



n o



u6 uvrSdl



n fl r,l



fl



1 n ; uil.r



d'n



uz



rfl



ia



6



at



z. :Jfr?tsarfirinqrnart6uu6ei z



rlevrnvrritJffiarfiu



/



.



fir rfl uuoanaaod qyt6'ru6 nfi'ru"rirfl u



z. frr rflunanGuvriri qytfr



CH3OH



a



+ Na ---)



+ Na



arh



CH:ONa



O-



n'tog1{ CHaCOOH



+ Na ---)



+ Na



u



nao6unSd



R-oNa + Hz n- cooN a + H2



+ '/z1z t/,



rtonnoflon



Nz



Na*



CHgCOONa



+



t/,



+ '/,Nz n?oouli?u



Nz



COONa



nrsnoaouraanooad



rtault



+



---)



COOH



-



nfi'n:ryirfl



a



---)



OH



n'tltJutJla



nsnounsd dra Na



rflunrerndol.jrarrilaynolrlurfluuoanoaaduSo 1



rtoulcr



r u 6o



rfrorfluara6uvr?tirleyrnrlr,lri r,lSoul6flulrra.iair.:



nrsnnaou[0an000d



n'lltJvltJltl



grJ u



.irara6uvrSdriudoarr:lrynol:.layunr'ln



/



nsnounSd dou Na0H nSa NaHCoe



rfl



unrarndou'irarr:.lavnoufiutfl uuonnaaod



t



firrfluuonnoaod nrtriritJflffiflrfi':l NaoH u6o NaHCog



.



z. fi r



rfl



unrnr6uvrSd



n



vdr:Jfl ffi fl r riu



s. frrflunenEuvritinrdtJflffiEnflu



N



ao H t



r,r?o n1116uvr6ti



fr zu6



nfi'rul,frfl



+ Hzo R-cooNa + Hzo + coz



u R- cooN a



NaHCog tfrarhni'rudrflu



+ NaOH ?4 CH3OH + NaHCOa ?4



CH3OH



tLoanoEoa



CH3COOH



+ NaOH ---)



CHgCOOH



+ NaHCOg --)



Ertog'l{



a



+ NaOH ->



CH:CoONa



+



CH:COONa



HzO



+



H2O



+



CO2



n:aou1]?tl +



HzO



COOH



229



o ae:J:Jfrffi olrnriln(aurroanoaod/ntn6urn6ri (aonaauriasurn)



d15



Na



l-



uaanoaoa (R-OH)



o



I



a



n,



NaHCOg



l a



mlLln?fl'r tFrilnrlnil"/l



R-ONa +



{d



moouvttg



fl



1:jfl n?u1



M'



lilritJflffiur



LlJvl'ril0nrt'r1



Hz



A



LFl,Jn Frn



R-COONa +



(R-COOH)



NaOH



-'l



vr1ilfl



ru?l



Yu



n



t,



a



^ TlLf n?fl'r Ln,.,ramnrufl P-69Q\ls + H2O



ffi 'r Lrl i.ra Fln ilry]



R-COONa+CO2+H2O



Hz



rJililSsrnrso'r-o (Eliminati0n Beaction) q



!a



,at. lflu:Jfrffirrfifi



n?1ill'tN',tg



z.



rilurJfr



i^



ffitrfi



rfi



4



i



prorr.r{r:rfi'rrJfl ffiernrarfr :r (Addition Reaction)



t. ffrfr0.:n'rr6r oH fro.:'[{



rioult



,



nranorovnol u3o raqlarnrorfi rnrroqjrYr c oontil



z. firfr0.:nre6.n,lqj vrrn



lfi



Hzsoo riluoi'cre,: zn2* rflurie



rd.:



H H25O4



A



+



HzO



1



Br2



OH



Er20g1.t



Br



Ln' Br



rJlJilSurnrsdunril (Oxidati0n Heaction)



n?1ilutJ1tl riaulr



riflnEnoEjr.:ufl.i,ir "nrermtufi" rflunrrfrar16uvririr{rvirrJfrffiurrl'l 26mfi'ru"f z tfroda co, u6y Hzo (rirlzurlu:itriaru?nilA co)



t. rr.rrtr,tfiarqanisztd',.rhnri'ru,i z qfin 6o coz rroy Hzo z. rrurlra:ikiauqenin;16'zu6ord'ru ,i z tfradu co ,,^, Hro 1.



rnrnadrrnarnerHrluxiarflltvnoulatoenrduou (rrurlufauueni) C,H, + (x+'/oy) Oz + xCO2 + '/.yH2O



rriu CaHe+ 60z n?oel1{ 2.



rnrEafi



rriu 230 t,



---+



4COz+



4HzO



,Jmern*Hrlilfaral*nar6uvr6d (ranlufarurni) ---+ C,HyOz + (x+ '/ay - 1/zz) 02 x COz + '/zy H2O CoHrzOo



+ 6 Oz



--)



6COz



+



6HzO



oz luornra



16'arr



11



a,



U iJ n- S



a11lt?tlt1g



:.Jfr



u rn rs a S ru ra a rn a



ffi u r n r a rn?fl il



f



ro a ryr o



S



fi s{', roTo 6'ud



(E



ster if i cati 0 n H ea cti



u



n



r



pr



riouls



lfinror HzSoa r{rflu unynetriou rflurirrd.r



:Jffiar



R-cooH + R'-oH



ig+33f-



duvr?d



u n



y



uo a n o ao



R-coo-R'+



on)



d



Hzo



o 82091{



HzSOr (Conc.)



+



CH



CH3-C-O-CHzCHs + Hzo



A



Uiln-Surl0tnslaBa (Hydrolysis ReaEti0n)



A',llLtvttJlEt



rfluilflffiarnraunnc{arfllNraqaroramfreu ,.1',,, nr^ u6o rra 6lToflfi'elillurlrr?fluqyldnrrla Ioetndfrrfldr ray qyfinratalnrtadfreflruafir(r6'ry6o rJflffirrnrataloretadroauvroffrcflr:ra (Saponifrcation)



rJfrffiar



R-coo-R' +



Hzo



---)



R-COOH



o



t,



sr10g1.:



CH3-C-O-CHzCH3



Ulln-S



ne1ililil1g



rJffiar



+ R'-OH



+ f{rg ---) CHg-C-O-H +



urnrsrnSuuaU (Saponif icati0n Beaction)



nrelaTortaBaronrvofdcuru6 svt6'rn6oro.:nao6um?d rrni Lroanoflodrfluarezu6nd'ruryi



R-coo-R' +



NaoH



---+



R-Coo-Na + R'oH



o 9t2091{t



CH:-C-O-CHzCH3



l



+ ll2Q11 ---+ CH:-C-O-Na +



U iJ n- S



a1'rtJuil1ct



CHzCH:OH



u



rnrs aa ru o-3 o o I



a rn o



s



6rvrofrflarir.tJfrffiflrfi':.r Hzo TorflfinrnunvnrruSourfluri'rrar



:J$?6ar



R-o-R' + Hzo *t



oi'rodr.:



cH3-o-cH2cH: +



CH2CH3OH



qvt6'r.rhnrfiru"rirflurtonnoaod



R-oH + R'oH



Hzo *



CH3-OH



+



CH:CHz-OH



, !'::'ra{\



.,i..,1 ,



U



rloutsr



:..j



jJn-Surnrsnna0uraan-laddruarsa:arururun-nf (Cu2*)



nrevn6o:rr'r6raileynau6o*oadtar{ avarfl



rL



ra?o 6Tnu



floTrmofriu) vroraor6'e rnravirrJfrffierflrLara



ru6nFi fi'r nn nynoufi un16 rfluuondtarfl' q



rJffiar



R-COH +



FlzO€11.1



CHgCHzCHzCOH



R-COO-+HzO+CuzO



Cu2*



+ Cu2*



CHgCHzCHzCOO-



+



HzO



+



CuzO



U



r.:oulfl



Ja



ffi o ro fi



u rir



:Jfr



+



HCI



[Jn-surnrsa:rn-ur oii uri J uns



ffi r r a r



'rJffien



R-NH2



qeaEJl{



/^,/^V^NH2



ufr



urYl



n



aor H c t q yt



6'zu



0



H



6 m:i'ru"rirfl u rn d



Cl o



At ky I a m m o n i u m



R-NHs*Cl-



/'\,z\,a\NH3*cl-



+ HCI



U iJ n-S



urn



r



sa



Sru r al u dqrn n s 0 0 u nS 6u a: I a ii u



tf,auh



neorduvrTtivirr.lfrffiurri'rrofiuToflfinaora;nruiourflud'e



:Jfrfitserr



R-CooH +



R'-NH, J-'4^



El?og't\:



$"oo,



+ cHscHz-NH,



d



x



a



ddo



rd{



cytfrrolilri4fier4firfluri6nrd'rud



R-C6-NH-R'



J:,4^ $"o-*r-cHzcHe



ilarngnrtnilo[uruaf (Isomerism) I



)lo1truoS u:rrflfis nredaoreh



2)



n-aodrqlolrrruaf,



rnna



lufiouri'uurjTna.rairrnirrriudrl#ar:jGvnrn1flnrilLLay?l1.:rnrfirolamrixriu



conu I



1 Z\.,/ 4.



232



2 ./'\:\\.,/ 5.



A



. ,\



s)



agrJrdour : t. amdtflutoltmoffi'u fft,lqifl.:rid'urderrYu ssfiarJffiyrr.:nrflnrilFir{rYuuriaru:ifirrrrnfirufiouriu z. arefitflulohmafriu i'rurifl.:rid'usixfiu svfiailffiyr'r{n1fln'rliruayauffivrrrrnfirirlfi'u s.



talnanrfuordurruu c rvirri'uunvrfluT:lrnnartln "l"rurulotrmofu?flrd'rfl uondu



,



4. Alkene rfl utoTt



uoatnrri,



ruofril



Cycloalkane



uloTr r:.rofriu Cycloalkene



5. Alkyne



rfl



6. Atcohot



toltruofriu rtn",



7. Aldehyde



[[onLF]u



laTsrilofri':t Ketone



8. Organic acid



toTtruaffli



Ester



+)fi'coeir.: CHs



CqHro



l.J



2 Lolstl]oi Ao



CH:-CHz-CHz-CHg



I



CH3-CH-CH3 CHs



CaHe



tl 3 Lolstiloi



F]o CHz:Cnr-"n.-a,-,.



CHz-CH2:Qf1r-611,



6ornmvrtolqrilo{ fro.:ord'fldr1qrdtflor trifianrd'n



rurilqvrd



CH3-C = CH2



pnrz syoonLrFitillfluflay



1 fro



ur.:fltrioon rne ua;fitonrarirtriri'ua,: uuyrirhlfirruric{ofltrl



233



fqnrifi



o4tt,



tt)t



R)lotttu oivotffi ril r: nouDuniri



s.irAuutoTrrilofvi.rvrerfrrflut:Jl6'ro.ruonnoaodun;6rvro5fifi4nrTrraqa csHrzo



fllcohol



'1, 2.



isomer



cH3- cHr-



cH;



cH.



cHz- cHz-oH



Clts- cHi- CH2- CH



-



B.



cH3- cHo



cHr- cHz-



lJ



CH 3



Fther isorner



cH -cH2 -OH



cHs- cH2- Ct+r* CHr- O -



cHo



o.



cH3- cH2-



cHs



?.



dH5-



cuJ



g.



cH3- cH - cHe- o -cHg



! - tn' t-



I



6



?n



-cI



cHr- cHz- tH-



4



I



H



fU-cH,- t -"n, oHH



rih



r:-15fl



fl.



!



o



rfr fl



4t



t,



rt t r



ttf,



(8.P.



1) >



)



Uln



fi.



CH"



t-



N. CH:_C-CHS



11. CH:-CHz-CHz-CHz-CHs



$laitr s



!J



rt 1{ rsoner



fl1t



B'?' tl. ) n. CHs-CHz-CHs



l*isurnnir



a.p. dr



e >n fl.



CH2=65-611.



tltlio. B c irruttti.i.t 8.P. =):)B?.6.>1J.)n 234



Pr. CH3-CH-CHz-CHs CH:



CHs



Ft. CH=C-CHo



tqrr"rd6arrl ??dun1t* €



dmilTv,nailamila?[ El



a',r,.l rrnur1prfi



hi



rfl



utotr



ruo fri'r.r c



H:cocHzcHzc H:



CHaCHzCOCHzCHg 3. CH3CH2OCHzCHzCHg 1.



I



CHsCHzCHzCHzCHO



4.



CHr:6116HzCHzCHzOH



owon"iruou4nalnrarairr uayilaymrlorare6uvr?{firflutr]16'ri'.:r,runrarara6uvr?ddfi4nrrTrraqa



1. 3;rronnoflod6rvrof 3.2;ronnoflod6rvrof



EI



2.



c.Huo



2. 3;uonnoEoz{6Tnu 4.2;uonnofloddTnu



flalnnn6'or 1



.



dd



?{1



' ?:ltvnouYt il Fyt?uouo



a



fl vt



d



d



nxu0r L'11u6't ?ouvl?fl



ddt{rdOdGro\tau



2. 6'r:ouvr?Er L:.rnvn1flu1 LrFrn;n1fl LFlo LuneTlnvnlflvrL:luLiltnnn 3. arr6uvr?darqsvrfl uarailevnarTn rr rnupi a 4d dY a 4d 4. 61fouvl?ul-t',t{{unA1il1?n6.i tn?1v1, LPtsln6l?ouuvl?fl



[



flul^t*iqnfro{ t



.1



z.



nr 16



o



nr



r



rfi



ecrfuarailavnoutaTnanrfuou



a r uo a 6



ro nt nrfs r



L:.J:.Jfle



ua



n a.:



rfi ertoTt ru o



fl



m



r:.l



oirur uo r



n o



6'fr'o r fi .l'r ue unr r



r



n



r



fu o ud



n



o,



fu o ud'r u ri +



n.l ovno



rfi utr]



a. lordooraorarrrlaynoutalorn'rfuoufirfluarflnesuflofi^irurunrfiauavnorrvirriutSfl.isrnrrnl:..lurfiofl 6o u,onrnu, *oadu, uontnf 4. uoaEu urav utoalnrrifi nerr,iorterrrfirrnn'iruonrnu



@



flon



rrll



rfi



EirrYuam:levnor



nrfiou



n. 6reilernortaloenrrfuouriluara6uv?d



fl. Coz, CSz, [rAv CCI+ rfluare6uvr?d rnarvrfluarailevnornrfuou n. lnfiurvtornrfirouovnotl'luuoarnrusvfifiavrr.:fil:iflsrlua.lXilrertudtLrdurir {o1oqn6'or



1. {o n. *av



3. {o n. unv



t. nr.



2. {o t. *nv



n.



+. ito n., fl. rr6v Pr.



235 .,!



-



g



, t ,g " a1f,uqn : q$laaoilanollJunounlnlu %o 6-7 q



mtasalgul



rnernrlrafi



rneritJfrffiar



mtritJffiarfi'u



nil611tasa1Et



nild1ta3a1El



61?oua1s KMnO+ lu



Br2 luvtrJo



Br2 [u?'16121{



HzSOn



d'



1ilu:..l6surilnrf'r



Flo Lyl6.J1.:



lriavare



A



marir:Jfrfi?e'r



aJ



r1]nflurllu



LilL:.lnflu6



M



'dd



L:.tl.r6



o,



u130utLavu1tflu



L:JT.Jtfl}J1 nFr Lv,l6e1.r



triavarfl



B



rd



d



tllafrurllu



k 'dd L:.J1.r?{



6'



'd rllnflurllu



k



t,



d



o



Lonvnou6ulnla



'dd



L:JtJ?{



8.tlfl]J1



c



FIO



tilararc



Ll.rr:lafru6



iuru.,



L:Jr1lnflu6



KMnoo uun



oon:J'r rrnv



frntyluny



avaltl



D



Ll"ltlFllU



rtatLflu1,.r'rn Ll.r



r:lnflu6



v,'!d L:.r



rllnuu6



triul6ru*rla'r



Lr.JL:lauu6



ttJlJ Lfl:.t'l



El



a.rlrri',urfi



4mef'etrJ



rfl



u



cnHznrz



2,8



1.A 3. A[nyC



!l



El



d'r rdonlnraqil



n.



ranrar naordt6'qn



6'o.r



d'r? D triursyrfluareilaynoutatnranrfiou urirfluarr6um?dnrnnrn6uvr?ri



fl. d'r? A fid'nardeulprfloyFtolflot C : H nlrfian n. dr? B rfl uam:lrynortaloenrfuoutriEld'r .i. ar? c riluare:lrynoroyTrrurfintaloeprT fiout6'



rsiu



t. :.



z. {tal., Fr. LLny.: 4. {o r. uay n.



flo n.



, Fl.



uny.i



flo n. , fl.



LLay .t



x rfio,qmerd.iallnra 3X + x



I



4. BttayD



21yp6o-



+ 4lzo $



ruudu



scrrcrrcH(oH)cHr(oH) + 2Mno2



+



1. CH3-CH2-CHz-CHs



2. CHr:C,Y1-CHz-CHa



3. CH3-C=CH-CH3



4. CH3-CH:CH-CH3



rirru, A + B+



ilu'jt



CqHgBr



BrzlCCh



ruara,irr - lrtoFl,t'tlJrou n-



C+HgBr



+



HBr



C+HgBr



+



HBr



ruara,ir.r



Bt?lCClA



ytoAllNtou



filfrnrom:Jfrffisravu'jrl A i'u



BrzlCCta finrr16oor4ln.j1 CaHgBr



firiorornrJfrffiflrayu,jrr



Brzlcct+ qrnflonrrruflrio'lnrnn fr'o.r



l. n firrallralail1nnr''r B e. e frn1v'llfilrrir urj e trifiulrir 236



2oH-



nrrefi 4 neTnrxair.:odr.:te



2. A



LLny B



y,lonsr{fiaraaynla KMnO4'lun?Fl



+. a 6o CH3(CH2)2CH3



uny B 6o (CH3)3CH



B



rTL



El ..r, * tt, ---!L.---



4



A + Cl2/CCl4 ttdrfi'jrt' B + C nr n{o



ry



n{r.: fr'u nalortri



qn



fro.r



. R rfl uarerjrynortalorenrfuau6r oir z. a l'4 neTnrxairr uulrjo rfl u CH3(CH2)2CH2Ct t



a. e riLJfr ffiurfl:iarrnyarfl rirlri'rfr utfr1nnnon



4.



d



,;



C lilafl u6



a



n



?y Fr1:9a n



a% - AX Nuyt{uq 1 n6u1 r.lurr]ud rr n.r



El o,t uav c nmrfluarr'lomuaird'l 6lnrIn5{6lf'r{



rn?ilndou



nrrnynrfllufir



(1f



A



61',r5



tilavarfl r:larlr',la,irrfi



n1?U.J',t LUN



d'rr c



B



tilavarfl



triavarfl



rrriurn



rui n rtv,,l



n.i r.r fi rr ri



r



uilnrtr'la'irrtrifin{u



6a



nmritJfr ffi rr ri':r



BrzlOCta



lufi



d1?AUn1fl LUtIJU



Lilrnq:lfln?fl1



fi rr



,!



6



v,dd



r!nflurtluLtJrJ6 od



nrelitJfl ffi urriu srzlcct+'luda,jr.r



rirlfl 1.



ffi



trri':r



d



rilnflurllu ht



CroHzo ,CtoHzz



u,dd



LlJrJd



aX



LnnYnoufiu']fl1a



2.



CrcHzo, CroHe , CroHzz



4.



CrcHzz, CroHa , CroHzo



a1:avnrEJI!afiu



'; nlauurllu



LtJud



1rirfin:Jfrffim



2nuil AoA LLnv B rfluufl'a:.lavnoLfrrEr C 85.7o/o,H 14.3% [[avil3sJ'rFraflo{[[fl6 t 6nrefr Sfp r,rrin 2.5 nil rirufla a dM?ny,lonfinirrfi'rfir16'r{ruuff'n a tily'lonfiFirrf'Lfir rifla A rav B svfifiunv"[uTrrtnna . - -x. n1ila1FtlrFt.ru (rJxaornoNlo.: c = 12, H =1) 6l?ouvr?rj



1.



C:C



LtAy



2. C-C



C=C



^onu'.lr*rarariot:.ld



fl. CaHgBr



LLnv



C:C



4. C:C rav C-C



3. C=C ttav C-C



El



61?nvn1fl LltrtJu



n?fl1



tilrnoilf nrfl'l



noy'HzSoa



CrcHzz, CroHzo , CroHe



3. CroHs,



EI



KM



til[nnilf



hrLnnr..lfln?fl')



fl.



CaHsCls



A.



CzHzClz



'i.



61fl nr6'ril1rn rfi nrJfr ffiurtaTora6 rud'utfr



t.



sio n. ,



s.



rio



fl. rlav n.



t. , Fl. rlav {.



z. {tan., Fr. Lrnv.i. q. t)a1)., Fr. L[nv a.



CgHoCls



a.



CsHzBro



..-@:"''W,



EI



rrurlio



fi s r



Fr.r



rtl riol:.ld



n. lrTnaryrufiudr:Jflffitlrfir arr'ludfiua.ia'jrrtfrruflafir:lfiflunrv0rr:ehnliaduurndrjtiurflufirrn.l



r. rrufiuun;trTnnranrrurir.:rir:Jflffirrrir rr. f, rfi u rflulaTq



ril



of



clz loefiu6.:unat6'uffatalnrrqunnottniriluzu6nfirur4rufiouriu



d'LtrTn afr^i,.d r rvru fi r rir.: fi fi a neTr ra n a rflu ca



Ha



{o1olrjqnfro':



r. 3. rio n. uav a.



2. do r. *av



1. rio n. uav



A*4varadd'drqql



@



{oaorrurfi



t.



fl



+. rio n. , fl.



rrY!ar:ilavnorovlarrfr ntalorarfioufr



n. LLav n.



rdnfr anr {o'Lnr'Lrjf



nfior



frolv{.irf irirrrirrrn



.; z. rNrnnnLnnrnn:irvno:Jfrrfl nrfllou 6 ovFro$l s. rfi n fr ffi r r n r rfr il uj u 16 fl e fftl u o n 6u rfl o.: q r n fi r,[us ; qj u,l fl o uriu o



-



e



r.J



4. S



El



n



r r il fl r r fiun ye yu.i r.r



o



;



n o ru n r



fir o u'luT



nr



r.r a



ir



r fr rfl



ux



er



r



ryi



r



riu a



1.



CHACHZOCH:



2.



CH:CHzCHzOH



3.



CH3CHCH3



a.



1rifi



a



natnrrair.:fi nn6'ar



I



OH



EI



nsl ?il1fl



o



?'t



Ft



l.J



,"'3 Lllu



Fro



o6k



ria"



n.



-!,



O[v]0?l]SnLnOFl?{{n?1Lt0An0fl0nyll.lS1U'lUPl'l?l-IOULV}lnULV'{?lJOLylO?}.1?1lf'}.it]lU}.ltl.10vl'ltlrLULnnn}Jfl'l



t. 6 rvroiF n'Lv'il di r e rfr olr il ry nr stv,,l un yo rq ry ufi nrt ff[uor n r 6 d'r a l d



d^



\



thtt



C2H5OC2H5(|)



n. 6 moftriyir:Jfr d



dd



o



.1. orvrorL:tuLr.J



.i



-



+ 60z(9) ---+ 4COz(g) +



n



re



SHzO(g)



ffi rr fi'rlar,rylt rdur iaLa



ranarilres.:61ilrannyarfl drI6'*fi,irrurnrtrrnnaqy'lunifi ufi



nrr



riolonnfro'r



r. 3. {o n. rray r.



2. {o



1. fro n. uny



Al



llil



!



"da ardevno:rrfioufisfianaTrraqarflu c:teo rirtatorlquovnorfr{rflinrfiouovnoilnnuvufr6'renao5uuul o 6 * U v t ddY o il, ovnorud'o yir"trild'arerlrynorfril'Lolrlrof'tdao.:totqrilof areleynor crHuo nrafi4neTnretaixlfluodr.:ta



uq



fl



v



uny n.



+. fro n , fl. Lrny Fr.



A



o Lnnnno.i Lnfl enL6t.ltlnfl



o{n?orluylfg



t. nro6uvr3dvrn"rfroavnrflilrlfr rnmvfiuny ^



l.



dd



H-o lurlriarfronfr6fi{?6':LnFrfiuny,laTnerqurir-nirt6'



drho



z. n r o E uvrStiq v ril uloTq m o f fli ro 6 o fl d'fi o { fi n r fi o u'luTr ln n n oilll ri z o y n o rfi utrl a. nrn6uvr?dqvr'qo16onnrtrn.iruonnoaoddfirrnl:rrnnnln6'16u.iffu ryrmynro6uyscirfinfiunytaTorrqut6'6 Lvr



til lviruoanoaod a'!-.



d +. nrpr6umStifrfrsilueunrrilouovnournn,irnrfilau6on4rn.ir' rnervfifiunvtaTaersufrlufi.llue.:n,ir



@"'"*'*



&i**X'rrSeLHBilJrJarE



E]



E



a.raur6ti[urio1nnerfi



E]



rdoa4tfi



4or



1.



C2H5OH



2.



CH3COOH



3.



CH3CHO



4.



CH3CH2F



fi s r



e



ilr



a Ll



ffi



r



o qa



r



nl



ey n o



r 6uyr?si



n.



rir:Jfl ffitrri'larrnynrfll:.1afi u'lunrft.lourmnaynrnoter{



r.



dtJ fl ffi a r ri':rTa y ylvr



n.



ylonfi aranyarfl oir{fi':ifi }r



.r.



vr 1



a r afl



Id6



qn



ilfl nr e



u



n



?fl 1 n :J A



efi a naln er



1



?n y a



uyr a rfi fl



1



fl



6'.r fl a fi 6



d



C



I{



rt



d



LFr



fl }.i Ft't



iu



nty{t



o ruFl



d



\v L



6'



Fl



LL



fl 6



Y



^



1. CHr:61-16661-,



2.



3.



4. CHz:CHCHzOH



CH3COOCH3



a a rr r rnvf r:Jfl ffi fl r fluTau;Tr



Lu,3,^-



:1fl n?fl 1ao



rd fl



ilt 6'*fl'a



H 2 6'r ?



x



2.



CH3COH



C2H5OH



au.



ur o L a



L



pr



? La



2.



CH3CH2COOH



4.



CH3COOCH2CH3



+ 2CzHsOH



$ u+



;+



{



+



CHoCHzOH



d6



1



r0 uvr



?Er



arr"ooc3HT +



El



fi{fi'.i A u^y



H2o



OCzHs



cu.-cl-oCzHs +



Hzo



+



Hzo



4



CITCOUHCzHs



$A" cH.cl,oc;Hc



ru vu{ Fr



11 }.r



4



Fr



? [



Fr



3.i 6 3'].i L:l



u



16osr.: sv16'ararhni'ru.rfl or:irr



i



B



riluar e'ln



f,-,



3. CHsCooH + CzHsNHz 4.



ara



L:lu ilfl n?fl 'r 'LFtvrsallr:.luLo6 rylo?y{LFtlu



1. CH3CooH + CsHzOH



flll



CH3COCH3



ara:Jernor x rir:Jfrffiurri'lrjrTnflfi NaoH rflurirrrtuffirrt6'26nd'ru"flriluamrl?vno! A ray



CH3CH2OH 3. CoHsCHs



It



}r



airr o eirrta



1.



flll



tdd



Lr.J



Hro



q



COOH



frrfl 6 raavar



end'nfih3n



OOCCzHs



1. nflFr{rAfiAn rolrluon



2. n?atLulxan [ovrluoa



3. n?a{rAfi6n



+.



nrnTnevrrTu6n



fl n



neaTnanrTu6n rorruon



amluriolntrifr fiunr{o{tulpraraffrr



t.



rar]fiu



3.



Ll.Jvrluon



2. tovl'tu'tn 4. ut?fl



:+N$ WIffi$@



@



llo



fll



I



E]



4 n eTr un



11



n ri o1:l



fl



a r a"[



or



ar



r



r an



ufi



r u4



m



rTnr e.: a



ir



{ uur.L



ei o



I



o.: 6Tmut 6'



1. C:HsO



2. CtHtO



3.



4.



CgHsO



1. CHaCHzOCHs



2.



CHgCHzCHO



3.



4.



(CHs)zCHNHz



CsHoO



t:J Ln



qnfl o.i61r



d t



o ,o



v



Fl'lfrvluf ve



Lufl o LFtvril?vnoL



(CHs)gCCHzCHs



A



dr



a



ai,



4



E



ara6uvr?ritfirrr,lfi.:avarfldrt6' arefl



d a u , t '10 cm3 " rfiornrrrzurtufiodrra:qenirTrrflfl



o



cmt uavtorir 30 cm3 ri":r,lrun{Brfrnrrv16flrfi'u amatnarnirrrotareflnrcelfluodr':ta



EI



1. CH3COOH



2.



CHgCHzOH



3.



4.



CH3CH2COOH



CH3OCH3



nluuFr 6l ?ouvl



n. Ft.



a.'



?a



tuaou



n rX no t:-lu



dor4



elAU



r.



lnnTnuqu



.i.



tL?mu



s. rovrlultilri' ff1r Luflo



trl



LFlr.ry,{uf y



l.



flo n. , r. rLay.i



s.



flo n. , .i. L[nv q



,



OH



Lu?:l {q



il



t



C-N- "^[ulilrnnn z. {to't., q. {)an.,



ll,rrlrruon 3. Tvrenrurn a. r,^



fi 1



rfi lfi "r'r rrun



ry



lrny s.



z. neortyreyltlu6n 4. 1-naoleTylarnu



ar



a:..1



ev n



ol fi.r z o o n q r n riut fr



CH2OH



n. dr?avalEiTu?fiu n. 61raya1flTr 16fl utaneontr



240



Fr.



{.



61ril?vno:JovfiTulnaryru (CHeCHzCHzNHT) rfiornrn:Jfrffiflra;u.jr{roilTilrflflri:.lar11pr



1.



El



Fr. L[nv



OH



M6aa



fl



ri'



. n?n LaLFr?nao?ntsos1.1 {. 61?nyn1fln?nrroaan



1. rio n. uay l.



2. {o



3. {o s. uay r.



4. flo n. uay



nr.



uay.r n



\,



d



co2 02"luornra16ufld



20



9.rd€



uf, a ur^r 5 s { gz



@/ :l0nrfl



Ln?taflil



't-l



I ?? 1^t ua u



r fl a-fl rir



@ nt--utunnndurirfu6l @ nrr:lfir.lr.: n cunrn l{o ur6.l d



!



Q^



" - "A Al4yt?l'LrillnLt'U



LFr?La fl lJyt



@



ntnanmu



rru uaynrrufi lrrrunrndtiu



rar6



n"nr "n



H



trr{{u



@ ilaEtn[uflslniloart]o? @ uami n rra;:-lryunyto.rnarnfr n @ rfrulfld.:rnryf uar rfiu'Iflnmilrrfi @ tx uay :-lryrnmtolgr.r !! @ :l0nrfl '1rrnfl 110.:nLfl 1.r



ryl?1!



Ftl



Ad



'ryloa LlJot



zu a^



@ nohu.raf ulay rouonof @ lrymmrolnohmof



_ - i^ @/ l.Jnyr':Jmtnnslnnlt tsHannilfl il Lntrnfl il



OtnerEisu t)



uursot



o



: dmilrvnortaTorrnrrfuou LLn;orqilL6'r?6uvritififiorq



, N ray s rfluo.:ri:.lrvnoufrofl rfrFrsrnnra



a 4 o u , d'a'o d , ' ylUnNflO':{'tnAnFt11rfrilun1fln'tu:.j t.l LFl?raflillj?ynoil0.tfl u't}.JuFllt [[aralxf t?l]x1Ft



v



d,an



2) uatuH.:mf, nau:l [nf



tagil



:-.lLnttaflLl



flrtoarutrF



u'liluFru vi



(1{'.:rutfrrnn)



(t{.11uu.1



tnv.



t}J tFr)



firvru(CHa) 6tvru(C:He)



naualoLaeu



lxttuu(C:Hr)



u1ilun10



uur',lmrufin



ullJuLUUnU



ull.tuvnoau



u'rl.ruFrL{a



:tYrtl.Ju



ull.luLFtl



fl1.1il3Ft0fl



r"5fl{q'r ncnrnonF}'t trlen16onar ey



afl



rdour mrna'uiltner6 a



!



fl



il,



uv



a d



r. ilTnarduufrrnld'qrnraartrfr



r'z



edr.: t6'uri



flrtreerrrfr unv rirfufir Tneflrrnrflrtrfr



rirl:11fr"16'ri'ufi



ursi



rir:iu6r fi'o.rrirt:lnd'urir d'rdeuriou z.



/



:



,



;



.i



4



,



I



a



" hrendur[rd'ur{cuarrfiuand'roanriou6oarafiln16oorrirnir



firyru



rirfudrrn



uuy,lyrrufin



,



iyrmu



rir & ro ruud u% fi u" A yaio uas fl tlluxu 3.



u1 l.tuva oau



u1 [JUn10



drerlrynoutaToanrfioufiturotrlnqaluqj f.iruruu -ido



q



d



o v d -x r5fl{6irFr'unreuenrielrrflord'r]rvrrfinnreCr" a'sfr



,^



drfiulnr



qB rr1 rol.r rau sl.oe lilrdac virrSlu



c rrn) qvlfr:irvlfltdtfrfiau



rJfu:Jgsqrunrlrhiriluarrfifihuaqardna.rln6'rEu.iriudrful:.rufiuunvdna 4. nrrnnuurilurr:iIoEJnranaunldLdluuu



rluue



tl1.1tJY0l0fl



mnrrqn 6':frul.Jxirilr



(4nrar..Jfu:Jqtnrrunrvrrir{orio1rl) ds,



ia



,.Jrinnil?ivr !0lg.iFl.:[Lluarra;41fl0q (nQ1ilLi4vtr LN 100%) vl.iu



rnmyo.rRi:.la;no:.Ltolamlur.lrrIu6rLfiln16oor'lnd16srriu:.nn nrrq;ndu'lfiG4vrf,n;drhi6'urluqlufiutrJ



aHq ri'ru ffi



ilailuluot tilutfiu aclfrfl nriiarnHo I ko.Aadaa,^, t. fntoeerutrfi : fioarrrleynoulalorrnrfiloufifinrfiou ct - Cq ovnoil fililtaqnaolltretvlu (C,Hs) rfluo.lFi :Javnorrrnd4n:lavrrru z.



Iorafluri:



zo"z"



t#vrds.rru4s rzurtraril6'6rfl0.:ornhraqnfirurnt6n



uilrrilu



6o arrfilfrqrnnrrunnfi'rnort]rriuhina'rflrfluhrnnar6nat



z tfrnl6'ruri



j



. I:Jlutolaflud : ?{1evrfifiurv C=C'luT:+ann t fiunv rdu CzHo , CoHu . lrrlornfilud: alrdfir{'uu, c=c "[uTuunnn 2 fiuny rrju couo(flrmvtn6u) :



rirufru



g.



.j



i



v



J



4



a,



, csHs



du



6,



s c



o



fian:sruvriluratu{tfrrir r:-i.:uiluuarfl rfroryrdrfrlfinqlnnrr4''unrfi'uro.:trnfittrndm{riuvfiuil {uriu "u" o.:rirlavnouo.rfiln c rY{fi



ilavunu



:l*murirufiu



o/oC



vlv)



50 - 60%



nn



drir nra fi r'rnfi



{ultvl}Ju?{



75 - 800k



1rylilu6



80 - 90%



uourartroi



90% fluLil



ttr



a



nfrm{ua6ood



do



46



a



,



4v^



Co



Ftluttayilu



v



e{Frlduvl ttfl.: ilue1e



6



Ftl 1]u2't.l



m



n



Lt o



,



6 011 t.lyl.t tl.J



[v,,1fl 1



n



1



udo rvr6r



4



tuoayloflo [v Lilae



L1',1



A



r.tro



nu1n1n ^il141u



55 - 60%



LuFl



rnrldsru



onl*ruts



rdo



rdo



3{v,{'t



nrhr



a 11\



v,



riln.:vr'l



6



a



n.: Lunlr,r n n



rhntv,hflr uavo r.r6



'



[1]



ntvhlr



unvo



Y 'U Ll,,lv,l



1



n6rvnrrr narunrr:l



rnhr'luqmarraneerfil{nrorrSoua.r



:



fru6uorruilr;rnrufl.: firfinqrnnrrfit.lnrro.:trnfitrrndm{ rfJuTruaqaruro'lr,lqjfirrnT:.rrnqn - uljorirrrrzurude sytfrlirfursnd'roonlr lngfrudrfiu t filanirrfio ndrsflrt u , uuo ru.:r ud'rsyl ridrfurle;r r ru 5 c m3



+. fiur"rYu-u



rrnn'ir



3000 nn:eruvrfluttfin"r 1



6r



f,nriiii



sr fr'uEtnuEi sufi



r. ufialtaod



.



nrmrmu



(Gasohot)



ilrsrnFilir



Gasoline



(rltiurru6u) + rronnoaod lfiorsrnnr:zu6lJrirriurlu6u



z. fr-rtflTorerdail[ua? (Liqueied Petroteum Gas; LPG nrutvmlSrnflrrq.rfr't



. g.



+.



t.,lar,a



(Naturat Gas Vehictes; NGV)



tfiarqrnnrrrirflrrnmrtrFd.rdru'lv+irfluflrsfirru ilrdocufinerl.rd'ucrl:ylrru 3,ooo r.louni/nrar.rdr rirlilrvtvn6fln"i1 compresseo t'tatrlrat Gas (CNG) ra6oflrrnarrtrAo-nr r.lryuflahuf,flu6fln Ncv



luTo6rtn



.



;



:.iecno!frefltalorenrfieu ztlflndslnruru 70% unyfieuilu soz lilfin6u1rifi6 :lrasrnfiB



arueudfrl.i'frtorrugT fi



. .



90% rYL loynuoa 1o%



(Biodieset)



rfludrnlerunmroarmaf



\ -a ^ r rnorqrnrirrlufrtvirlli5flrflu*onnaaori frrualilud'rrxr.lfrffirr (Transesterifcation) . l{uoruruurirfudrrnld doflanrfltfira.inr}.Jnrr}.irrF ruaytriuflufiudofir*rnfrar tud



@.**mn.r&&*rge*sa"rtq€



I



nrtrJfilrlt



o



Av



rrtne rrafi rtvtr ot nfi uauldol nH o X - i , N F



:



1.611tUnilAO.:tJfUtJS{nOrn1?I



)



Lt0Ll'{A.ivlLr.J',rLU}J[ULPr?O.:flUF]



,



aaa



!ao,-l



6 o



LnOavAO{LllUL}.JrAnAril[{n.iN1n



.]



tUO{qlnSttr,J'r



trafi6'rn.irnenTdma.: (TsjFrr.irmtr,lririe rnriornrnevqnraiorioa) rjr:iuruufiufilfrriLenflu,it6'6fro.u'



loltooniuu



oyFrotl uayilL"jrarefrrurryorqydrdrfumufrurnnfrdo6o jr, 4



r{0



a



ryrn.1lltymilu1}Ju[lru{u a4d4



n



n1fl r:luLfl



o



Lila{iltv



d



rLay0



d a



v



v L



C



rd



d1t,



rnaililt3]1[u6't F].iuus{Fl0.:iln1trllaflurJa En[uvlvr



LnytutLYlu tilo tll}J



lJ



c



oqi s-to



(ceHra) ttayrflolqrnil?rrrunreld'.:ru Inq1n



n']?nau!1.ia.l



t1,l



n Fr1



z. ufnrne : flflrflru?irl#arafirfluhranntura'lunifiirurnhrannrdnar ulovirhlarrfirfluTurnnnTsinr{narurfluld fi



r



rfi o rfi



3. I



6



rn'ilf il:lt{It n iln1il



.



r raroon rvruhin.:fi u ,



!



a



j



d



txo tY{fl lt : uila1fl ^.I 6 Fr.lu



,



4rrr - u',(r C . L,;, P:c:,ure



dilrnttJ'frl€611t: r - ----------4 LtoalnuLlltannLur-u



drri*lflffirr



n2ag1.:



.



tnl'[{nrruiou



rn6umftaala(cracking) : nrrvirtrinrr Hc Truaqalur!*nnrTrr:luTrtaqardn



Cr+Hso



400 - 600'C , Lcv/ Prilsslre



ruhid.rrli'iffisr



: rloarF]uh]laqnr6n



il't'tvLt:.t't



v6:..1



n, "LFtfl Lx



Hz



tO?Fr1?ltOUm!n.l



Fril:.1,frffir:r



rlrirnliffirr



nvFlvta6 da



Xoc



LA



CH:-CHz-CHz-CHz-CH:



0t'tott1{



+ *oa6u +



CsH16+2CzHq+CzHa



tlrrllut{n{ rna6v,lafuii.t(Reforming) : n1rtildflu HC 61fl mt.i ".-,.,: dum€il1nr51u



ttonlnul]Jtanalfin



,



CHo-CH-CHz-CHs CHs



.



rnr[[onarniu(Atkylation) : nlrr1rJuonrF]uIny$oaAuL{r6'rflriurfinrfluIootnuldd.iillr]



drurnril1rttE1il: '-'-d.-'-



LLontnuTiltnQnrfin i



+ tton6uTruaqnrfin r



!'i!,, 2i:)"o



(Hzsoa liluprvnvraa)



rontnufififil



CHe



CH:-CH-CHg + CH2=Q-QN.



Dl1Og1.:



CHs



a



H.SO., 20



CHs-C-CHz-CH-CHg



"c



CH:



Ul-13



CHA



",;-.. mr[ahlnrtal*dfu(Oligomerization) : nltrol.r HC '[ri6roirurjrdcuflurfrnrfluaralr,rrifrluqj{il rLonfiutNrnnnr6n + r[oa6ul].Jrann[6n dilrnfil1Dt€61u: 4tq



rirr;:'r,



(ri6rd'cruilou16r)



rroa6ufififi.: CHg



nrodrt



:



CHz:c-cHs + tll CHa



cH2:c-cH. CHe



fi:t':rt



, cHz=c-6rr-f-"r, CH:



243



.w:=r,.::i"i-:.,'-=.:-....'...'"::.:=..;{*?-;3l'1::l'}...i;.'.,..'.'.o.'-',=',= I



lafloanlilu, laililtflu uagflltt]tilqilnlflulilu ! 3-



u'riluIuu{u



51fln![O?tO



ultJuol:tra



uanrirgratoannnu mf,uonncun'1il



.



uonoirsrarilrmu



tolnoonlvru :lrvfiu6nrnnrrrHrlr,lfi



. 6rvru :.leyRvBnrnnmuzurlufi t oo . 0(-rr.rvr A rrul\vr1au il?v?{vr6,]1il n1?Lil1 uu Luil 0



I oo



o n-ra:l rvu :lrvfi m6nrnnrrrzurtllfi o



CH: tt



ltt



CHa



/



cH3-c-cH2-cH-cH3



ii.j'l ii.ij.Jfr



*,,/t (attl{ "i rtLnS:Dill



t1."lrr,l



,



ieior'i:rrryor



CHa-( CHz)r-CHa uo:Joa{



CHa



[ru



;-.,



({ ryuvr rr-lu]ri



ne.: )



Lti't Lxtl.t !l.tFt



dnttnil



/



tottoonrvu



CHg



rnl'clnarmn



,ur lvL



u



lilrl



.a.J.d:nrx Ftit



cHs-cHz-cHz-cH2-cH2-cH2-cH3 uoruaa ra:l umu (ra:l rvrufi rfl



A u : n-e tn $ il [t 6 rl.t runl



ad



Ll.Jmnrtul'tvrlnu



\*



rarAlilu,



rielntfi'uarxnrunlilro.i;1fu rrufr ufr fr rl ayfr uGn rn'[un r r rantu fi rfi fl ! riu :.J ? v 6 yt 6 n 1 y\l n r e t r 1 y f uyt' ti ! ri]l .t-l?rr nrtoltoo n Lvlurfl unf,:rfi 6ilriL rE:J rru il3rr eut'ruunf, rflunir zuarnir rrfiauunyrdu lurirflu 1oo nfil lurir:iu 1oo ni:J tafl o o ntil o



n11ililil19



uldnx)



F]



.ja



y'{



fl o.t u1



}.J



u



a Ja n rs a il lJ



'



,



r.J



r,J



: rfrliurlunufiraloonryru



or"roeirt Fr10g1{



1,1il1fl



t'Lr.l{rfr vd



uo-add



90



n21;.1't't ulNut'lJuxuuur.J 6:.t! n n1rtt]1



, - X - lar ErLrvirni:.rur*aurn.:vr-l=toT{oonrmuiofl aJ



90 unyEilrmufoflny tO



lnfll]rn



adr.: : ilrriud rqnil raljB uyru 95 l,tlJ'rfl o0']il.j'r Y -a YririlIurr-rqnti uil-ar:-16nrrurrtufi rfi suuvirrirrt'o oft



- lao



rn d.:fr fr fr muSo fl



ny 95



Lra



uioflnv 5larsrrn



arrrfirraroonrilu fi z areld'un o TEL (Tetra Ethyl Lead)



CHsCHz



6l'rr[fiNnrun'1fl



CHeCHz



a



[{a[ila.i



\Pb'



ia:-t



CHZCH:



(



!'lliiAt



!?ir'lYlt!(t't? Pt)



CHzCHo L}.J}.J



.



MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) CHs I



cH3-c-o-cH3 I



CH:



dh;r,r'txdasij



jm i$l rB



(



1{frriuvru



y *o



ar,,lr nrfr a



uuylyrrd



ilaarilatuaBiloil0[&tot t)no6rruo{ (Polymer) uilrflfi{ areilavnarTrraqnrurnr'lr,rr! d.rrfioqrnuurtl16nl rlor?rrri'urfiuaruflre llSorflu rs ttr,l Tofl ttriayurirfl Eioara.iararfi orrioriufreufiunrln rr rauri 2) ruoua



traf



(



Monomer) r,l:rr



fl fr



{ urir



fl



do



elosyto6 r:.rof



o riroeir.: : nrrrfieuilohmofqrnuouorilof a urirfl



--+ cH -



t4



cHz



F



rouo tua 6 ua vxa6 rra6fi



-



- CHZ - CH - CH2 CHa CH:



CH



CH



_



CH2



_



CHs



u"nGau oi'o.:i.{n s



t



I



?IOAtilOt



CHz:CHz



-CHz-CHz-



CHr:CH



polyethylene



ethylene



-



cHz



propylene



-



-



cHz



cH(cH3)



-



cHCt



q



-O



-CHz-CHpolystyrene



styrene



-



polypropylene



CH2:6p'14,



floalrof



lJauottJot



,JAUAtTJOf



CHz:CH(CHe)



CH2



trll CH:



polymer



CHa



3)



_ CH -



L1]flUt1lU



(oH)cH:cH(oH)



-(oH)cH



polyethyleneglycol



ethyleneglycol



-



- CH:. -\



CH2: QflQll:61-1,



H



polyvinyichloride ' lr



Vihylchloride



CHr:61-1t



//\



-



CHz



polyvinylfluoride



CHz:6p11O,



vinylalcohol



-



cHz- cH(oH)



CHz



polyvinylalcohol



-



H



polyisoprene



isoprene



-



H



C:C CHs



vinylfluoride



/ CHz -



bu*adiene



CHz: C(CHe)CH:CHz



-CHz-CHF-



- cH(oH)-



- CH, -\



CH2:QQlQ6:611,



,rt - t\



CI



chloroprene



./CH,' H



polychloroprene



q Y | ud 'l - unL?fluao.:d{rnntql ilon[tJoir(rul,raqjqyr3urtuqln ethylene (CHz:CH) uavtfi]rfi{fi1uartr1:J6ou1



,,ffi{rr



$rltil@



.,,ffit"



ilrsrnmuaortaf,tuaf



.



urisnrilnngrusmetfin 6o nafimoffirfio{uro.:m1}lr??rlt'rfi uju urflr , hladu , flr.:nttiltrF , rtaqTna



t. na6rra{oaeltr6



2. r,rahrruoda-.:rnr"ri 6o nohmoffiufroslnnred.:rprr',rri{u rriu tuaou narafrn fi4fi Indroauvrof



. u:-irnrrutfi



nfl



o{riloua INo6fi rfjuot d:levnau



t.Ialrlyro6rrad



(nomopotyme0



do vrahuroffir.lrvnoL6'rflilouoliloftfirr16flrriu triu



polyvinylchloride



(PVC), Cellulose rfl upiu



.



nlaetlit



H.



.t,



H/



t Cl



U=U



z. Tpryro6rua6 (copotymer) 6a



HH lt l-n -+ C-C tl HCI



LlrUUrLtU



PolYmer



(polyvinyl chloride)



nohrruoffi:levno:ifrrfll.rouoruofrir.rtfinrYu uiu artLllrdt:}ltvrri'orsilrvnou



frrEinraoyfrlurirrrfrnrriu, ar.:roaflarf (Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber; SBR) t.lavnol6rslouomo{ z



tfio



6o atnSuuayfirvrrtor6u rflufr'u Tnnohr:raffinrel3fl.:FTeflolllouoruoflduarstfiprd'td



. rt:iu t3fl .:6d'ilriu (alternating copolymer) . $!u6fl.:4il (random copolymer) . ttu:it6fl{u6on (block copolymer) lnru afi



iliihilo



uu acd



o



nafr



-f -t -f



A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A+ A-B-A-B-B-B-A-A-B + A-A-A-B -B-B -A-A-A +n



maf



t. nahrtaduuurdu (Chain tength potymer) : rfirrcrnrouomofniofi'utfluarflflrr ldilohulofnroqjfioForiu ,-.i rrnn,irrfior6ul drhlnohrloffifiqruarffifirfi:c 6o Frrriluururjuua;lonlaoNrunaq.i dnurwufirrju luflto



.



rYrodrr PVC, Polystyrene ttnv High density polyethylene (HDPE)



H HH H H H lttltt -+ C-C_C-C_C-C tttttt HCIHCIHCI



I



n



H HH H H H ttllrt -+ C-C-C-C-C -C +n ltttl HCH3HCH3H



Iilffiffi



Chloride (PVC



z.



^ti xa6rrafuuuf,r



H HH tttttt



H H



-+ C -(-- C -c-



I



I



CH:



H



o o I



I



H



I



C I



H



H



Jt9 I



74-



n



: rflBrqrnrouorroffi.:riorYu*rrunnfrrfiruartrfi'{duunvflreoonsln arrhinohu.rofiadn rir'hiarflflohr:ra5'lriauranodfrnFnfi'u1frfi{rir.:srnnohmofrurrrfru nohmoftflnd6ri ,ia,dd nruailLnflrfi:g Fro l.lpr?'r1l1,ru'rrluuLrnvsF]unoilrunen'r flnrrflu ilnrriltuuflrfiofl Ina.ia]r.:ul6Eiurl]tfrirflrfio (Branched potymer)



16'fuoruranfra.r



.



n-roeirr Low density polyethylene (LDPE) H



H



I



I



HHHH



rltt



.L -+ -c- C-C-C_C I rttl n I



I



H



CHs



HCH2HCH " I



CHz ._tI



@.a*ffi*HeesffiEqrwru



rflflULilU



---i----+



tFtr.itl.i



qffi'! .w--1



''$



a.



nahruo6rruuarruu (Cross-linking polymer) .i"i



,



c



,



lfinqrnnrrrdailTfl{ro{arflr,ro6mofudor.rfi'urfluer.lur.r flr



o,do



cr



'4 ilu6vmtnol.rLu.r?vul'l.r61uLnilq1u2uil1nvroRrilo?sJul.iLtJflnuqu ,



u0



o 4v



a



fl s yyr 1 Ll,lil 0 n



til0



dd



I



j.j



-



6,do



rLnn't1\u6yylL{o}.rlfl.r?yu1'r.:?11fl1{}tq']u1u



C



?fl Fl14fl upl



o o-eoeirr Ind r:rarfi uylofira 6tar{ uinrfi u; 1



i.r'o



6 l l'o',{



t



Lr',r



r i,



fl



uil i r ii'.,r v'f.t



r r,. vr



r



yi0ntl.Jfliliilrrl'rrtlr qyfidiia11



t



-.tjyio6rl.tt.r{ til''lEaay'hfi f.r



uir,inl'fi



.i



^'l



.'i, l.)- .r'l^ l;'ai 7, .1ri'i. . ;,r j t al i'j? t'^.i



d



6rJlq6 q



ua



fi



ou as



mf



Tnr.ra#rr ru:.rrrfru



rmm



qn



r?Br rio



I



lriat



lJ



riurilulsialr



fl



ulunu



[t1,1



n1?r.trou



?{



uilrfl fr {



rJfr



.



T q i;.



i,l



fi y



A



t'



-il



U:l'l



tt



,: r



UL



A



Fr



}.J



d



n



n:gruv tlr}]ouf



r



.A,



6



naudiluaalun2lrJufl {u5{



*frrrrn , ruflflcilrn



U,



, BP 4.iil1n



dar,lejuld' , rufiflrfioer , ap



LO



, ,.i3



Fl'r



n



rufi.:uriuJerr , ae 4r



L].Jilm6u



1.: Ltl,



a



r tfrorrrdr:Jflffierflurfiouiluyrohurof *nvflnranrruuuturaqnr6nl



ffi r r 6'r tL fr



(



rfi



rr



uar



r



r.:



6 n d'eu"fl)



rriu Hzo, NHg, HCl, cH3oH



rriu



n-roeirs : nrvuruntttfinfr6lau CHs



H-O-Si-O-H tl CH:



a



f l Fr



(Condensation Polymerization Reaction) tfrorqrnlouotttofofirr16fle fiu



I rJfr?6arno6rruotturfuuuunruuriu rrra,i r uJ



u



u [lluv]0 ol



ffiur nrlf, ono6 urofcrnilouo rrof urjttdrilu z'rf,



u?aurnn.ir



li



l'l'l !'I E 1.1 :yl.i'l 1.: n U .l . y - .i.r1i8f,- L:-el,r.. :Lr!



rilafltrtdfil (Polymerization)



AU



r



-1



I



nonu tuLrnav6lfl t{ua



ofl 'r.iu3J[1rfl



rlrfrll



dv



rJfrfr?srnof,



:i rl'l



i' 1,



{nnu:.Jln ta



-4i



[[:t:lyr.r



!;..]



' L:.J6'r:.J1?nOfl T nnU



:.J



r?fl .i ne r1]u?1.: rr1.l u ?v



trnvofl



Y



n13t[nnn.in1u61flr



tdd



;:i'l



[{iloa^4[ilat



rnSeo[eel{110{('rg



da,



[t:.JLn.i



.11



Ltaau



,,-.i, 1.1



ilaf



ila oil aer



[6Et{.uoit tJoua



?'i t L r'r, Ll



ti i\'8 O tt.l 1i



CH



CHs I



+ H-O-Si-O-H CH:



+



C H3



CHe



I o-si-o-si-o-si-o CH: CH:



CHg



l



+



nHzO



z,1



AY rJfrfiBarxadrtal:rt.it'uuilurAil (Addition Potymerization) rfinrornruouotr.rof"rfror16flrriuilrrioflutfluaruflr'l 6Lda



1rfiorzu6nfi'ru"rirdflrt nju Tvrdrofrdu (cHr=611r;



Ioulilfrnmrir{nvSonrruriuairu'laoonqrnrouomof



. oYrodr.: : nrvrruntrrfrprtvrdrofrdu



qrnrouorrof



"rofr6u"



monomer U



dimer



u



CHr= gt1,



trimer



u



CHo-CHz-CH = CHz



polymer



CH:-CHz-CHz-CH2=



CH2=61, fl' monomer



6Y1,



u



*cHr-cnr] -n



CH, = 611, n



CH2 = 61-1,



monomer



fi



monomer Vinyl chloride CH2=61-1



Polyvinyl chloride



Styrene



{cHr-cH-cH:-cH+ ' I I 'n



-",



CI



CI



a



CH2 =



61-1



Polystyrene



a}



{ cuz-cu



erfrqrYil?iernflaerilaf, 1) y{a1dAn : 1.



uil.:oonrilu z rfin 16'urj



rmafluaraBn (Thermoplastic) : 6olrnrnfinfifilnxaix*rrTdnrr uioTdfr.: lfinrrrfiolavu,jr{tciv,{ohlilof riourrn) uroflrnaraFnfiarffir(rdru6o rdolaune 'rriau qyarrrenaioufirtfr unytriufiuauffinreuflu ila1



a ^n



n



Lta y



di L}.r



o ,o ru o rfl uFt.tq y Ftu?:l LFtil L o



'o



ruNouLaLl



. a'roslir : Inauandu T*dtrfi^^^utrr{, tvra'ntniu . eiluao.:InarairrrnoffruflaldAn ,



,



}^rdTvrrfidu



:



2.



tardGnruoflruttn (Thermoset plastic) : doyrarafinfifilnxair,:rfludr.:urariorfloltrifiduan drhinarnfinfi y 6 , J o I ,4 , u t t v A nudnuruv tt{.:}.Jrn'LrlEnr.r{u rfioTnunrruSousytil0iourio uayrfrol6iunruiou4llntqnlu:inarerfludrfir a ril6 nnr r rfiuil a ra F nq y u.lfi fl ut:l



. olaadrr , rrnrfiu,Indq?rvru, y,iof,lllrir , qGerv,lofirran'tar{' . riluanrtnera#rrrara6nruodhrtor :



@



**



#u6r.I,rStl^c*au-hre



U



Z1 t'ilu}a ;



fi a



vr



ffi fi n r a{n



a h rru o



\ \au\us--u----



. . .



r?a.r d'r o d



r{ tfl uavrfi Er u tfl u n r a a m u ilt



o o



u e T fln l frun



n rfl



: -"+**\&'..d



",-."{*



rfrulflrtaqTan : vrilslndauoir.rl to.:fit uiu flrfl , r{u



,



larrvrir,l ,lfld'Lilvan , 6fiu



,



:.lo , ilru



rfiulul:.ladu : nrqrnrudn{nirr1 uiu suul\y , fluuny rfru'Ifl



va



fr



u : nr"lufr uilay



A



ld"lumurio



mvr oirr 1



5r.r



n



t



z. rdu"lsfi{d'srnmsri : il1s1nn1?vi'lJfrffiurvrofrmoterrduro.:r6u1floaeiltrfiflus{mrFrfi iriu lra4lnafl:lnroor



dFn rfrufru lorafi



a.



nrnda$n uir{urfl



uoir rd.::Jfl ffi tLr 16'na4laao16 rnor



rdula#srnersri : ilrsrnnmdruneryd l00% uiu ^



3



d



v



4



,



q



ovnr?frn ,Ivrdroarvrof , 44



.l



^



tunou , Tvrdiotrd rflud'u rfrulfl



..



tilorilqyilnras'or[5rtnr'coqnrnrf]ueyrfrflLn,jrrdu'lunaailtrfr frnmzu6nrfrohirurryri':.r.ttuuarflr.lrymyl 3) Er1{ : 6a vro6r:.roffifilQahranaa.:ilrn finrcrrdnrutlu4rn'jrnnrafin rflo{srnfifiunvriluuriceEjorJlirl#rfinlolr mo



1.



fruru c is rit,lrirfi



nr61fl fi



rF{



uil.:oo



n ufl



uz



rlay mvr 1 6'uri



Er1{6mlJ{1fi osiluerlnonnoed fifirmndrsuil6fln.ir #',u',.,an uioarrfin"f' rfluzufind'rudfi16'qrn6'ufl'r.i1,n?r



rjtirar{urilrunrar{nfit:lurflou lortLrFr NHs rfioflolri'urirrrrqnr udrrflnrfloflr.:oonqrndrflr{dru cH3cooH rfloer.ifitff



. . .



13fl



n,jr



r.:6L"



"fl



gr{oreutrfi6o



"Tn61oTrvr5u" rfinqrnrouoruof6a "1oTtn6u (CuH. u6o 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)" d r , - ; ^i fr nrruarilEfi oiousvurrufl ru[nvoourr.] uJorfiusvtt{runvtilerv a



srrreertr6finrr{ouirrgrJrr':hlnqatfr 2 *rr



CHz



CHz



\ U-U ^ ^,zz ,/\



H



+



-



C I



CH:



CHz H



+



-



CHz



oio:.rr fr



n



re:l fl:l:lal



tc="' ,/\



H



CHz



n



runrvr



CHz



CHz



\^ ^,/ ,/\



a



H



CH:



\\.C_C ,/ ,/\



v.],2



CHz



6ou:r:.r cis LrnruLrL trans d'.:gil



CHs



H



CH:



H



CHz



CHg



CHz



CHz



6'cfl66' "i'a nrturtdu"



-



C=C



,/\



H



CHs



a1{nnn1



C=C CHs



Tnrfldr



g1{il'I51 cis-polyisoprene



CHs



CHz



C=C



CHz-



CHz



CHz



H



trans-polyisoprene



-



flr.:ilrvirrJg fi?or niu rirr rrYuvti q rur,rqr^ 4 t n'j r flr16':finerildnuduririoruvafi



qouaoilruaeflo.:rirurfi'u rfiorrflu6vnrud'atr'{r{rdorevu'jrlarsldtr,{dtoTtniu -i ,i,t,4



svril6uurila.: lri6nndou.irfl ua;1riavnrfllufi'criravaraEuvr?d 2.



flr.:i'{rnflcri rfiaqrnrhnfi'rudfil6'srnnranduilnarfiflil



rsiu tilfifir?ntor6u ,



flr{ror{io1f (sBR : styrene



Butadiene Rubber) riluflr'i:le;mrcopolymer , IndnnoTrlrSu (frTon3u) , sr{uetdfln r1n1riu1fiurld'.:urrervf Vv



UAflA.i tllt1Jt1Fl1e nnnL



L[1',1.i



-" r1qlriufiflrldlunrrryrifirfinqln isoprene (rouomofrdflerYuflr{oreiltrF) r3fln'jr "qnnrr:.Jof'lr" tfluflrl ,lrrrn, trans-polyisoprene urifi alfG u{t *avrilervn"irfl r.iseailtrB



,,@' l[@@



tlt iltu u aBfl ltftl 1)



ffi



uo



Ya



arrriarafiEil'r{d1



qilnril ill



: fi s r.lrvunvr 16'uri



1.al1f,rrfl,ruaoa :1frurie]unroo.r rfi:rfiu 6u rfly fruteuaoaoqjlurjr (trinvnrflrjr) rir6'prfr'rfln1tn?o{ v3o



Frn



n;nau



: LFt[tnouyltfldr?ttnyouuvrflflg{1?rnvn1flulLtnlfl1Lu!?r]lruoon{tqunrn1flu1 (Do) aoa.i e{eulllqjovrfludraf'nv,lonqrnuuai.:qutu un;{arnfinrnrru6i.inlrrn:ern ilSrrruarrrnfifiarn',tLrl'',



2.611f,[niln']{alilaea1gu1 6r:Jlrnnrxsiorl il



zli



6o



coo



uay BoD



s. r{oTen : riol#rfinnraeyrro,rorlrnfir'lunru*aydn{ rsiu



fln , ofrrr ,lflrrnarpr rfiorlurfoulurlr:-Frrrurrn



arqrial#1fr nnreevuroqorlrnrlfr U



.r*-^dq,



2) mrq6esxn4iln1T{u'r : yl1 La 3 1.



Do



. . .



ud



rr



rn



vu6o



t



Lolrn



: donrrurrFrrru



(Dissolved oxygen)



n run r n



?f



vi r n n a r ail u rtlo ua



vn



02 fravnrflilr rirfirrnuaor.:.jrrjrqrunrl,rd firriosuanvjrrjr



r fl rgir



r r vr rl Lrvlu



rirl34vr6fi srp (oK , lATM) svfioonfirsuaynlu rir fi fi :-Fu r ruo o nfr rqua



yn



r



e



rio fl n.i



r



1



m



gl L



n



7-B mg/L



r rfl ud'u



nr



m fl



0i



o ffFr



{dr



rirrdfllar.:ruqnarr.lnarrfiorlryrnrJaioe{fi.:*crrdo:.r 6'orfinir Do illnn,i1 3 mg/L



2. BoD (Biochemical oxygen Demand) : 6anrallr:JBrrruoonfrtnufil6uv6ti6'o.:1firfiodoflda1fl6'r?6uvr3dlurjr



frullt'nrir eoo'luderre ar s i'u r?fln.jr goo.



. . .



t



d



rirrdflTa{{ruqnarunmrfiorlryrn:Jaiorr{Erue orfror 6'orinir BoD riofln,ir 20 mgtL



=



BODs



3.



coD



DOiuurn -



lurlr



Do = :-Frrruoonfi lsunvnrflfir



DOt fiti.



(Chemical oxygen Demand)



fr.:tarn



. .



d,



rirffinr6qvfrnir soo 4ud, rirfinir BoDs rfiu 100mg/L fro,irrflurirrfifl rir0.:uirrfissy0rfirir BoD C.r urllrsmufi4.rfir zooo mg/L



:



6onreur:-Frrruoonfilsufii'oslfrrfiodoflaarflarr6ufl?duayofiuvrSd



Tn€rnrrrn6o'16'o.rlfrd'eoonfrtnr"i-fiauuer



fisr'Ifr rzcrzozlHzSoq



coo ude sy16'.ir coD > BoD r6rro r]rrfiflla{.iruqnarunrrufioqrprmrJalor(druro6or 6'arinir coD riofln.ir 120 mgtL r.lrrfiflrdsrfi'u rfiovirnrrin BoD ray



COD = DOriuurraur - DOyri'wnno::



uaf, ul uarntrtu agnrtfltaufr'u r)frlrfiarv,loTtnaanlto (soz) : rfirrqrnnreurlurirdorvrfi.rfifidrurarrol s rdu eirufiu , fintuoi flrrrfiordrilu dumrflaEir.:s.Jtn niarvrurr rFuure'ls uav ulJo rlumnq v:rr oTcn"ru%r rfi o rlunaoyirarflTprr.: air.:or Frre:iru16ou nrerir4'orffrt,fi'arv,iafloroonttri'rirt6lnu,.iruff'rttrlf.: cao u3a cacos qyt6'r"rfini'rudrflu cas u3o casoa ar:rrrn1ffrflur]etff



@ll



..:sifistii



{-



:.!-.



z)



frtnrfuoulauuonltoi (co)



: rfinqrnnmranlurirdorvrhrlriarurni



flrrrfrodrfludumflflFiorvLuvrrsGu



urfllqodr{ilrn urn6oowr{rlilrrnqyuroafiri'ufi rflorqrn co aurandurirdlltnafiulurdonlfi6n'iraonBrqu frr too rvir rirhl'riprter.:nrrd{oonfrrsu nrlui'ltrIryurrafruyirtfrlns1drn6o.:rJurififi:Javfrr6nrnlunreurlrafid



i A \ u, " t ltulvt0 trJl t14tl tFlff tJltrtuil1nlu 3) nlunvoos o



rirmu, t-to



:



rfrorqrnnrarrurtrariri'{r,lars t



6



dt



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a



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ae



.



Jl,



lorr.luavoorlusaartrfiIoruvirlilqvfrturnilavrrnr



enuuoi finrfrr]uayoorfirfiorqrnnrerrur'lufirfiorvr6.:



hTnamma urirluayoordrfinnraneyrirro.uruuriorsfiruror6nn"ir



t klnau.rma



d.:uflud'unrrflriorvuuvr'r.i



uriodrrt:finu qu:Jsqrjufififli 16uurErlsodr{Nrnqunnrflrflu:lruurilnfiBrrlfiruornrafirl"r6'rufino1uilavtrrt d



lritfifinnra:rfldutfufu^ruuo-*nul^r,^ufroolu



'



dq



dffi fi Efi do orf,lrrsiou ac n6x?



dau



t)rleavr :nululassrurufimhrrrtv{ (NaoH)



, Ta.r.:run6mrlurnfi



,larlruna1afrn



ya"1



riohlrfrorlaprfiurilrnv llr,fifl



tudt4tu



no.iil:l?ovr rso:luuofl ne1 0.005 mg/L z)



uaorfieil : nulular.:ruqutnra; , rafinfirvfl, ur{rnfluri, fi rnr riohirfinlenrEln-6tn r.]rrds6'o{firnorrfiaut6oilu riosn.ir 0.03 mg/L



3)



^ urtdflfrolilFtvnxt6oiluuoanxl ncfrl : nl"[ula.:lruur:.Lnrno5 , fr , rrufrrvi , orlnllu , un5o.:fluhurrr



.i



6.



;



d



a



r



at



I



f



\



a



u



a



i,.



I



e



0.2 mg/L



TqTPl



rdf a{il TYdun1?rrt



cyee



ra^nd'crrvr E



fl



,,,&



s'ttru'tfl oFtal:J na Lilu dr



n. uuul:.Jurrlr{oanrilu6'rrlj?vnoLouuYrrfl fl



.



14



Lrnvd'r?llfynououvt?El



n1??yr Frrunrnro.:fi udrfu'lfirrqrnarrilaynouofiu#driluud'n



fu



h



*uv,irr .:. f, rmurfluarrrlrvnorEuyrSrifi nynrul6'lulrufi uulnyran rru nr. r.r an aoutfrsr



n



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6o



ua y



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1. {o n. uav



3. {o



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uny



nr.



r. r.



2. {o r. *av



n.



4. {o n. uay r.



{ulrl*innfror rdaerTrqmaruneailiilmldul 1. arailrvnortalorenrrfuoufifirnroonryrurflu too 6a arrfir'4na (CHg)zCHCHzC(CH:): a4dAovddUutdv4^ddXOt4 2. ull]urlru{uvr}.Jta100nLru B0 Fto u1}JuvrN6}J!nn1?rrJ1 Ll4ilLturFtfl?nilr.IoLiln.ivrr.JLo[{oonLvlu?ofl4v



80 vl



ru6orflurarlmuioElny 20 Tnflile a



g. dtiurdo



rndryr



nrfi nqyffo.:fi rnroo n ruutri



oir



u t oo frefliGnraInnan'rsrfioril6Eiu rr*nnrfluhrana16nr q



n.ir o u rilri



rfr



4. nrerordrailtvnoutaloenrfuoufrfiturrrlunirrl Tr ra nahifi lur olndrE fl s fludtiur::ufi ufr q yrirtrllfr rflurdo uil6{'luen fl ugl I



EI



fi sr ecurlio Fror



r rial:.1fi



n. uflaoeertrFrfiurLorrnrfifideurarvrnrfinrrflutaTornrfuou lriu filru



r. tatfirmurflunirfilfrriruuonr*n',*ou.lr.1',,iudrrn



r(e



6lmu Inernu fie rmu rnuryru



uraroanrvrurflunirl{riruuonrunrnro.:drfuruufiu



n. nmzu6nr:.rufiulvra6uuavtrdurf,luarafin6orfiurrrfiorirtr.llfrluom6rynaerriorflo.:riotrl {o1onn6'o.:



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r.



2. {o r. *ay



3. {o n. uay



n.



q.



El'ht, '1



.



q



n ao.: tfi fl c fi'L



nrelfi



nrvLeunl



?u



{Ja



n., fl.



n. LLny n.



e (c rac ki ns)



and ^'r



rr



uon



rnuh rnnnlrar! crn



Lron lpruTil raqa r6n



2. nl?unn6att'l uoa rnuh raqalr,rr! rfl u*oa lnull laqn l6n 3. n 1 ? u n d n 1 fl t atpr r r fL ouTr rn q alu rfl u u o a rn u u n y uo n 6 u a. rJ fr frBa r t o.r u o a 6 urir u fl at al e reul n fl fi d'r rrt :J fl ffi e r m



r-Lj



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or



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El



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El



vd



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t



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t.-



@4 uflafrlmuzuarriufirmu



3.



Lrfi'd Hzs



firluoqjtuufl'anrarmfr



!



u *



z. uriairrmufrrzurlufflriurn 4. ar?ilrnoofnrlut'arvlof



fru^.',uriot:ld {oloao l



.



rjrfiuGuuonsrnsyfiarfllrynortaTnrnrftlouu6'rrT.::l'rrfinruofun:lrmu (CH35CH



.f,u, j) fr rlrinunr crr ioua arfl



0in1



(cH3SH) tnmfra"fi'atyhi



6r ria uzS dr nhuru:iu



2. rafloonrrurorrirfiuuuuBu rr6orrfrrnruauranrordrfiudonrefrrurrunrrrrssFrrvuflnlo.:rn6o{flur{''[ri 16'unrrtfi lnrer:J rr.:ro{ rndo{fl uoi'



s. ;rliuditn rflur{o rndrfi r.lrynou6're6railaynautaTnenrrfuoufi fi cro-cra 4. nrrrrrrTrroruon6uTrlnqnrdnuirfrrEifiuTorEi'lfrnrruiour,r6ofi'rrdrrJfrffisrrfia6reilrvnortatnenrfuoufi d^ : N v ,-.: 4 q , o ^c t1 n [tL{{u il C ovFloilLlr:Jiru Lrmfl.:r.ir\ufite?ylrx1.t C nL C^ tuao luilannrufi lrfln,]1 LonLnt:Jo



El



fl



El



EI



^.



r,l rrnuut



aTpr



rnnfu outuflolafi



fi



rir raroo



1



0o



1.



CH3(CH2)5CH3



2.



(CH3)TCHCHzC(CHs)s



3.



(CH3)rCH(CHz)aCH:



4.



CH3CH2C(CHs)zCHzCHa



a vo .J^



\



J ...?



4



^ ^ ' arelu'frolnfirfirallurir:iuruufruufrovir"lririrfuruufiufiraraonruu4.: unrflo.:fi'unmfionrtouniarfluoil6'



1.



Pb(C2H5)4, CzHqCtz



2.



3.



Hg2Cl2,CzHqClz



+. drfiuoonlru, rirfurailtvtu



a



ra'luflo'ln



rfl



uvroh



n.



Tr.lafiu



t.



{o



u.ro fu



Jltudq'r4 fl



o



r, ufll



Fl. fl1.11\1?'t



z. itat.



n.



t.



tFr t8r



I



PbClz, CzHtBrz



eerm fr



q.



3. flo n. uav r.



lllll



u



n uuurfl



n fl o.i



rnfl



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nuilo



a r:Jo ?uu1r n eL



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{ta n., fl. rLav



Fl



uuu



2 uru lffrflurouoLuofllu:Jfrffierflo6Hottttd'uu:rune



u*riu



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4.



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^rJLnT[n0]flunuv!n'16nn



t. Inraraffxriorfis:rrYurflum.ruu z. fir{uovniluTrunna



oo il 3. rflunvrflu- C-N-luhran^



4. fiunvrflu



ll



- C- o-



luTrtana



253



El



amlu'trotprfilriarllran'l{tfl urouo moflunratnr3artrsh



ClzC=CClz 3. CHgCHzCHzCHzNHz 1.



ll



IIll



, o !.,



a



.!ac



tnvt Ltrm?fl ilr'ronLiloivrr.J



ilououJoi- Luto



trof



2.



HOOC(CHz)4COOH



4.



CH3Si(OH)3



,



n tX



- ' [n?{6ir{o{ao tilu



COOHHHCOOHH ttttt



c_c_c_c_c ttttt HHHHH



1. CH,CHCOOH



2.



CHoCHzCOOH



3.



4.



CH2=Q116661



CH2=611,



[aY CHzCHCOOH



E s{il15oanyflolr.rnt6'r(rui:.l,io6ruoterr{ulo.: ra.iuff6un{finfrilBurmr



48oo dm3 ro.:rofidud



srp rfiovrohrofrdu a xg (riruuor t



mol



24 dm3 STP)



2. 55.7 4. 83.3



1. 35.7



3.



EI



71.4



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' Y '4 o Ftl1tJ FrO LllU



-id qy]Ja]JUFlttfl.: t:J?lyl{?onfou a. ila16nnvlilFl.l'ttJlru't[tuu6{



b.



Ft.t LlrflFt



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.i



a



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l.



fifiu,rla rflurfru'lflsrnr:l6an1fr r{curfrutfld'uilyen fl?u1r1flnf rflurfru'ltjqrnhlfi firrflurfrulflalnilcnLna 4Inari'rfiu



nr. nofi ruo



f.irfl e nluaou



o, o



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urfrulfl



d'{



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{o1ornnfro.:



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3. rio n. uay



El



n.



2. {o



l.



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+. {o n. , fl. [[ay



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nu6,uunu{o'loarrranin?fliltfiqrnnrtruEinlflflrefrrunr? schweitzer rnyud":dnruunlflflrfldlunrnrf'afihin



imofiror,iarafinrlntfror 3. maQlad f



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@*aw



2. lunou



4.



r?r.tou



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. fl l'flr1fl fi nerudnr,ttjudn,llfl 1{flnlnt1



2. g'r.11\1fl filnr{6i1{ urtnFi1{s1nfl 't{fi'rtn't 3. u'r.ryr 1 11 rfl ufl 1 { fr.: rFl m yf d eus r I ri'n n r rfl ufl 1.t r,r}J 4. tJouorlJoffi4maTnxair.:rflil CH2=Q11-C:CHz



"r 1



A



I



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1.



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3.



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CHs I



2.



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(-CHz-CH:C-CHz-)



n



4. (-CH2-CH:CH-CHz-CHr-?H-)" CN



CI



Ivu @l nrvrrunrriannturtdu



1.



6ooytr



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nrrirsfi'uurn.:rirraiunlrilnn f,nilnanr(1tfi B



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rfiorjrrjrzu.:fi'ny{an:r1 5 cmr rfiu6rravnrflnrrrlun?nu{r{u o mot/t o



ja



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1unlrrr.sirneryd-urFir aoo lu;rd{qrntx.:ru z uvir t6'r.rarird



tewu



BOD (mg/dm3)



A



bb/



B



77



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t. qrunrvrdn,jrdrfrlqrnTasru B g. rFilrru"fi'a rv,l nnynreod:lr nn.ir I



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2.



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s. ilofratn?u



4.



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Lv,Ed,



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a



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l'TOtOZ,NlU



l?OtUlAaOn



lqvrdra?rileva':rnrrni



nenluriu (Fatty Acids) 1)ax1iluil'la :6o arnlrynounen6uvrSd(R-cooH)



6.: n rflur,tqjruonEns{ruflrr 1:Jr;rurru crz - cra)



c'iu R r1novnorrflur{unvrduc 14mrTurnqa c"Hz"-rcooH)



nrnrhfu6roir



o



o



Ex



tl



R-C_OH



OH



c 1u



nrnt:rfutri6lrir



R



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o



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tl



OH



z)



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I



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urnvfrrErr,,lonfirrn fiunnx'jr1il6rd'rrrn 6ofin'rrrvri.:



ttuu.:



Isliuuasdlriu (Triacylglycerol rEo Triglyceride) fislfrorsrnarad'.ifiu6o neols:iuuavnhttoeaa (rroanoaodfifiraq] 6o ara:leynoltdut5tiileyunvrradrrof"i^Yra\vd,--la ar



1



)



ilomer1rnf Inn



tfl



-oH



a



r.rqj)



U



ru/u1lJu



o il



cH2 I



-



oH



CH-OH I



cH2



-



n6i['tr'i?



Rr-C-OH



oH a]6l



CHz-OOC-Rr



o il



+



R2-C-OH



+



H



I



cH-ooc-R2



o



cHz-ooc-R:



il



R:-C-OH 1r! t't



i:lt;(u



+



3HzO



I



'ln



rr



6i lro'"iri,i .'i'r'r"i!*,r1"r'riu



OH lr"'.nn ntn'l'r;'iu li i!-1s rr nbi rtorea



,3



257



z)



aqrJar*irnrp . u



t.



e



t



4



,



-; -v 'i, - r]nnrlud'n{ uiu :leynoLrirflneorhriudrfr'errnn,j'rn?n'[fl:juLri6udr



llfiu rilurorutr



fnlru'lufit



z. rirfiurflulo.:u,lnr ilrynou6'ranrorhrlulriGrd'rrrnn,irnrntlfiudrd'e h



u



q



v



uo



tt{r



,



tlra:; ,'[terv{



rdu ritiurhua6o.:



\



-u, 3. lltJurlnJu1]JU Lilnya1fl u1



4. [1r]u3



4



i



,



[n0



Fr



a



.;



i



( ruo lvlt]uvl C [T1 nu) n21u1NU



Fu{.{



5. n1?ruslufruflo.i 1fl:iwil1liu rfiorqrnnaorlqriufifir,[unv c = c rir:JflfitsrrlaTnrtnfiarirriruSooonfrroturir oz 6.



vtvldA'h



nruudnnrehfiufrtnceqyruilufrun"irhrTud'n{urmytri6rri'crrnn'jr urln?rludctrfufitr'inrfiu6flo.:riu d



6



oaq



4



n1?tl,tlJulru e.ivt1 tv z.



lJu6Fte



Lfl



6



4



tulJuuurJl nn11



:Jffiarrnrrfinnhurufrufiu grJuuurJffiar tsfura6arjrfu +



I6



:J0msl tatortads{



iva'6-.dhe4



hfuraSorjrriu a



il0n€slaand[0r1u



B.



rir =



o, =



mefla.:fiu



napr6uvr?d I



+



lroaatao +



a



o



t



4u,



g. m-raeirr : tsfurf, nr,lfl.:fi CHz



-



I



CH I



0



v



hra



0ruur]ilm1



...



+ naaduvrSti Lr]]l6'lsnuLuuulrutxu



rfiuryiirofiu inrfruf,c



t



y,l



.4



t



-du



lnr r.:



C=



C il1nn,j1)



air.r d'.:d



OOC OOC



-



CHz



-



Sotn



Llr8]u{uPtu 1 Lr.Jasvilon6 t:tflJu tFrnni}]



OOC q



lna



nalnr r{



r(uryri



t



dir.:



qy



l1iu.irtrfiufi fiuoyri 2



oir



uuullull



ra na n



oirur,rrir v,londluafiulA'1 lurana



u -Z .'. hriufr t Turnnn



v,lonfiTurfiu1fr 2



u -& 1 tlJa y,,lon6[u?]JlJIo .'. LfltJuu =



(Soap)



hrann 2



L:Jn



=



2x(80x2)



=



320



nir



o



n-8-o



1)



nl1iluil1tr , 6o tn6orornaortlfu



z1



aqfif.rdrufifirTc (-o'rrra-) Lt^vtilfilTe (n-) d'.:riu6ravnrfltfr1i'.:1u11:iuuayr.lr 6t'lfrrfluarrryfrr.:



a1



a:.jfi6nnrfi



ayaluul



258



4



lJU1,{30U1 l.JU [?v]



mtn6xsdauGurotmoltfutri6rn-fluhr.r"ura6orirr.r-u : SrnrerydTnfln'l??,,lons1.id ar, r,i6u tz fr'rttfu uo a



{



v



Lfl



n'l.l [7 [rU'r,l-'n



(frr{uoy uSour{utiln'Lnylonqrrd'Ldt1nn"j't Lr6Ft.i"jlfrnrulil6loirsJ'tnn,j1



ali



LnL



n6r{o?oa



c'lu



R



lTolur



t4nari'ch.l



ru".) rfrasrnnrelalnretn"flttl-u6'euru6



ly (12-15ovaol) rilarvsv?ir'l#aynrfl;r6n.jr



*nyfr'rfi c tu



R



NaoH



rrnrfiul:Jn;drhiaftil



I +)rJffiarmrrfinari o I



CHz-OOC-Rr



CHz



A



I



CH-OOC-Rz +



3NaOH



I



s)



+



tl



Rz-C-



n



+



O-Na



+



n



I



cH2



isfr:iurfu



O-Na



o



I



CH-OH



-



CHz-OOC-Re



-



Rr-C-



OH



fi



-



oH



il



Rs-C-



O-Na



t'tr 0 ?.-il 6l



malda{ oeosdou axlr mv oirlrh



.



uahrnr : rirnxdrrqvvirhX'a{{rd'rrfluovnou (tnn6!; rflornrnlurirn?yfr1lfi ca2* , lfrffirrnrrnnnynou 2R-COONa +



Mg2t



nualfloqi syrfiFl



6'.:d



-+



Ca2*



lR



+



COOlzCa



-



2Na*



irl n:,arril'r ri n iiir: ".inri ai;"



il



fr



ni



gr



m



rr u di



a a r ma



r?fl r n fi'u r f; a EHnl uta



ft



ra



t. :JffiaTvreruiroarrnodiflrnfu uilrflfir :JfrfiBrrfiuqjuoaEatutrurnqauonnoood -iI:.rranauodrvroid'efrhorrir o 6rrfluhriu 6 x o d ' oflr rnn a'luri 'drTfl n,irlLIad rq n )



2. grJ



uuuta.:rJffi armarudraa



(R 61aa1e) ad'ufrriu rirl#lfruonnoflodrnyroaryroflrrnqaluri lroarvr q



rnfu



rma56fl



o



o il



tl



R'-oH + R-C-O-R" +



R"-OH + R-C-O-R'



alcohol ester o n-roeirt : rirraunr:Jflfi?En



alcohol



da



4



(R 6rfl#u) uayuriuoaA^"[u



d



unyilfl nrfl 1u[n nfl ulvl



r.r.r



ester (biodiesel)



transesterification,'l#frrurirr frrrfufruroarvrofduirdtlfrffiarfirca



70% sy



hil



Ln



tu



6



d



Lo



F]



rxn



4



t frlanir



u



n n?]J



o tl



CH2



il



I



CH



CHz



-O -C -(CH2)12CH3 o



-O -C



-(CHz)rzCHa



+



3CHa-OH



H*



cH



-OH



-oH +



o il



3



CH3-O-C -(CHz)rz-CHg



o il



-O -C Soln



-oH



-(CHz)rzCHg



+ 240 + 241 (fiLLo.t)



1r'rl.Jrnhranatflliu



241



u1:raaTil rnQnl:rTod rta



242 (riurol)



722



259



h



.'.



hntrfu6rlfru = 4",,



LL Lo ^ Fr L{ar La



Iila



(3 Lvr1lro.:



looo



L}.rn



tI}]u)



-



1.385



hn



1.385 x



J



=



4.155 Tila



=



=



4.155 x 242



1005.50 nft.r



rurilqvrtiron'jr:Jfr ffi ur rfi nr urni zoz ah6d



.'. rnn[u[oor{n



1005.50 x



0.7 =



703.85 nf:..l



flof,nilan (Detergent) quY ,i d4 I d rd, t '1)nxlrJr,rrJlEr : no Lnaoflo.:nrot'nTvlfin fiarffiqirrvdrrfrliln:lrnrdurdurrira{u11fi{o66onvnrul6'f'rlurjrdou rra;u1 nrvrll.i s.t L{.t'tuvr1 Fl,lltJ 6Yo't Fr Ln n n11



z)N.rt-nv'lanfi 2 uuu 6o



SO:'Na N{Ot'l -Na*



'l,l;.r !r"t) f'l ti



. . 3)



Lfl



d



a



4



vcr



LFrUlJttoaFrntllu{U{nLv,ltUFl



u;tIel tli !'utl



n



c t2 - iBo:;nou rfio1#avarfldrt6'6 frrfi c urnn'irdqvt*i^rn',ol1r , dd - i ^ ra{uoaFnfrrrrio frrrfluarflfl1xldrle.: 16uvritiordoa6a1flld' , frrrflluTcifr{ lfiuvr3flnrtjoran'rfl1il16' r,r:Juonha nxrfi



nrnirrJfrffir1?;u"j'r.ruonnoaod (c. - cre) rYunrprfrafih3n CtzF'zs



.



-



OH + H2SO4



-



OSOe-Na*



lel



C,rHrr-@-So,-Na.



oao



rJ



amvloarvinr'lur.:"i'nvlanrxnrrre?ryrfirtmruofitrr*l rirl#fitrirrFulrtr5e ufiuhi r(.rr.rahl6.roonfircuayarfl1:ru',



'lfirrn



.



CtzHzs



-



(Uu1 ar.:dn?{o nmo6l{ [r?



.



NaoH)



CpHzs-@sorH



Hzsor



,iv



:J



CrzHzsOSOsH



nrrdrrJfl ffi urryy.jr.:ru6 nd'ru"dro{areiilnardesJriunrnd'afile?n



crzHzs€ +



uav:.lnnrqufitlr rirtri oo apra.: , 1TaflQ1.:nlr^rl^rr.ol1r , virhhjrrurrdu uav4ryuderi'aflflnry{



n.:fnvlanfiviluon6arflutdfi.: qhuvr?dlur.lrlriaumntioflanr€i1ff rirhi'rrd'nylonnndr.:lurlr oL



4)



6



nruilxurnta.:rnarsdar.:frnv'lon



.



3)



d4



' Lltol'l



LntPrfltlttOAnn'in Lv'ltiln



Ln Fru? Lr



Frsyno lvirfi nd'unrrs1fr



mtnmedou:J?rrruv{oarv,lnlurir : virtdTnunrrrFN6reayarflrroill:ruflfllrllldLLFrn hu LFr



d



nvnoud tuao{ fl o.i



3NHa*



260



4



+



rfisritirrrl{



(N H4)3PO



12MoOa2-



+



a'



1



2MoOz



POa3-



[(NH4)2Mooa] at'lur.lrsy



nllJArnl?



+ 24H* --+



(NH4)3PO4.'l2MoOe



+



12HzO



i3



q



ntoacfr[il (Amino acid) 4



a



arla



,



^. yilIu



rro nrrrdurSrlfr ilu1o



(-N Hr) nir



rr ln ry



n



nr



rfic1:l R-CH



(N H2)



-CooH



U Yli



Lt'fi ir'].1f, X1l..l



I



lLnllirll.l



-



1t:..lfi:r.J



NHz



,A



t ) aqrJrfiora'r



. . .



A



UllO"l?!-flrl{n



Lx1



,



Gorntorosfilu



{fio durir n (r,lqjuon6n) fir{mrrio



nenovfiTur- 20



de



a



o



d



tr



.



', ' 't:lafru" neoovfrTuriofluriluarflflrcd'rflvlunvrilillvrrili'r.rdni'rudri]u fr.lrfluvio6mof i. ^. (?1{n1ufirf nrnovtLuilqlriluFrot'r{n1fl ir0.:LtLn) }.r 10 nx LFItLn LoL{a1{u. nlTu. La{u. vlrlouu.



r].rLvr[o



d d d 4 ra rc r dd dd 6 c u A tu b t e v r. ^ ^d (fl6FlFlu, 01?suu Luran6?'r.rLNLFl[rnLuE] Lvry?{?1{Lo) uu, tv'{unoynluu, yr?iltFlry,{u,.l1au, a4nFru,01?quu (rfluarafirTr) nroroyfrIurfluror*fir 1n trififi ^r^',ull. qorrdoomolarrdra.r



. . nroroyfrIufi avnrflxirqvrfi nvlunvlalnrrrqu . nrprorfrlurfluarailavno:.ruorTv,lrvroSn 1rflufi'rnrrr*a;rra; . "!-, vnlrulvrrLun?o



z)



t



so - 300"c



Torafir,lq]avfiluvirr.rfirfirflurra uav r,rrinrfuonfra



nerrrfl umn rudto.:mno;fitu



. n,rrilrfluneorr6rasnanovfrlufiufi'rr,rqj R 1u{fiuuanrnrrtrunnrit.:tro.rneoovfrTu) . firluraH R fi uql nT fuo nfr 6 n (-cooH) v qvvir'lfi rno vfr Turiufi arffi rflunrn . n1 Lul,lrl R ,rlrilovrJ Lu (-NH2) il1rn1v cvvir"[finaFrovfrIuriufiarffirilurun . firlurrti n kifiiq]nnfuonfr6n uravlrifiraqjo;fiTu:.r1rnry q;virhinrnrorfrIuriufialffirilunars l.J



,4



n



1 Ln1 oq,



ac



r



'-d



tUtdu (Protein) 't)nl1iluillrl:6o



are6uvridfi:layno:ifreflsrq



C,H,o,



t,t



rflur,ldn rfrnqrnneorovfrTuoiofi'urflualsgrcoilurutrn



narurfluflohurof z)



auffitorT:le6u



. Tilrfiurflurorufi.: ! . i 1rca t1' n U Ll.J



s1



O



L9J



3.t



N



A



(rrrtflnrrflurlo.:ruar) drurrntilnvnrErdrlilmvrflullohmof (Macro molecule) 6 h ..;



Lv :J



U



11,{



}J



(



X



n AU



:Jfr?Fartatoala?ato.:l:lo6u



r



lilartU + HzO



A



6rr"+



+):Jffiarrn*fioftl16u



:



tU:J^ O U tuo tl



1.1



)



(me.rrirrrYr nrelfi nT:lrEu)



n?FtorU[U



TLlrfiurfiosrnnroroyfrtuunra'lTrlaqarr16ourioriufreefiunvunrllvrri-



. n-uostt:llmri



yiurynriltvrd



oo



ll



R1-CH-C-OH + NH2-CH-C-OH



ll



+



Rr-C



ll I



NHz



Rz



syd{rnn,j'r rdonrnroyfiTurr{uriu6'rflfiusyrvr:llvrriudc



.



I



I



NHz



Tu



o



o



il



rnqn6urlohJl6'



rfr n rfl



unruh uaqnrrr



nio



ei.:rudor,lqj



Rz



-cooH tr6; -NHz lfiauran{rfi':r



tf,orhJ rsotLl rsan'jtroh un:ltnri



Jr,



?rJ[ruuil0ms1flxlil (nenoyfilu)



n



+



trlrdu +



H+



(n-1)Hzo



o fieoeirs : olrJ : slnrilTilrnnad{ndl'r finrarovfrlufiTiltana Ltavififiurvtilillrri



nau



:



!a6



lJn?otovN[u4 t:][ann 4v au M lJl\Uf VlYtll LY]O 3 yluf v



rfluareilevnou Tetrapeptide



:



OH



5) meunaouTrlefiu (Biuret Test) : alilltnyrornouTrlefiutfrUntf,o Lray61tfifiyl'uoyrvr:ltvrri6'turj Z {uovfiut:l o



.



iErnruoraau : rirTllrfiu



r,lSo



oreontrri'(cusoa / NaoH



:



arafififiuovrvrr.ltvrri'r{rri.lSnau',,ir^',anvarsFro:lrilof



Biuret Solo



(rt) 6'nrv,ln"lultrdflilta



)



Harnrilo6tou : svrfroa{raara1udilx.:o:J,Irr1 u6o llrriurorarllrvnoLLfi.:frounrorlr:.lof (tl) tooou (1ri.l'ruflu fr'o.r.l'r1nar



a



5rr lrioo naou)



6) rneu:lasanT rnqa.:Trla6u



.



5r1ruqflo{rneu:laranrn : fi s arua4r,rd'n1 tduri 1.



nre



r:.riou : uiunrrilq.:orrare rirhi'oi'ruuilrrirrllua'rarrodrvriltvrr{'reiud'e 6rrfiornra denature



2. nrnrud :



ldunrafluvureawurdodn{ rirhler:nrurirurari.:urioyfitu uayurinrrfuonfi {U



a



3. *oanoaad: triunrtrtuoanoaodloettoanoaodqvl:..]euneufiurytalorarsututluannflofrrvrrltrr{ +.



lnuvufin : njunrat6'fuarefiurflr{drrnrfl Torfllauyufine;{ufr'rfi'rraqj carboxytate ufr.,rnrrnuu



5. n1eqrfl5{fi : niunreqrfli.rfiuuo'rurr Tafli.ifisvd.rzunnionrruiln.:arrr{ro{6rflilohurillvrri'



!



i-:i--,



262



I .



Hnno{rntuilarantt : arfGrrrrnfilo.:l:lefiuqvfl.:n.:aei rflorsrnfl.:fio.irrflul:leduulfiourhr uri ar:iGmr.r frcnrntolIilefruqvril6flu1:J rdu nraviruflrfrmr.:firntrrorhlefiu , nQ1il6'rr.r1rnlunra4oud.l , FlQlrJ6lNl?n dord'it,.).to,o



lunraayarg , nrrnnmynou rfluflu



tfi n unrurirdrostrle6u



z)



o uilrnrrtnesa#-rr s fi6 \uu^



u



6



v



d.6



t.hle6uflraunail :nvnrflilrkifi nr"luroultf , aofluu6ugfiu, Etrlnnflu,lnnqhu'lunn1dill



vrhrarirfi



Auva4,oc



tng110{nun?vulunlrtilvnuonl3tFt1.i't [u[tna tul



z.trltfiurduls : avalad1tfrfiafln'irfiounnr vulu6nrafiulurdu o a



o



v



o



&



s l-



o



)



v



d



d



, F]oan1rqu"lurflordo , mmfiulu,lil , t]l 4



IoBulundr:.rrilo rirrarirfruilulnr{fii1.i rf,o{srnlnrriluirue.:unyErrudud.: gJ



o ' o uilrnrt.turirfiqasl:lefiu Or4



t . I:l aEu rdsr.lfrd, n-iu



r



E



(



nzy m e



) : d'u,lrir fi rd.rrlfr ffi t rlu rt a n? t fi fi6 n



"Ifi



1:ledutnerairr : drrarirfr nnru rfi { ua.: n{ar.ldr{ro.: dr{ nrfl efi urud { : rit,lrir fi r ud': a r ehl fl.: d cu ri r.: fl a { d1{ n 1 fl I a. t:leduavar, rirurirdayar udsrn"ludr{nrfl z.



g. Iil



c r d q



- urrrruro{nu 5. o.



:



"



, Au



;



a ,



hlafiuaoflru : virufirfinrilne1il6[']n''ryro{aofl}Ju uiu 6ughu neuniln1l,J1,.ra1ryn1flu1arn?Fr



miltffil (Enzyme) 6a arr:laynounrnl:lafiu



i- J " '[6rrr:]frffiflrfrufroTu'ludr.:nrfl Inflraulqfruninvtfiorsvu.rrJfrffimfi'uararaillvLs'rvs.i



,Y,Mdid!



ryrluu rxu rouL,trNoyLNrafilfrdoflrrfl{lfinnrflrfluilrnrn kdlnrvra'li'daflhriu'lfinarfl rfl unanrttfuunvnd noroa 1)



, routtfrvrrj6ulfrriofllilafiuhinnrflrflunrnovfilu ,



rou



tt



6(lrunra.:lou[{il o yir.rruroyrryrsrvq.r 6oqvl{rr.::Jfr ffiur ravrr;ararvirfiu qvaA o suaA , x uua) " . yl't.tlutnFlvtnlxrslrin vneo , L'r.ir..l?vmryn.:lutFtFrmnl,rvrun rflufr'u rduroultfirl:levunrrir.:rutd'6finre



. .



2)



4



" rruflrfr:lo.lriu unvriti'orfr.:ruilan:laor'lud1{nrerdu uourruon



.



o o , a



X



u , -,



u td



\



r



,



a



' Loul{:iL1.:xfrndorrlir'[firfinrJfrffiarr5rfiu u1.:nfindQfl?i1hirfiorrJfrffiortfr tf,rhifrrouttrinvlrirfinrrJflffiar) 4 a Y A u, , c v - 3 tJd.tut?uLuunn3fl1 LtFlL]J[1r1vl1Llflnrfl'r lTr?'rvsvuulilorc{?sfiuilflnrfllqvLaloutTNnnuillruuouLr]}J



merir.:ruto{ [aul{}i Enzyme teU iT!-



+



Substrate 6'tf



r.1.t



---)



Enzyme-Substrate Complex drra'"e;lor ri.ricu



Ftii



12 ) lfl



s) {lqq-a d fi H a ria



rnrir.:r



u ro



i+



---+



Enzyme rrut.rri



+



Product tfirlfli-,l't':



i,'IilLrn: n,11.:':.,li



ult ri



qruilAfi : rouhrir(nu'lraqjrixrul6'6fiqeuu4fidr.:nru (az'c) frrqruu4fr4rrfrurauttfs;uila.idnriluncrfifltil 2. a?lilrilumar:.rr{ : roulxflurirnrflyir.irul6'6finre vrrnrfinrioa , routtillun?rnllvo'rlr1erir.:rut6'6finre v nro, routtd'lun'rtfrrir':rut6'6dn',rr,rn 3. n21 il rfrildufl o.r616ot: riu : frrfi Ir n roult:in ; rar:Jfr ffi fl rlfr! rn t t ee 4. axlll[tiltuto{tloul{il : n1ilil']n il0nta1sv.nnrd.:ldrirn 1.



263



t



f{



i{



ii



,i I rj



ntfTulatnen (Carbohydrate) d.



!,



6oarr:layno:.tfrrTr.rranafi:.laynol6'rlrrqC,HLrnyoTprBfi'd'nerdruH:o = 2:116110 *avFlfrC3doC3H6o3 luhrnqnnnflutu,^rrllrrnuu6'rrr,lq]r{.:rid'unrrfuonmadtar{ (-cHo) , lanreonfra (-oH; ua;u:jf,':rifr'unrfiof,n (-co) d'roejrwornrflrtarnenmiu nqlnra , v,lqnlna , uflt , trnqTna rar 1



)



ilevrnurornrffutaraan



.



.



nrfiutarorendfiraurru : rfluTrraqnru'rn16n tfrurjvrrn Trluurnnrrlari'uav trrutnnrrtari' t. TruIuutnnrlrri - r.lrnrnhraqaGur 4oraTrraqa coHrzoo tdud n4Tnra , r'linlvra , nruanTma 2.loutnnrlro - drnrat:rrnqn{ 4naTruaqd cnHzzo' 16'ud gTnraa , roaTra , uanTva g. s{iluGirasdlnraTrrar"rardarua;gi - ufluzudnro.rufi{ nvnrfl;rt6'6 , fiaar,rmu ritJflffirrri'ua1?ava1e rr ru6noirfi onvnuufi u^.,6gru., 1.unr{ugTnrralrjrirr.Jfr ffirr)



"rrJ



nrfiutaroanvrllrifirau'r.u:rfluTrraqnturn'lr.rr!il::lnvrvrahwof drfiFrqlnNouotuof6o'TrTuurnnrrterf'



t. oi'rodrrnrffutarnrndlrifif,dlrxlu - ufl.r , tnnTnrnu, 2. e.



zI



4nrd1fllrvfloil -



alffi



- rflurorur{r triaynrflfir trifieaurrutrilfrn:..Jfrffiorri'rarenvalflluru6n0i-



J.I



:Jffi arfi rfinrdosfiu nrdluta



.



rraqTan



(CoHroos)n



raaa



arY46l



ilon5s1rnf,[na[o[[{nn1lfo [[auY{oarilot CoHrzOo



+



---)



CoHrzOo



,IarI)1:t:;ac.



tIt(r')Ir!lir.t.



(CoHrzOo)"



---)



:,rr,;iril)sir(..



CpHzzOl



(CoHroOs)n + r(n-1)HzOi 'L....



ili:,:y.\.r!)



. :liffierrnarra"rrI',r.u riu6renvarfl rLru6nri



.........-.--,-l



: nrfTrtalrrannrnTruTuurnnrteri'unvtournnrrtari' (enr{uttnea) udr:Jfrffirr



1cu2*/oH-1,01)



hrnqnrirmrafiuq]



tfimvnoufi unrs6grio.r cuzo rarinrfioia (-Co)



A



n1firof,n (-Co)



rua:lanranhri



+



,:;i:t::it.



..lran.ft riluu:rnri!of .I^ao



1-or;



o



o



tl



R-C-H



+



+ J,'l:itirJ3::"



:_



i



50HI



i:.rii:



do



ufl.:



tl



Dan-r



(-COH)



oi



Cuzo d'.:arnrr



tlggl + 3H2o



durrr{ur,,fl{ffru6rrnvarfltaTodu (6rlrnrnrir) n;rfia:Jflffiurtdarilaynou



A.{ d}J n 1?



+ l, -4*



@l:l*wmm,rflt&irfiu



A



Larl



ar:n var o rr ru6n



ovri nmvnoufi uor6gro.:



ii



. :lfrffierrntmofiorufls , ^ L{.1{OU6U',t t.tutfl }.r



fr'r dr



rua:lanaonltri 1-ott1



ara:lrvnollfi.:frou (orvnoufillrrtu)



iE*uurJqde



rl



.



ilSffisrrnturin



(Fermentation) : tflunrer:-JdfluirnrnTlraqardurl#narflrfJuroanoaodTorfllfrdarfluoTe



veast



CoHrzOs --:-----+



2CHs-CHz-OH i..rir1'r'..$ i iutirr:i



3)



fi



+



2COz



+



ra.r



Energy



:,1ii;



no6 utnnT lrdfr nrafe-n 1.



2.



ufl.: : rfrnsrnv'{ofirr Al1lrd



2



rfrornarfi'u doortrulaa 1o-30% ua; o;hTarnnfru 70-90%



l{ae1afl : tfinsrnuouorr.rofr.lrnrnlurnqnrdrrrloriurfluarflEJre rl.lutrififi{frcflfiuoy Betagtucose (drrnru donhitfr)



g.



lnalnrqu : tfluvrodutnnrtrriurufifr.: vrutfiludm{ (uflrnrlufir) a;aroqjmrrnfrrrrflouayfr'u lfiinurrvd':r nqTnrnlurdoo



ntqfrmeEn (Nucleic acid) 4



d



e



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-.+



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e r(nu 6o



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(



o



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o



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-+ ntofl't.i



H



OH 2)ileernuto.:mafien66n : uillrflu



o o 3)



OH



z r.lrymvr 6o



Deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) - ilr;noLfrrErl:Jmnanaorfirn66narflflrr



2 n'rriflFrli.turflurnfiflz



Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ilevnoufrrulilraqnnrnfrxn66narEir6flr



nmrunnril{.uo{



%



DNA



frr



nrun



tlgaetago



DNA



Inarair.:Trrnqa



d't8lFt lIULllULnnfl.)



61fl LOUe L{Er',n t:.J}Jn.:



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B1en,j1 (monomer il1nn,j1ffluuileEl)



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.



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L.;



:



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nu unvdm{



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,



266



)



d15/O1111t



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I



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H



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o



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4



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+



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oHa-o- c-ct?Hr3 267



terr"rdf url T?dun1tn^ d'raf,etruHna t ,",3



ol vtql?m1flona1ileto L:lu



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t. {o n. uny r.



2. {o r. uny n.



3. {o n. uny



a. rio n.,1.



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a



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Lil



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o no



t



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!,Aua.rnrart'l 1.



cuso+ lurlan.:1unr11nriol:.Jde;tdnsnoufifltrlodnmrl



CHsCHzOCHs



2. HOOCCH2CH(NH2)COOH 3. CH3CH(NH2)CONHCH2CONHCH2COOH 4. HOCCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH),



!l



a.e6unimfi



nrafl.:fi



analnr.:air{



rfl



oooo il il



u



il



t|



H2NCH(CH3)CNHCH2CNHCHCNHCH2COH I



(CHz)z O



lll



O=CNHCHCOH I



CHs



toX.-



n. firilrarrilurfi:.rrilarrnyarfl nrnqyrfi nnrrlaTorrtnfi a16'neoo;fiIu



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o o,



n. fiovir'Lfiri]utuaoirsdtrnvnlfl ilq1?ru110



1. {o n. un; 3. {o n. un;



268



NaoH ufrerfirorra;ars cuSon eylfinrrfiriQ{nrr}l



a _ .3." ne1il rnfl nL3{1?ufl 2 Ln n n Flo.t ,t



l. n.



2.



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uay n.



+. {o n. , fl. ttn;



n.



El



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CHz-COOH NHz I



osaluu



CHs-CH-COOH NHz



lniu



I



H2N_(CH2)4_CH -COOH NHz I



nnn1iln



HOOC_CH2_CHZ_CH_COOH NHz I



rr'l0noc6fiu



CoHs-CHz-CH -COOH



r1'rno6 rn:l1vr rifi a mrlnrr.:air.: rfl



u



oocHs Iilr



O ilr



oo lt



il



CNHCH2COH



HOCCH2CH2CHCNHCH_ CNHCHCH3



o



I



il



I



NHCCH2NHC_CH_NH _C -CHCHzCHzCHzNHz ll ilt O NHC-CHCH3 O CH2C6H5 I



ilt O



tnnnurNoq lufl on[vrll



1.



LyloNn LNlaqn



2.2 4.4



1



3.3



!



NHz



nrr6uvrids rfin fi4nrd'.:d t(1t



6nrlne.rafiluuurio NHzCHzCHzCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH CHsSCHzCH(NH2)COOH



B



NHzCHzCONHCH(CH3)CONHCH(COOH)CH2C6Hs v{c1t[u1fl



,"'X Lllu



o n?1:JFto



n. 6'l?A,



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t. 3. {o n. un; n. f



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n. unv



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fro n. , fl.



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a A



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4. o1?suuu rl.rtvrLouu LoLTal{u .da



Irurnqafr,rfluarflro.rilohur:llvrr{frrfrerqrnnrnoyfrIulnadu (H2NCH2CooH) sirueu 20 hrann ilQnINtannro.tiloa t9



rd



t



v



tu



rfl:lLrriurvrln!rvr1



1.



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(r.]xaoEFrolJra.i O =16, N=14, C=12,H=1)



2. 4.



1140



3.1177



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|



tylLrrtril o1?suuu



do



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2. Ln{Un1{U



1. ril Lvltouu [n{u n1{u a



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u



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2.



1158 1500



mt^Ulqnfio{rfi ncfiu routrri t . 1n.rf, rr rfl unrnlrynoloirnrnl:lrdu --) 2. syr?.l!fln?fll "LaamqiluQil 37"C n{ 100"C 3. syu6 n.:6NrJ6'lunmle.::Jfr fi?er rir4or rfi olooouroqlnuyurlrfl nroqj6'ot'r 4. r(ruilrnuflntdqrnnrrmn26n6reaynra'Lr.irfin



]



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+ arravnrslola6u



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