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Thai Pages 288 [283] Year 2018
Table of contents :
สารบัญ
1 เนื้อหา อะตอมและตารางธาตุ
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์อะตอมและตารางธาตุ
2 เนื้อหา พันธะเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์พันธะเคมี
3 เนื้อหา สมบัติของธาตุและสารประกอบ
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สมบัติของธาตุและสารประกอบ
4 เนื้อหา ปริมาณสารสัมพันธ์
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ปริมาณสารสัมพันธ์
5 เนื้อหา ของแข็งของเหลวก๊าซ
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ของแข็งของเหลวก๊าซ
6 เนื้อหา อัตราการเกิดปฏิกิริยาเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์อัตราการเกิดปฏิกิริยาเคมี
7 เนื้อหา สมดุลเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สมดุลเคมี
8 เนื้อหา กรดเบส
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์กรดเบส
9 เนื้อหา ปฏิกิริยาไฟฟ้าเคมี
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ปฏิกิริยาไฟฟ้าเคมี
10 เนื้อหา ธาตุและสารประกอบในอุตสาหกรรม
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์ธาตุและสารประกอบในอุตสาหกรรม
11 เนื้อหา สารประกอบคาร์บอน
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สารประกอบคาร์บอน
12 เนื้อหา เชื้อเพลิงซากตึกดําบรรพ์และผลิตภัณฑ์
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์เชื้อเพลิงซากตึกดําบรรพ์และผลิตภัณฑ์
13 เนื้อหา สารชีวโมเลกุล
- โจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์สารชีวโมเลกุล
เฉลยโจทย์เสริมประสบการณ์
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dr:Jfr ffi
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rrquuxri'ulIr
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2)
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mtldrru6r6nqeou
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6t6nneourTunrmoTauvovna16u (orerfJuorq16rrriur,r6onlr.rriufil6') Tnenrafiqytilrol{'.:ruriufr'o':rir616nnrou A t
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rnupl'
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: nrq{r{unvufl.:1 aurrnrfiorfiuoylrrrcrauailfrraalflLmr
fiu amrlryno:.rlnr
re
(r(uryrfiflc , r(uov{ , r[un;au)
d'.r
raupi6.rtrifi 6mr6rr:levnoufr uriuou
s),{1 AEN : rir{fiuflofl sufirtrirjro,i'urne (rfinflLfiunylnrrraurffinrqr6flrfi'u?irfiunyflu) 6) ncrruufiruorqasrYuos
:
fiunvTnrre
raupifinnmu{ruue.:rioBn,jrfiuovlnuvunvfiunvtooofrn rvrarvtrit6'rfirrqrn
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h
rnuoi
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,
a
)
RTP (Room Temperature and Pressure) tridr rtr.revu'ir.i nloruno*,r^rrt', rijo.:qrnnrrulfiauanruvtflunrrvirarfl -eorrdo
dnr*rurtardrmlesnou : areileynorTnrrirauoifitd'#r s anruyfi tv'{flrvrv.ranrvmos ufit urnvror
r,t
ile
lrilfrlirnrfl
fi'uoyTnr
o ,
er
fi rfi nfi 4 at a.: aroJ
ur
* rm uI n rr ra u oi : lH rn
11
: Fz = F-F
g)n-roeirrmatfioryt-uostntctouoi
n
fiunyrdsn (Singte Bond)
Oz = O: O r{utr{ (Double Bond) Nz = N=N fiutrau(TripleBond)
.
nnoonroror u6o nnaeuuilfr
neiro,ir:rlnInrlqflurerilrirl#d'erorfi6r6nnraouc.ruon4orrvirrTru:lnr o Lan
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m?ourrnf
1
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[n n
(uafiouriunr4uqj vtttn; lorflnrthl
r]rous'r nfi 1 qouil'r H
H
aa a a
aa
O:ICI:Oaa aa
aa
a
H x
ax
Xa
c
ax
a
x H a
x H x, N a H oil
H
{eg1r{u : 1. z.
H , He, Lisyfro{nrr'lfirrrauciErdnnrounerirfiflr
2 fr'r (uafiou He) r?fln'jr "Duet Rule"
ee lrirflunlilngoonrFrFr rnaryfiE16nmroue{uon4o z d'e 6.rfi6r6noreoufra:rroutfrrfifl.i + fi'e
3.
B rra, nt fi6rFnnaoufror.reoul6'rfiflr 6 fi'e rnarvfircrauciErfinnrouuni g
4.
PCls uav SFo
5.
n1
fi6r6nnrourfiu o d'r r3fln,jr "HyperValent Molecules"
q Tra nsition r{ruluqjtri
rfl
ul:J
nu
n
goon
rn m
tir
a
o,
{uafla{?IufivLnll[aun
*"
t**":
""d, *ju Hz
vfi n mlfr mu6
Clz 2.
16
nn
H-H
+
HiH
Cl
+
ICI; C
-Cl
d
u-uovq : 61rldfiurvfinra1{lru6r6nor?oudlllfi'u z
triu Oz
+
O:O
t{
roudr rl fi'u
qj
(
uo
rll
r rrt fri'uo
v
m
o
I
a v d'r )
(ror:lrrrtffi'uo;nornr6o.:6'r)
O::O
o
COz
3. rrt-uost{ttt
giu
:
o
r 4 fl r{ur
",
rfi
el{.r ru6
16
n n eoude
il riu a
{
(
ro
u r ut ffi'uo r
N=N
+
XN1;N:
C2H2+
H-C=C-H
+
H:Ci:C:H
.:a#rrTr.rr .
r
Nz
a 1
n
o
U
rt
o
r a r n r u d'r )
tetailst
{FrruruXo 6o 4nrtnrarair.:duaor{qirueu6u6nmeourruon4ortflugrJaorlor
2. dorulruldu 6o anilpralai.odudro,un.rEr6nnrrounieerfiuovlaflrtao{ U{ 3.
m
A
n-o aneuuud16a tl 6
BCls
aneTnesa#r.:ttuuso {t
analnetair.:uuuufru
cxaaax c 9X aVaX 9
S:C:S
t,.l t
CI
xx
xx
ri
*.8*
dartnr{6111{ltuuaxod xx
xx
xx
xx
rUr
I
*
i.c1i i.c1l
.8. cl/ t cl
,1T,
xx rUlrxx
PCls
t
Fr
xx
CSz
rfiurvirri'u
n'r?,J6rJr.J6lu6rlrrrLUsnrrnvrLr.rilLdu6o[[aFrrErdnmaourierrur{unvrflulfru[tavL[ao.r
16nnaoufi ira6oqrnnrarffrvirfiuovrfl us
gnalurar"ra
t
Ifl;'rl,crI ..+ ti+
CI
**^, ,z
*Ul* '++
r
-"il
+
r1T"
xx *Yl*xx
cl ct
I
B
,f('' CI
Ict--L--crI xx P. xx +/\r
I.cf.
.."1i
. dnrTnr{fi i1.tdtil rfl ulilnlxoontnet 'I- .
a
ir
.edA
6
nsu6to{ 6o orqfi6'o.:nr?tu}Jolnnmaouao]J?olupi 2 d'crufiou He 16'uri H ray
Ex: HCI , HzO, LiB(ionic),
Lj
Li2SOa(ionic)
-':"
-
iH lr 2e.t iLj u 2e,,
z.lrifi.:urln 6o ncnfilriaurrnrir'hfuie rosfi6rdnmroue.:uondorrrrlr:lolA'lfrruri ae , B , At , Ga Ex:BeClz, BFs, I
4e'
4
i
Be N
B
xJ
AlzOg
be
...............r
Al L iieI
r --s. rfiuuiln 6o nrnfiarrrrnfi6rdnneoux{uon4ornu a fr'01fr niu N, p,
Ex: PCls, i;tr
.
,d
rn?€i1uiofi
SFo
, XeFz, lFz,
;;:.,sly*,x"fi
;;9: !4,;;,1,c1fi
lr
H"O /-
1z"l
-')
'rl
rnl*rmuln rrraud
, a "i n.:uun1to1u{o61?iltvnoLrlo.iNnl?olunQ
,
[5lfl
o1uc1
n1l,{ileJ
1
mono
hTu
di
2
tri
tFl A
tnt
tetra
5
penta
t?TUF]
6
hexa
tan{v
7
hepta
railnv
8
octa
oonmv
nona
Tuuv
deca
0Ft:,
'10
:
2.
e
rntsluauoyFtoilTo.lf
[1iu No , Noz , Nzog , Nzo
, ) 't4rl"Jgd.:
, i.
[aT[u6i1ufro{druri]unrurnTn
cfifnfalu t . drud'e
rarrlofl frrfl riourdr6.:dru6om
3. fr'ror
4 ri'c
*rnfiofl rar
+. frrorm o #ofllar
t
t
(lil
rdfl
A'ruvi'rfl
urar) lil froldrufi'e unt
hi'dru,ir "llouuontxri"
a. firadr.:rnaciru
Coz dru,jr nrfirouloroanttri Nos dru.ir tuTnarqutnmontqri Nzo dru.jr htulorrrnuqplrugfltri' Paoro eiru.jr urnavvloay'lofal4Eioont{ri
Nzos dru,jr hlulntrquurumvoanttri
co
dru,ir
nrrfirourJouuont{Fi
BeClz
dru.ir rjr (lrirjru,jr alorersuilouuont{ d) dru.jr lr rra rdBil n aoteri- (ilciru,jr ru raa rfi fl illn n natrri)
CoHrzOo
ciru,jr rouo utnnriteoi (arrdrh
CHq
ejru.ir l'rvru
Hzo
or
2. ornrirudrnor'hirirun.:frrsfr.rfl "ioe - lad"
tnntY
4
4. a-lsnr{u
Xe rflufru
ClFs
t. uanmtciru : al?il?ynoilInrelaueildE]u4naarrileynoulffualguuu - L
o, ct,
1 or1
raqn)
(druu:r'r.r ailn nrfirou)
a
il
n"s
sr u r[u
os
I
a.: d r
fl I ag no uT n rr ta u Di ( B o n d
E n e rq v
)
uN1sfi.::r,rd{{1upr.r,r}.riou^irururioflfi4orfifr'orlfflunrrnnrflfiusvlntrtauoitolTrtnqalunnru;ffrt'hinnrfl rfluo r norlua nruv ff rt fi uriofl rfl u kJ/mol uia kcal/mol
or"rodrl
436kJ/mol , AHeono = 146kJ/mol
-+ 2H(g) oz(s) ---+ zo(g)
,
Hz(S)
uflunrrleuntlQondq.:ru
AHaono =
Y
Aa
4
rfluntvltunr:4rrnd'1.:ru q
v
n6.:.:rufrfrrlir1rurvi1r,{a'{.r1ur(uov*nitfiunrvLtunlra?.i{lrt6ovrdwru
riradr.r 2H(s) -+ Hzg) 2O(S)
---+
Oz(g)
,
AHro^aron =
-436kJ/mol
lflunrvurunrtntflv{d{.i1u
,
AHro,.ation =
-146kJ/mol
lflunrvlrunrrFrlflfld{{'lu
s1
o n,lr rsmyYuograsfi reilasnauTn \ uil1fl n-{
?yfl
.'
Lunl?6ir.:fiurv
[uuilu :
61f1.:n1Et...fia1gao
rr ta u oi (Bond Lenqths) Au
d
^ tnrdualar ' Jyr1.i?ru'jlrf,c {oynosJfi 6i'l{fiunvln tr tnuoffi'u B
E
1 ra .c rt 3
-
tfi =
A
,u-oo.ud o.t,ounu.
nelNere{u6Y (B)
rfi o
air.lr(urv
asacecil'jr{ovnar
(pm)
a.&q1nrifly{ rfiooynorro':o'rnoTailyrn6our{r:lr'indriurrnfiu nd.:.:ruantisvaoa.: oufirlnr a ild.:.:rud'nd I .i ) uq u a d flo.:aynoilsvFr'ryr6Ft ?yfly1r1.rfvlr1'r{u1rFtar.rfiflo.:fi1nfrsnflr?fln.ir "Ft.l1lJfl'rlfiu6v" urirfroovnorr{r'[nd flurrnn"irqrr g nd{srufrnrisyrfirfiuodrmrorr5e rflo{srnu?.:rudnryu.i1{frrun6easvrfi}rfiuodxee
.[udrirJfl
orr5r
a"{{1uil-u6c[[asn']1rJg12rr"u6r'luara:lrcnaulnrrtauoi
rurj.:ara:lavnouTorcrnuoioonlflu 3 najrn.trtnrrr{rvirfiunv tfruri fiunvrdrr , v(unvd rav fiuoyd1rl qvt6',j'r
Fl
I
61.:ilY{q1til',t
ruurtrir
Ftelr.rgllytuf v
l\UfivLOUe > v,{Uf vFr > 1\Ufv6't}.J
ila{{'ru1\u6v
iluavLFru,)
K> Ba > Ca> Na> Mg >Al > Mn >Zn > Cr> Fe > Co> Ni >Sn > Pb> Hz> Cu >Ag > Hg > Pt>Au
CuSOr + Fe
-r
FeSOa
.:
urcEnlnfi srrcfi trulillaqa 1)
ro{ueuroo6mad 1
+
Cu
Cu(NOg)z + 2Ag -) 2AgNOs + Cu =
L{U
. ur{aau
rfror16'
tyl?'ty Fe 1# e 16'fin,jr H 6.:r{ruvrufi1fr
tfrartrit6' Lyts'rY Ag
hi'e tfrrioBn'ir
Cu
ernilrcturrrrlr*nailtnlilailnJ
(rfi
u:-j.:rflu z ilrymvrtfruri
nou : urreyra.ir.:h
rnnafi
ufi
or
fi'ull
ua n
alilfi
r?e
&. TUnOUrn€tno[[f.toouoou t4a
I
4
n1fltl{nmtru
tunrntilrlna1lu nrr
lu6ar uur.roirno.:h rann:lnfi
h laqnudwosarr(vrr.:{ru)
fi
n{ur,lrion6rfi
ruayvirl#1fi
rolarrdadErrri'u
nnrouruurrlSrrruyn{{ruurnn,jrilnF
nantirTr6ud"rnerr d'{el
hranavrr.:{rsfio ruf,erdrlfillrannvrr.:rerfiofian',n:?c{urrutr.lfree
ravfinre
ruaflflcdru:ruflrfluvronr1 lil16or1nnoori'.rrfloare rfirrrfluurr.:aounoufiu 6'rgil
s&
.
-Ja :lqegvrtJilanour{aouFrou
- r.JraTuLana douan,,r't^uroroud.ttlrn aoL6oFrsFruao:JLuaefl o.161?d.:fi .l - flulo grJrr.: fiufre E.:luqiruaraouorouE{}.r1n qrr160FrqounoNniaeto.i6lt0.:4.t ,!.
2. uer ec u'irrn"x :
Lr
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th
ra q n fi rfi n rTrl:.r ra q n fi
rir oGuranrfl:lecnou uar 6r n
n
rvu,i
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"[uhraqaufl.r 6tqafirlornoru 16.:4 n{rr.rTr.rua q n
q
nafiuro.r lufi
riu)
fl
6.: fi60
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ra
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lnary Hc t rfl ul:.r ra nafi
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c
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urq evv'irrTru la
n
a rfl
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rTr
b
gilN9lO0lO U€{tsue1{fl 'l . ilqqvJa
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z)
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d
6
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.
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r,r5o
o u3o trt
aa
Luontil[annilu{ Llrrr?.irylr.ir.:hrnna:lryunvrflfinrrrru{.ir[r.ir.J']n[i]ufrrfi19 11\11yFi1 AEN 6.iInyllruflo.:[[r.: "L ryu.i1{flidu 6.: ufr s ux rfl ufr mts s n 16orrsnunoil ryaafl o.rarr:Jaymvrfi6.laln,ir:lnfi :rrn yl1
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ilililil115-
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o oio.: n r r
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d
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q
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>
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>
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r
CzHo>C:Ho>CsHa
tll u rl frerermilfrffinrFiatilfl \
n.\C(g) + 2O(g) ---+ COz(g) pr c(s) + oz(s) --+ coz(9)
ilfl
YA
n?fl 'rvl.ic{
e
Fnul\a.r.r1u
1. t>fl>Pl
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El ilgfi3fl1 c(s) + \s) sr nlr erujr
vr
2.
El
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G
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C:H+
3. Ft >.i>1>n
'lr-.-*'.
Iri I
I I
\-7
.i>n>Ft >fl
---+ cH+(o)
-
X kJ/mol .nrrvrd'rflu )e(s) + \(o) nrnndlmu y
c
q
vfi rir
2.Y-6X
r.qRfinreA'pr6es6r6nneourflu 1
!
+ Oz(g) ---+ Coz(g) \ ctol + 2o(g) ---+ coz(r)
fl fi
InSa
o1
kJ/mol
oTla
lt, 4.Y-3X
3.Y+3X
2
2
-r
r
C(s)
1>.1 >Ft >n
d.:rrur{unv c -
1.Y+6X
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o v h,v u t?fl {a1 Ft:t LFlFt.lfl 0 ^tFl 4
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ArnVf,- - V.('
!+.arerJrvnol1ooofrnEntuflE]rIiud,rfl[a{vrr.l1ylflr'V,,"lbt1llLV1>
El ,i.n.rrrr^ol1ruo61?ava.: onyo.. ua; Kzcrzoz a.rtillurjr ud.:e1nilflFrdrr^r^ln#o^uo^.:lur.lrrrdmldr tnO nYnOUA
ttFl.lllil Flvn0Ud
LLFI{UUFIOOv t?
fiareoSlurmrn a. Inuvrardfluturnrn
2.
1.
E
Barrosln1nramnr
+. InrratfiBrtnTnrrtrn jq
Y ;.j v , u 'oo -, - % ' yrr.irfirr.:r(ruaynrfl a6{neoruavfrrtdrufrlilavarfldrfldr6nnr': rfilrirnrlutovla:rrfiorufirfi.:riluror*fir
,
'
Auu^
u,
4
I
rrj{aranynrflfrkiriluao.:deu deuufl.:16ra'm AgN03 qvtfrnvnaufimo dnc{e uufl{rfiorjrtrl:vu.rflsuu#.rsvtfr arefirrr (n) e{rraiur(rufikiaynrflrlufifinix rfiorjrtrlmnrao.:nd'ufroetorjr:lrrnfldrfitodilxoonrrrirtor.lr ,
runynalsrilusorur{.rdr{r (B) 'lunrruyroriu uonqrnflflifinrndrre (c) fiu,r6oqrnnrandu firrfiolirhiurir
i^
Lrn0tur.itJ1vrFt60Lranuofl iluI1LnFtv,l0{n1{ Lr.Jorm}Jr{1rnva1fl HCI
otri:..leyno:rrorro.: rar"[u{olnr
uh]16'
A
B
C
CaCO:
lz
BaCO:
lz
BaCO:
2.
BaClz
3.
NaCl
4.
ufl
KMnOq
KCI
|-.-
'-, .-€HzQ(g).+ 2Nz(g) -r 4. qH4(s) + rz(s) ---+ CH.rr(g) + til(gi
2HCl(g)
I
I
qffi-r.fir+u A I 1. '1.6kJ
no{fio 1e fr'rfi cH,t(g)rfiodu+z.os svfiild'r.rrurldnuLriln{ryirtrr
2.
@1 ara{ln rlatldr;r1fiilr146fi
7.1kJ
3. 14.4kJ
4or
1. SiOz(s) ,
Ge(s)
2.
Si(s)
3. NaCl(s) ,
unelv,lo{
4.
Brz(l)
KNO3(r) NH4Ct(t)
Iarrr4,adaE
LtJorJ6il6r?n0 LLU 61tFl LFlilFlynournnflu
1. CaClz + 3. Zn
+
NH+NO:
HCI
,
\i
A-)
fg
ora
6{fiue.:flpru,rflErrriofln.jrrirlfi cua filoru6oorrirn.jr siHa "[uviruo.rrdsrrYu
nllusn : lf,laNasntnanJulumtnouffinlNfla
\
o
Hzo lprfl1fr'6u6nnaou{Tornrrhrr
o' ia3 !a. Au 'a"^ 61tvtl]v'{ufvLooounsvLllu6't?vl:Jfl1 d1?vt}tv'{uf v[FlLlLnuF]avrllu6't?vt LtJ]Jfl,)
4
El
o
o'lu
airrfiuo;riuovmorro.r
i \-a ^ tr( il?vtiFl31ud1$]Lvaflil
i
HF qyfi !a-
\,
(lt)
o q;1fr H3o* figiluaufluoeir.:1a
El'flu ^r.uriotilfl{olorqnfror 9-' cHo fi:.rraTrlnqariofln.jr
.
ri'rl:lenou
! 6'u]LilnailrLuu?lu
1.
3.
-.-.-l+
2. BaClz + Na2CO3 4. NaaPOa + KCI
4.
4BkJ
El
^r^.uuuiltllflBilaaotrd'lur-lrqvrfro:]flffiflr
Nlll,ct(s) ---+ NHa*(aq) + cl(aq)
AH = 1SkJ/mot ri'rlfr NitoCt 0.1 mol ayartr'[uilr 5ocm3
. qruraqfi to.rr.1',^^^o ),4 z. nd'rrrufr r:-l6flurln.:fi
{onrrrlnfrn
t
Fir Ls
3. nrrrrfrr{uro.i61?nyn1fl
,i
k.J
= 2.0 mollL
, i^ 3 ,! 4. n1?rilnfl urriln.:yl rnpt1]urilunl?rilafl udnluy
@
mrerrriotrJfluaexarffiurr:lavnraro.rareilernouorq{urstfin
/
srqardrJornou
an5'td2u
lA + VllA
1:1
m'1
VIA
1:1
Ft'l
3.
IIA + VIA
1:3
d.r
4.
VIA + VIIA
2.
+
1-1
El mu'.lr*'.rtrraqarlohJfl 1.
H2O
4.
CzHq
-
{o
,a
a
r:]fr
,
n n oio.r
M.P.
{o4alu{oloqnfro.rfi4o
marirlv{flr
B.P
ultl.tounaNtunl tlJul u't
t1,lnc
t:.Ju1
m1
2. 5.
tllouaoil
CH4
3
N H3
CzHz
6
CzHo
6nt
riluhl mrl.r{oln
rrrt{uru#ufi 4 Fr, nx1:Julefiurrrv u.ir.:rrrfuouro.ililLaqn5 < 4
pir E" flounri':t
118
AH
frrrfrrruauri niu roH a.itr.l oH-turL6 svnn6vrfiuA'nflFinen d''rfl
oH- +
cHocooH + a)daagrJ
:
1.
rirrfirnenarlil
cH,coo-
*
nro
H- lunerrorqnavufruA'ca{rrn
2. fr r 16r ruaarl:l o H-'lurr 6q vn n6 v rfi ufr efl Finrrr
nr66ril?ru pH ydy
.
o
uotrrrararsrilll]laf 6
6
1) FrxlrJ6?1nA{U1rJ1 [g
2)
[Um6n1ueil
.
lunrerirurru fra.irnrodou u3a ruaeiau rmnoi'rfiosilrn
.
lnnoflo{n?noou
rir
. .
4r44
1r?o
rnnoflo{H.r6oou rrnnnQ 100%
pH soilrt'rratsa1su"v'lrv{of : Tsrdnrrulpir pH rotalrnvnrariv{rv'lof ,
aurrnvirururirmourixufirn{rr116'
d
-' '.A rlv{ryloifrrfrprsrnnanrriou riurndoro.:nrodou ilnir pu < z v
4
d
-' ' '.A riv'lrv{offrrfras1nLuadou flirndorolruadou l-rir pH > z
3)4nrnarirurru
tH.l = pH
Ka
lmoniaul trn6oI
tmodaul' -looKa-loo' trn6oI
pH
-logKa
: + lo9--lrn6ol
lmadaul
tOH-l =
Kb
lruadaul trn6ol
pOH =-logKb-log lruadoul trn6oI
pOH =-logKb+log trnial
lruadaul
fQnrifuorln .i .
:
i) k) NRt rJoir{uu'nt r uu n it
tt) t
a -,
fiodrnrorHCru fi.rfirir ra = 4.9 x HCl.I
54
ol
__9_
rq
'10-10
ririlrs.+g rfrurirndua.rl:lh1lfiGrrnr
[H'l .
g
o
0.2
5.4
rno I
21
o 2.
lHcNl
z
mol
q.qxrot", o
0.? x mol
o.l
oz
fK..n ,l
tt.0
2 frnr oflrnraru.irnrorfl*mnfle fi
-9
10
{-IllI mol /dm"
t
*
too
N
O.?x lO
dm}
-x
7
o
10-
1xtoo7
fQnrifuor)tt: tt)tn)tfiNRtnt pu un, poH id,
^ rratfirrrafi.:firj1 toHl = 0.003 mot/l rir poH rvirri:rrvirtr,rd
?oH. "
-lgtort'J
:
-logr -
logro3
- toX to.oorl
.
-0.5 *
3
-lq (cxro3l -[,., a * io3'd'l
r
.
ffiorjrareaynrfl pH = 5 .irucu to
"rnt:.nararrlrl#1fr
-q
2.5
roo cm3 pH firirrvir'lor
I H'l
lo"
pH
- lo3
Nt!t
Nrv,
pH
-lo3roL
N2(1oo)
pH
a
ptt
6( t)
pH
6
tros)( ro)
.
l'
-1
ro
N2
10
100
fQnrifiaritt : ,duuau^ar^r^1g Ntxcrl
fi
tailff?t
It.ct]
J. tcrl
\og to
tuil
HCI 1.6 mot/dm3 40 cm3
rYudrrnvnra NaoH 1 mol/dm3 60 cm3 q.:urnour{r{ujro.r [Cll
. (lx\.6x40)-(txlx6o) 100
N
tu*J
o.&
LCr-Jn.,
{
[cr-]n,,,
6.p4 + O.6 =
O-
64
o.o4
aa
;
fqn{fuaritt
tt)t
61?auarfln?otusria
pt
fi))fl ruRt
r{l{u
uot r,raooa
0.2 mot/dm3
^iru,ru
20 cmt
inir
rir{srnarrnvnrgnrntt0fifinfi.:r{l{u
pH
mol/dm3 oirurut0cm3oqjrvirlnr (K, lo.iHNoz=5x10-a,Kutto.lCH:CooH=1.8x'1
nlo uetfr
nre\usrie
[H') " fET I H']
rH+t = x 2x
5X
ir
-4
lOx to
"
a
'lo = - loqvJtr'l . -1oo ro3 .
g
"3-2.i
pH cirrrlt
:
x5[Xl0
. I,rol;F
-2 .r-log rH-l = -lT ro
fqnrifuarjtt
n
tcxto
1u
.".
0-5)
J-i;.t.'.
10
[H1] . {E [H'] ' 102
pH
o.oso
n)ti)lfin4ft) ph varffitn:ntctirrl tu]ai
araavaru{nrorrru1tdnfllTr6srrrultrom
10 cm3
fi pH rvir'ln frrnrrrru{r{uro.:nrorruuTtdnrflu 2 rvirro,:
hrdeilrLultromuflo:-E:rrnrrrvirffu (K, so{neorruuTq6n =
iifu tn'l
Ka [li,o]
abTl
ItMttl
-t 5*fi'* -47 1o
I H'l
I H.]
x 10'5)
' loqJ ko -
PH
loq
[nul
'Irl{;I - lo5 clrro5) - tog !
pH
2X
4
pH
I
5
pH
5 - loge
Ptl
5
PH
!-!
pH
7
-
\oo
2
- t lo3 (5'(?)l
I
hnrifuorllt,
tt)rn'))4)ruu.) pH
svrfi:rfiranvarfl NaoH J ar d L1\0 LlrfilrayalElu
N
!n*l
r{r{u o.t
mot/dm3
F
0.'1 mol/dm3
pH 3 1\oFl
= a[H*l \
(o
=
=
b[or-]
m:r
l)(25) - (o.t)(x) 25 +
io-3 (lstx)
nrtr.lrvjrlrrlualrayalfl HNo, r{uflu
d
o
ro eltstxl
u0tttrailfutuf
11tl-x) to 25-X
X
1o'(2r*xr' 0.?9+ 001x
't
25-X t5
=
0tx
(l-ot) X
. =
x' x=
-x
25 - O.25
94 15 24.75 1.Or
24.50
Ctrt
oiruru 25 cm'
hnrifuosw
intt ruxt pH vot n t aottru tutr
ntr
drdrenvare[oNlilrflfl (Ko = 1.8 x
10-5) nrrut{tfru 0.40 M.l'ruru 1OO cmt:.rrr,lsorfluodv,lvrrduall:.'1 sy (pH range = 8.0 - 9.6) rdoifilaraayarflnan'latnennoin (HCt) nerrr{runu 0.30 M .l'ruru 100 cm3
ilmngdtlq
d1rn vn r u rrfi rrfi tfrq
;fi
toH-l
rfl
urvjrlorluurir s
mot/d m3
K6. LNoOH'l + N{ruio t H Cl I 7
2. NaoH finrtrrffu{u rvilriL
HCI
a. ,*rrfu^lravarulure ngiln?xfl
pH
Cu2* > Pb2*
ataras F, *
. .
(nir r0 4r fir6rSnnroutddn'jr)
tottarav : Ag*
,
F-
Cu2* > Pbz' > znz* > Mg2*
rnefiu e- gosataras : Fz > clz >
Br2
>
12
lz
,
Mg'*
tJfr
rtr otarsrYuloaou
ffi umr
ua
utaff c
raanmt , toaourcn'luartavarflfr'0.11.r'nir
huun:
E0
rrnn.iruyislauy (iu e t6'6n,jr) 6rnvrfin:Jflffiflrfi'L*vi.:lnuyt6'
Ag* +
e- ---) Ag
Eo
=
+0.80
Cu2t +
2e ---)
Eo
=
+0.34
Cu
.J
,d
rlJil 1 lnoil0mfl1 qrnRir
ttvi.l Cu Flynoufl
qyniu,iT Rg iu6r6nneout6'dn.ir cu d'r
E0
uu Ag-
frJyr 2
qrnRir
Lu6'r ?a Ja'rfl s y6'r N't ?n rLEl.io rn n m?oua1 n
fi-.irnlrrt6'rir}irrvi.:
o.1
Ag(s)
rn r
Y
uu
Cu zundou uavfi
;oqjfi uyi.l Cu ua y61
nnrerfludflr rflo.:ernfitooauflo.l
?a
ffi
tillnn:l0ms1
syrfiu"ir Rg iu6rdnnreoulfrdn.ir cu
rtJ01:JLryr.:
rfr nr:Jfl
ra't rjs y
E0
J
r,a
urln1
k,a
d'.r
ia
Ag a.:1il[u6'r?aya'ruyrr.r Cu'' suLu ryr ?1
y c u2- lil a'umn udr6
16 n
mrou
ernryi.l ng t6'fiulo.:
cu2* aynrflod
nlfaadilnltEqand dri6 z i6 tdurn e
1
)
rnrqodsJrna6oanfi
ratooffi rod'u
oe
2) rnrqa6{sJrna6nandlore n6.:rJ$?6ar
nrr64dilfl re?oandln
sr
e
1)
ua-nmr : nrrqaarnre?nrond 6'o.:nirfilfi.:"irueu:Jrrqee uorarad'rpiu*ayarrru6nrYru"d nr
z)
ailoonaonE[ qtiu
n
unyoiruruoyFrol.rflo.:
uriny"rfror'1u6il n1?
uuvdr : {oaor pnrz ur.:fltrioonr?0.:nmqaailnraSoondrnfl rr':floon{or,6ec trirfiufi u^r6utn',rq^arnrr? a9
I
o
q9,
4
U r
, o
d4
' nonlL"trr1n1u1u rl.iuu n1[qolsvrflL1/fl1uLilnou u?o0'rLsvluil choice rLayfi1il1?nrtAF]'tFrolrs'rn choice
4Av LFt L1,
16nroirueuilavq unvoiru.luovFrorro.rarerir6'uInvil6m:iru.fqvirun.ir o q'l
rJffiar6oronf riarfi,iruru:lrupxilto.:dlrortsoiu rvirfi'u,irururlrtslf,xrqo.: ,Ja
s) FiraEirr rnrqaaru Ad
d
i
o
'
bv
v
nnru.n uasqlu'ruotssrorJfl o{r61ailn61orluiX.:aram".: oiu rior tt
'd, rviriraraHdnnu"r
rnr6oond' rd
^d !0n1r4ndiln1r?oon{ilua1fl1fil1n
!
t
qv
q
d
v
,
q
3
) 9 4 yrflnFreosl.r tlre[:Jurl\rj.rd,]ud'rnry ^^Y efiil.:lrilnno.:Fln:g'r turu01,r1LFr].r ltuyu1
6flurflourrfi:ltolrJfrffirrtrhlrrnrfi tz
fr'oTr.r16'fi htp://www.tutorpoint.neVcourseichem/chapterg.php
177
3.1)
qadilrnt Cu + t-
t1111
cu +
i,
l;)
Nos'
iri l
NO3-
+ H* ---)
CrJ2*
+
NOz
+
HzO
2
i,
.ja
&4
-; iruvr 1 : lr1f1mfl}JtaflOonfi^ tFt{U[yllJL[Ay
4)
+ H* -> cu2* + Noz +
Hzo
a
o
Fr.i1
lfi il ua;ao
rviT
li
an1
{c
1Cu + 2NO:- +_H* ---+ 1Cu2* + 2NOz +_H2O
\l
O
- r)
/\,1
- ?x3 -
au?i. runvnn
2:
d
Ld
^ rllurnfl dililr;6vr6r[1r:r
1Cu + 2NOg- +_H* --J 1Cu2* + 2NOz +
2H2O
iier^i,n z rtiol.r!
'1
Cu + pic
2 NOa-
r'lri + ri"iei#rn'r
.- odrdr
rfi
aa
+
+ 1
HzOz
+ FeClz ---+
i'21
2HzO
+
a
n16rtvr1fl
Y,A fluvr 4 : nafln H rilunefiovnfl
+2
tillnuooxlnn q
11696
lt
-)lFecl3 +
, 1 rfir t
trl"ln
,./
-NaOH
r'2'
t ryrr:irnt:nrtl'
z L:.t.. :i:-.. I
+ l HzOz + 2FeClz ---+
.ia
!,4
iill
,,
NaCl
.i
auil 3 : f1nflrlrnofl.l-u,ru.: tfrora60 H unv o'hi'na o dournerv H rflusrn6aevna
t
FeCl3
_NaCl + lHzOz + 2FeClz ---+ 2FeC\ +
2
I nu
x2 = 2 (erui'rueulilaornor.rfixfl)
'NzOz + !_FeClz
r:)
c
filr#lfru = 2(-1)+4(+1) = r{1?r.rAaii'ru?i = 1(+2) = +2
nrilnoutofl oilrvs?Qil
vv
Lfl
o Ln'r6r;rixriu
l, - ?l.2
i"iturri
3.2) EadNrne NaCl
?NaCl
ruriir
+ 4H* --) 1Cu2* + 2 NOz + rr i.i
t
4
g d
t
--i :
-
u1q1uQuLnloon{rnnuilrvr8J
2FeCls
-.r.,.i,
+
2NaOH
-: ltuvt 1 : 1r'16't4vllJ tnloon{- tFr{u1ll}J nnr orir udr
&a 2 : nun rrnva
ua;ao
ttn J
Lvi11?
-.jJ
^ Ulq'lUzuLAIOOn{LrllUYltl\}J
v ,u ^ ^ o t6 r:-lurafl 6Nrltv6llf'rLulr Lfl
lnu
C ri.i"i lr.l ,:,: tS z ._i tt
2 NaOH
Y v Ao ,i a v 40 6 ...., flrared'rfiufrfrnreril6uuraflooniLo{u friruruhaoynorulrirvirfi'u
bA ; - ruvr 3 : 4afi'r4ilruao ,i0 vh
Ftl
1
t
Na L[aY Cl (qa
dqv.
lvunoun to)
frornrurarhnovnoilL{11il62fl
I
3.3) qn3tilmf, MnOz aot 2 x 2 = a
MnOz
+
+ KBr +
HzSOa ---+ MnSOn
+
KzSO+
+
HzO
+
Brz
(ilr.irurulilazu6nd'nrdlr4ru)
i.:i
KBr
{.A
+
HzSO+
--+
KzSO+
+
MnSO+
+
HzO
+
nuil
Brz
ii2) ufir
t
x2= z
r un;n o rrir
tfr
rfi
I
uaynnr ryirta
(rir.irucuknru6nfiru"rirraru) rru
r{rt:lri'.r
&A
2MnOz
.ja
1 : lr'tflF]ytN[a100nTtP]nu
+ 4KBr +_H2SO+ -+_K2SOa +
+_HzO +
2MnSO+
ir'";A a lri :..:ti-
"ra
ildr
'rl'li.il1,.al;.lil0*'5J!il;
t.1
AUIA
.:ar:#'r fruua y26 md'ru.fi'
2 : U1Sluiu[nloon5[Fl{U
itr - d vl [1rl.J [tnynn Ld rlJurafl dNLj?y6yr6
2Brz
n
fl
uurtt{ri'u
u
ii( 2
& 4
a
A
4
-s,yu ltuvr 3 : flFlrLuaofl.rLuLnFraFro
2MnOz
+ 4KBr +
H2SOa
--+
2KzSOa
+
2MnSO+ +
HzO
+
K, H, O rnv SO4(qrflunrjr(rfl n'lr) 4norterioufitfr lud'oodrr
2Bt2
rdonoa K riou
+
2MnSOa
+_H2O +
2Brz
y.a fluvr 4 : 4a
+
2MnSO+
+
+
2Bt2
lluvr 5 : qn Htlny O
l MnOz + 2KBt + 2H2SOa ---+ '1 KzSOa + I MnSO+ + ZHzO +
1Bt2
&c , I auil 6 : vlou Llrt:luofll':m't
2MnOz
+ 4KBr +
2MnOz + 4KBr
3.4)
Ef,drmt
4HzSO+
---+
+ 4HzSO+ --+
KMnO4
2KzSOa
2KzSOa
+ HCI ---)
KCI
+
MnCl2
4HzO
+
HzO
+
Clz
+
: r 1 x 2 = 2 (nnr"i'rurutuaovqoildeu)
SO4
!.a
nosln
K
F]0s1n SO4
Clz
rfi
l.i
KMnO+ nFr 5 x 2
+ HCI -+ l ll
=
tO
KCI + MnClz + HzO
i,tl
&A !a - - tr uvr 1 : 1.11f 1FlYt8Jta100n5lFl{utlr}J
fl
, i
ttav
,v
no n.J1t1\!ttnynnLTl
L?
(rir"l"ruruhnzu6nflrur{rrqnrl I
q, ' a dc v v ' .; + .- firarazudndrurifrr:.l6ruraroonBrorfu ' 'A t 6'o14rurartraovnort{rt:}itflrarefi.:fruuavzufimd'ru"f illllnovnorhirvirrTu
2 KMnOr + 10 HCI ---+
_KCl +
2 MnClz + _H2O
+
{a
5 Clz
'ill'in t3 i'n:r:l".trre.';rra;i.i C r.lot: tt, ,i''i
..i .. 't,rL2r,t.. L,.- ' r.., ) ,.
auvt 2 : unya n'lr{
-itr
u1s1ueuLnfl00n{tFr{uyl[1\]..l
rfl uLnq d'1.::levfr
vrf,uruls{riu
,'s.1W!eE==1:?'i:
!,a
2KMnOn+ 10HCl ---+ 2KCl+
2MnClz+
i
16o noga
2KMnOa+ 10HCl
li,rii::
1t. l/t]r
---,
zKCl
lii.l: x?.ri':-t'(
Ct
x riourwrrvd'rufrrr qat{ude
!,a .[uYt 4 : F]nfi1n H Flas'tn K
+ 2MnClz+ 5HzO+ 5Clz
riir,,iiulrli-l
'j'lr. i0 nJn.:r
.i
YA
2KMnOn+
16HCl --+
2KCl
+ 2MnClz+ 8HzO+
5Clz
un1fl?{r? vir"l#nanrerra v
Eodilme
12
+ KOH ---+
KlOa
+
HzO
+
.i
fluyt 5 : tuo.:s1ni.l.l,Jannil"/tl.J cl vd
tv
Fto.ill?1
3.5)
4
flufr 3 : narlnvlruao K, Cl, H, o
HzO+ 5Clz
1
rt
no
Pl
cl
nalnrFrdou
A
"-
n
?.ilru.i
Kl
-. rfio{s1n I, finrrrildfluraroon{rol{uvr.iryrrJuauan a.i?i'rn1?Lranoonrflu 2 d'rriou udrnioe:rilnrflud.l aa t(i) lz
tfir ,,i
1x 2 =
z (nrruairurulunovnoudxfl
)
?.a
ii5l
+ KOH ---) KlOg + HzO +
*lz
Kl
fl
i-
tr
uyt 1 : 1r1f1mytilLafloon{tFrtuLl\Ntlay , tr ,v
an
011rl\:JLLAT^O rvll
L3
s x z = 10 (nru.irurulraoymorffeu)
i ir',r l-.,1..1.L,i.r.; p'll; ,;:..1i "'
112+ 51,
+
_KOH ---+
"rfi : f.i.,i.::i.:';-,i'Ir..]:.i.4Y ji1l;jt! j;':l;pi
2 KlOg
+
HzO
+
10 Kl
va 2 :
lJUvl
rtnva o
&A
2KlOg+
HzO+ 10Kl
112+ 51r+ 12KOH ---+ 2KlOs+ 6HzO+ 10Kt
312
---
+ 61196 ---
^ -itr
UlSlUeU[n10On5tF]tilylLV',|:.1
rllurafl
6il!rrfi^dYr6Lrlru tfl .Jnu
:)
112+ 51r+ 12KOH ---+
6 12 + 12 1191
Ld
2 KIO:
+
6 HzO
+
10 Kl
lKlOs + 3HzO + sKl
i
ao
fluvl 3 : aaflFlvlLunoFro K, O, H rnon K
rvrilyffluflQroat{rufrc
&A
fluYt 4 : Frnf'tFt H Flos'tn K
& A iuy flUYl 5- : ?lIl lz fi01-lU1L'lfi'lflnU
rY d o, vrou'hi'rfl uocir.:rir
Lu
fl rr t)
nail ilnrainanf,In snt uufr fii sr
uanrnt : qn6il n1?srnnrrnirrnr nr#rron"f'lnflfiqrarurnr n{nr 4fifinrru:l6fluuilaq rnloo nratfiltaloonfrrnrd'u"[r]'rjrrrrfiuurflunr?rrJfrffiflroonfirnrd'u
nfi rnr{'u loranr
4fifi unyrrnfifinrranlaroonBror{uhi'rjrrrrfiflurflunl.:
rJflffirr?d'nd'u virn'raoa'luunia;nr6r:Jfrffiur'hi'arqrniTorufi'owerr.jrqn"[unrnnalarua rnmvr?unou'lunrana .)-Jr"'lfililnreerlalnraq;tfraunr#orond qvLrnnnl.rnuLnnuafl riavLNonn rLFraynr{lnn?a1 Lfid}rL?nirufrQ { d r ,^- c,,:j -.-nmqaTnunr?.rrJflffiaru
LrLvlounLryulslnnlaEa6:rnmlnrflorfr'flraloonBlodurfifl.:odr.:6arlritfr--.
2)
v-^
flu0rou [umf on i't
. 16onpisrnfrfinresirfl/iL
e ttdrrfiflua:Jn']?
Oxidation/Reduction muaird':-t
z. oraormlfiryir 3. 4n O Tnflnrrrfril HzO 4. na H lnflnrrrfr:J H* 5. orailavslorenra6r e' o. ffroqituarenvarer!a'Ifi1frll oHz. eeuuflunrnraSnron"6-Trrfl
"-
s) n"roeir.:rneqaatrnr6oroni
fre
flq'ruru
mot
frlyirrir
rii z nri.rrJfrffiflrfi'o.:rvirfi'uriou :
Zn + MnOq
+
riruo.r6rnre rfiouldfluuflu Hro
H* ri'.1 2 (6or
H2o ---+ Zn2*
n.r.u. qrnoiruru e- rorn6tilfrffiurri'.raa.:y
+
+
MnOz
OH-
?6vr1 "-;di
lTunoufr
t
rdonnr6qJfrffiur oxidation
(airre')
do
ai
rfionnr6s:JflfifurReduction(fire-) 6a
Zn ) MnO+-
Zn
)
oraorn'lfirvir 4n o TnflnrrLfiil H2o
zn
4n H Tounr:rfrr
zn
-) -) )
Oxidation
H*
nallrrsloflnrarfill
e'
Reduction
Zn
Easr41#rvir qn o lnflnl?rail H2O
MnO+-
qn H lomnrerfir H.
MnO4-
4arJarlTnrunretfrr EaluruarFr oH-
e-
+ 41-1* MnOa-+4H*+3eMnOa- + 4H* + 3e-+ MnOa-+4HzO +3e-
Zn2- ".,-* i-t',r..it,, l, /r H ' l
->
MnO+-
4OH'
MnOz
Zn'- i-u,rt1i'L ln,]1|l 2.Lrl$ttilultriati Zn2' .",r*i i 1l:r,:e i,:ri;) H 07
-
MnO+'
--,
Zn2*
--rf
zn
Zn2*
Ln'+2e MnOz
+
MnOz
+
MnOz + 2HzO
a
",-i.-: ill'l'rlxGfliulnllnz
-> +
MnOz + 2HzO
-) -)
MnOz + 2H2O
N'in
i
T'iLillnUeUirn?)
MnOz + 2HzO
MnOz + 2H2O
+ +
AOH
4OH
Redox : cluiu e-vr{6o.:drnrrnr6.:rJfrffiurfroflvirriu 6nr Fr.r.u.flo.:6i'ruxu e t6'Oe (nrn 2e- LLav 3e-) Oxidation x 3
3Zn
Reduction x 2
2MnOq-+BH2O+6e-
Redox
3Zn+2MnOq-+8HzO
) + -)
Redox 6uq?ni
3Zn+2MnOq'+4HzO
-)
+ 6e2MnOz + 4HzO + BOH3Zn2* + 2MnOz + 4HzO + 8OH3Zn2* + 2MnOz + BOH-
3Zn2*
ltadh{flllnfi
uriraonrflu z
r]evunvr
t6'uri
a46
1
)
r{nana'llun llto tsan Llamlon tr
2) r{nnoranLm?LaFl
[traanaxlilfl qrq
4q v .!,j v l, ^&vy -oqtfludrucntaro - : r{adfirildfluvtd.:lrurnfiuflundr.:rutlh1r '1)uil1sfi{ E' d1il1rntfiofruldro.:uavfinir 2)
eiruilernau
:
TradfirmaS
. ,frlr{fl.
a'tna1u1
Llaynolfiegl uyi.:Tauy ^irnt"[uarea;argfifitooou
tortnurriun;nraoqj
uolun
. unTu o .
6cil1urnao
.
rYr uaTu or L
^ flnunlua
(Anode) 6o'ilcfi d
ffi
roo nfr rprd'u 6fi ed)
fl
dv
s
(
ax
(Cathode) Flo levttnoilflntfl't?nntu (oon{tFrt)
A 6 G
o rn
rfi nnJfl
Y.j-
t t 1 nlilf, [a Et plo
fl o.i
J 6 X rq [,
run']vtu1 Lvil'{'t I F] tvl?1 vc{ 1il1f
n
LL
Fl
n Fl')
lflutoooutfr
.
fl 0.1
a66tt
615AcA'rsOrnntilf taEt
. ,frlr'|fl. g r
(Etectrode) t
\,
, Y.
qvq
x
v a
6ttsil1urftaailro6Eyr1u10aau'l{rflufr'e i ne u ' rlraa r1lrorfl LLFtAvn?.:
rfi
oilrioe{qanrfl'lu
rYut#Fttlll.iqt
fi z rl*tnvt
- d'c,joth ld'uri rTrTauyri'ctrl rsiu zn, cu, pb rrrlonraqvr{r1.t.1fir{rudeu'lunrrtfin:Jflffierfrou &A-YAn,^, EorTrfihifideuaerlorf iunrrufia:Jfrffiartnrfi niu pt, c (*natvlri') - rTer6as
.
yA
uulytflo{ds?I1ulnao
- rirhinruetqalvlflr - inurar4aayu.irrlooau:.rlnraylooounl.l"[u6raavnrfl616nlvretno{'uroinvn6sttad g)ii'rodr.r
+
. rr'orio#r1vlflr cu uav Ag artilluareavalfld'{ail fiqrerurqrnnir E0 qvil!'jr ng fiFir r0 4':n'lr (fis uvd L ^ (e- tuat{rurticuen) 6rFnnmuld'6n'jr) -6luflurTerrn q
Ag
Cu
r?en,ir "IFrTma" r{ru cu rflurYraL6fln'ir "uolun"
g
J^ . ilon6fl1iltnnflil
+
- llnliln :Ag*(aq) + e- --+ Ag(s) - uolun :Cu(s) ---+ Cu2*(aq) + 2e-
+
a
oo
,d;
+
e-
+0.80
uoluo (Cu) uvi.t cu sJntoua{ rflo{srnnarst:.ltflu
+0.34
tooou cu2* ltvtu
. 6
&
da.
fllau = il0nfgloorl{lodu = 60']{ un[ilo = 1l1u1n = ilonig1'offiu = aon{[ot{ uo[uo 6!-
=
s1n6rn1? uillaFtx'Iil"i1 fiirrrnrlvro (Ag) n;finrnouto.r Ag(s) firnryfiuvi.r ng rir'lri'uvir Rg 4uurdu lurruvfifrrTr
-+ Ag Eo Cu2* + 2e'--+ Cu Eo
Ag*
.
AgNOs
4
;3 11\ Lr
182
o
.A-
vvrlurn Aovirufirfr inurau
Eaqo{loaou Torefi fl.: rrnTvr o Ag* n;nora.:Lfio{qrnnarErfl u Rg d'lriuavv,/1uLn6osy fi'ordrfl tooourr nlrlu prTvr nr'lurrr mer{rr *r uolun cu2* 6
I Ud vl\'r
a4,
,
U Ln A 0 C.i n O.i S 1
fl
v L0 0 0
ua]l
J lvr o
il 1 6 v rvr^ u
+)
.
rrndnm*rrriudu
rdoiruvir cu nr"luaranvarfl cu2*(aq) dnrur{rfluri,.r v dd v , , U U 4 a nu nluvrl] Fl.tllJ t{r}.Jilu6.i n2 1 s vvr 1lru1vr l]]ufl e cathode ,P
1+;
.
A'rufifinrcur{r.r{urirn,jr rfluflr Rnooe J^
(-)
3
u0ntg1illnnflu - unTmo : Cu2*(aq) + 2e- --+ cu(s) - rtatuo : Cu(s) --+ Cu2t(aq) + 2e- rrndnru r{r{utilaurrn rfi ruaunra
neoox
tfr
. q1 n 6 n1 ? uilrfl ncr:r.i16 n naoucvtuasrn 6'rudfi nrr u r{r{urir (Anode) trl6'rufifinrmrr{u{u4s (cathode) N
ufr
drbi'6'ru Anode rfi nnrrdnndoutor uvis cu A 3
ua
vnrru tflu
| , -,-q "[uaraavalflsvs:i?r:J drudru Cathode Cu2*
" riurfr:.:Tu
! ,+ , r 4 ^ a,tnL e- Lnatllu cu tnlvYtttyl.iLaut FrQ1l]Llilfluq{ana.l
. e-
uflunlflilo0[ffifliYa?lfin 1)
ua-nrn€
. ll LrYtuayl\1ulooou . ( ) uornel:J ufrr{ur,i6oa nrurrold'r? . I uil.i6n1uy ., uon6r?friafi 6n'luv6fld xflu *ri nirrlooouriu . ffruunrTuoraqllorfi ornro . 6'ruuoTunt{rxfirsfi o ra:.ro .'lfiaranvarfl
oqjfr
q
vufl otu
n ffi o
nr o
ru
r{uflufl
o.r 6
1
rn va
1
fl fil.i a o r tvi r
flu
aa:l rYr
/
-1 *olun
I
taoouluaraavnlfl
loooulun1?nva1a
ll
i
t, I
_
n5.:rtadoonqrn{u
| lYa
duu
\
nSrttnd5rrn'[u un[yo
6YY',l1UtnAO
na;nrutooou
2) n"'laeir.: X
Y
3-do
^ rurlunlilflo.ir{ndflacrilnil
Zn
Y(s) | Y"'(aq) ll X'-(aq) | X(s)
Fe
r[,.]un1v,{fl0.:r{adrinrrfrnd 6o zn(s) lzn2*(aq) ll Fe2* ,Fe2*(aq) | Fe(s)
Hz
Cu
rLilun1v,{flo.ir{ndriaerfind
6o
Pt I Hz(g) I H.(aq) ll cu'?.(aq) | Cu(s)
f,:r,ri:,:.ij,:,r,'.,i
ilrtfl rsaura
f,n
dir acfrn
dlrtfl rurn e grunt
or
;';1i:i!::;:,^,'+.---. 1'
taf
t)fi'ndb,lf,rrtadrrnrsru : drydnuoi E0.",, r,rilrflfir d'ntilv,iflrrvu.irrt?etorutad NlFriq'ru 6o zs'c arrn;arfl"[un?.rurndrfluflu 1 M nrud'u 1 atm
(E0..01,,
-
Eo,,ur',) dntQv
: lfrd'ryd'nuni ro fi z tfrn z) fi'nrib,{flrndsrradmneoru _#
1. Eo, ^ 2. Eoo
uiu Ag' + e- --+
r,rrrsfir d'ntitv{flrn6rrradrrmrgruror:Jflffiur5d'n.i'u 4
vrrsfit
v
d
t,
A
-
' d'ndlvir{rpr?.rrtadurmrgrutotrJflffiuraonfiror{u tcju
Ag
Eo,
=
*
Ag ---+ A9 * e-
Eoo
=
+0.80 - 0.80
a; n6srtadlaloratqurrortsru : (Standard Hydrogen Etectrode) 16'fr'edo.jr sHe
. riruuo'l#flrt H, finir Eo rvirrYr o.oo v ufiolffrflud'rr:liuLrfiflunir . d'.:riu frr Eo ro.:nr6rrqndrfluFir + uaor.jrfrr e 1fr6n,jr H
e0
rirnrqdu (rflunirurnegru)
2
frr
Eo
torndrrtadrflunir - uarrt,irBr e 16fiofln.ir
H
2
4) rntrar fi'nrib,l fl r r{a dur orrmu (E0)
. urlfrqrndrnrr 5)
4d
E
""rr
o q'l
Eocerr
uavdr
=
=
E
0
eo. {rrnrtrnr) - Eo. {uoTuor)
Eo"",noo"
- EoAnod" [dlJO
d'oraglugrJ Reduction
r6tNo
nrtff r po [nslf,nrruflurYudaaurilfl rr udnrna 't
) fr'r
n
dr a r n r r ni r
z) fi r ror rnt'lo
nr
Eo s y ril d fl urn6a.: u il r B rfl un al
rur{r1:Jluar nm s ytri
r
fi
zu
a rio
Fir
flu{r
3
)
fi
r
ro
r
a
r n r rr rr r n rYu
ni
a
)
fi
r
ro
r
a
r n r er r n u flu
r E0 s ; 6'a.i ro r il r a u riu6'r
ni
E0 q y fro.l ro r u rL.J n
:.r
E0
riufr n fl
fl
nlsflnidnila0laffc I uanrna
l) fr'rrjrlnuvfifinir
Eo
mrrtilextflndTar,ryfifinir
E0
a{ syyir'1fi'Tar,ryfiirir
z)frrfr0.:nmflo.:riutrihi'laravtfrnnre4ndou 6'0.:rjrlarayfifirir
E0
Eo
oirn.jtfranmrnaou
rirn.iTtayyfirrrfrornraflo.:riu rrrxtflndlar,ry
flo.:[r1 s) fi'r6'4.:nralfilar,lvrnaour6e{u
@
'**'rrndrfie**.r*x*rru
hirjrlnrayfifi
e0
a.:n,jrTnuyfirmfi r:rrrrtfflnfrTauyrla.:rer
rraffirfrntYrrlad d
1
)
tu
.!^
3
v ilL,
lrtJ1?lo.: t{na tv,{y,l'rLFtNyt[nF]fluto.i [:.1[Fl no.itJlunryLL6
Ly,lv,{'rLfl'] Lil
Lur{nd s{Lna:lfln?fl'trFt}.t
0
IFr
d1 E
z) eiru:l esrrauro.r rra6 rfr nTnela ri
.
nLLfi:.t0 ""rr
ro'rlr,lfl -, (Etectrode)
- 111[t0LuFl L:lulr,]!an yrrnnllflnrtjl0on{[F]{u -
fllrrptLvln
ululjlaL TLno:lflneell?Ftntu
a66id
o ara6rffnTrnelad urriroonuflu 2 lhumil
-
rriu trtact --+ Na* + ctdrravarfl nen rra rn6o
arerlavnoutooofrnuaorruae (rifirlrr{r1:lrfifle{o.:tunreufiorrJfrffiur)
6ranvarfl6rfinlvrataei(svfirlruffrt:lrfi€.nliorlunrerfinrlflffirr)
rsju
v fluoounrefr ?rrilrrdariilfr nEsrrraffi rfrntnrlasfl' t)
nrrfi uvirlarasoiuafluare:l*noulaoofi fluaoruruae' trlfr srerurfir
.la
, r o'Loooufr il nir -^ E' rir n,i r
. z)
u 1o o o
I
)a,
ufi fi
ri
rfl
uunrTr
nr
(ri,lnL)
ffi r r?d'nd'u
rfi rrrJfl
r E0 4 r n,i r ril u *oTun (rie L,l n ) rfi ^
nr
:J
fr
ffi u r a o nfi mrd'u
neoiuvi.:lar,triuasluareasnrara.:fireilesnarlaoofin:
t
lrXrfifl!fl:r
toooufinir
eo sir
d'olllufi nir
Eo arn,ir rfl uunrTm n
. loooufirjr ro 4t l#lfialril
Eo
nrafiqrrrurr?rrinrTvrrr-uotun 6'o.lfisrarurt}r6'eEr
ro.l Hzo lugrlfi.r6tfinm:ou (2+zo + 2e-
--,
Hz
+ 2oH-; t0 =
-0.83 V)
nr
E0
lo.l
HzO (% Oz +2H+
+ 2e' --+
HzO ; E0 =
+1.23v) d'etr,ru
Eo
mrrn.jrtfju
*oTuo E0
ro.l H2o rrarfiqrerurfrc[Fr1fln
;
2Nzo
+ 2e- ---+ H2 + 2oH- E =
E0tto.l Hzo rrarfisrrmilxutoTuor; /,Oz+2H+
-0.83 V
+2e' --+ Hzo;E0 = +1.23v
s) oi'coeir.:
.
a&r
,
6
a
a
dv
L
,
b 4,
,
x ,a
a
,
r
'a, nefrr-rlriilriruderu"lurnariorJffigr Gqrncid'ora'r'irterfiaicud'rilu6o1rifidrudr:.rrduo) Y c aeA a x ^ . flq1€ru1il?[rnlila lilils'rtrulr:Jter:Jtv'tgu looouilzrma{d16asa1fl[vlelunilul
U
Cafiode
Anoda +
Na+ + e- ---+ 2HzO +
Na
2e ---s Hz+ 2OH-
Ea
=
0^
E=
-2.71V -0.83
V
{{{uv
^gax--tru111tto [uo hrileltru'llilfetut?lEtu laaauail1loitdl6atsnlgtYlgurruu'l . ils1f
e- -+ SOa2-
/,
SzOa2-
y,
g, +2H+ + 2e- ---+ HzO
+
Eo
=
+2.01 V
E0
=
+1.23
V
oirfltuv
. rl0ffierri'ruuntilFr :2HzO+2e- + N2+2OH' . :lfrfiBerd'ruuaTun : H2O ---+ /, 02 + 2N* + 2e . ili?Germu : Hzo > Hz+'/zOz . E = E0c,,noo" - E0Anod" = -0.83 - (1 .23)= -2.06 volt ("irli'jr E0"", 6tdnTmrtani'finralra:.lo) "",
-v- fr-,rir udr o mrirTr
ru"lu
rnelfi nrJfrfitsar ^&nta-{ o trtqtauttttuntiln lurrislerull:JfElutvlfl u looouuzma{d1tatsa1atfl gurruu1
- Cathode
Anode +
.
.
Cu2* + 2e- ---+
Cu
E0
2HzO+2e- ---+
H2+2OH'
Eo= -0.83
=
+0.34
V frltuv
rflu unrTtn
V
ualuo l#fi qrtrur t:JEautfi su looauauto.r6tl?atsa1s E0 = +0.34 v 'l#tuv rflu uoTun Cu2* + 2e- ---+ Cu
fi qrarurr?r
/,SzOa2 +
e- --) SOa2-
/,Oz+2H+
+2e- ---+ H2O Eo= +1.23V
Eo
=
[fi eufi'ufT
+2.01 V
:lifiBerrTruunTua : cu2* + 2e- ---+ cu
. :lfifiBerd'ruuolua : cu ---+ cu2* + 2e. ilfifiBermil : triar:rranrfiuut6' o
E0cerr
rJtglsr tfila
=
E0c",nod"
urtr a
-
E0nnod"
dhlfl
rr n
=0.34 - 0.34 = 0 Volt
fi
1)r{adilSsJ{fi rflurmaddairrsrnrsndlv,lflrunrfiilerunyrrderrvjrfiu '
1.
u:-i.:r:lu 2
uur nr:.rtflnro.rrtad6a
lv
[{aafta?'lun o eirutilqru v6outaduri": u?orta 'aondrrr
.
r{n "laaaltnf o rtndllaor . rrndriu o rradrdoryl6.: Hzloz 2. rtaa6ufrnlvrrlaoi
. . 2)
nltqrlTnuvfrrfllylflr nlrdlTauy'l#u?avrf,frrfl tv,ifl
r
t{ad46er{fi : rflurtadzuaravu.jrrrtadriamfrnrirrtari616nivretaoi Trreludr{ro.irqadriarlfrn ,',na',rrilfr'ul, rJflffiurrtndri'amfinurn arrrrnrfinrrJfrffiflrfround'Lt6'Tnflnradrhldprtyl rfiarfluuqaffirdnTmetapfrfiorjrnd'u h
16b
L]]
. .
. .
tv, LFr
tn Luil
rqndarnutv,hir *:.rr nyflr ^d4fa t{nauntna -
rqnriTrrdElN c^d
t{aaaLylfl:.J
LtFlFtuJfllJ 1r?OL{nAUttF]O
- dau{ef
fl
qrJilestfl
rrii u afU 0 u4fi
lYarrfr n fi'ndlv'lflr
{UO1lO.:
ualun
[{aa
al
6r6nImrlad
uuntuo
sorrtad
:J0fl€Er16narff
(v) NHaCI + ZnCl2+ H2O +
rirulv,lorfl
runatyld'rLoy Mnoz
Zn
rrfl.rrflun +
*nrtylo{ uny Mnoz
Zn
Carbon
Zn2*+ MnzOs + 2NH3 + H2O
Zn + 2MnOz ---+ 1.5
1r?o
ZnO + MnzOs
61?ayalri NaOH
:-lrovr
ruriunaSn uay
Zn
[.iu
61rnyn1fl KOH
Hgo
+ Zn(OH)2 + HgO
61rara1fl KOH
uilurufrn ttav Agzo
Zn
t{oLiln.t
runatv,loi'ruar
*nrlylni-zunr tti uny
HzlOz
Ni r.i1u H2
Nio ,.i1u 02
+ 1.5
,J.r
61?Avalt'r KOH ruonnrrtari
Zn + 21'11n9, + 2NH+*
+ zn(oN)2
Zn + HgO
---) ZnO + Hg
Zn + Ag2O ---s 7ng + 2Ag
t.J
1.6
61rava1fl KOH u?0
2H2
+ 02 ---)
2H2O
1.2
6'lrAYA1fl NazCOa
ilastsu t ) rn
tflr
raai'U gu4 frEir
equtara;
oio erlyl
. rafnmetularas t.
',t fr
sfi
fl
frhtnetad
r
rirrrr:.rfr'o.rod druuprTrn L6lJo c{
y y iov - o 2. Iauvfr"L{tr fios 6ruuoTuo ea ya
3. ar
refi lfr 6'or
urfi
rfl
raro
n 16
sr
rYu
uoTua
(laurfi lfrquy
a. nrvua'[v{fl rfilfr'fror rflunayua nes 5. nrrrr rfl:rflufl o.i 6 1?^ yn 1fl qytri r:16fl uuil a.:
.
oYroeir
I
E'..-*' '"
,t.u^rr^ " 2. uolun
ad^-,qt&
s1 n?:l L:lun1?{]-t.rouo1fl t.:u :J?1fl nvtafl nFt':no
I
*
;
-.-{
*'
raa vnre6 tsnTvreta
t:lu
,froudfr'o.rnrerjrrurqr
:
riu (Ag)fi.:rfluTar,r:fi1fr'1u n{ : Ag N os (fi looou Rg. tufl ourTllnurfilfr1rl
3.
a
4.
nrvLLdtv,,hfl1 : n?vLLdrr?.r "-1uaflr.:t6fle
I
#**'-r-:..::. ":'i.-:,*isll" *'- ir,i:r-- - - - -' ...' l&':SiliiIl'ri-
-\;--'-t:-a
z)
; ..
-
I
m
rirTa ra vlriu?Evrdd'r
atv'l f,
r
. ilanmf t
. frruuoTuBr
z. 6'ruunrhor
rfl uTnr.rvfi
trJu?4vrdfi fiTauvfi
fr0.:nrarirhirS4uf,oqjfrru
6'or tfl uTar.rvtfi o 16fl ed'ufl:lTauvfi fror
nr:rir1#ffi
avrd
u6o
e.laurtrjr3qrf;d'o.rfiarau6orlu6ulfifinrnrrrarrran'lunra?6,r.f d vrr Lur.r ?6vlf 3.J'r nil0
Fte
ilretsudiuaf,n6snfr 9{ i
,
oonfrtodumnrirrqrnTnuvfi6'o.lnra
?
i, o"-
v,
v tu
) rnerJavflv,lrfoutn
(Electrolyte)
d
,
*X
vtoon60:t:-toflLAL[n:[{an6vd}.t11',1v,{'t[t:t:lF];n1 ilfluFrouofl1.iavLoflFlPr.iu t
Anode +
Cathode
d-
Pb
3
u0n€enil[noflu unTma :2H*(aq) +
Pb02
---+
uoTuor :2HrO(l) + Pb(s)
z) rneoirelv{
Hr(g)
---+
PbOz(s) + 4H*(aq) + 4e
(Gutvanic)
Cathode +
Anode Pb
, x d a [ilo 3J meqler tT'l 'quil:J0 n5
Pbo2
^2 :Pb(s) r SO4 uualuo
Pbs04
unlua :Pbor(s)
s)
2e
rnao-obi nttr Anode +
Pbs04
1
(aq) ---+
PbSoa(s) + 2e
+ 4H*(aq) + Soo2-(aq) +
2e
---+
PbSoo(s) + 2Hro(l)
oiat:J (Etectrotyte) Cathode
Pbs04
Pb Pb02
^ & -&
rlifi?erdriosnsu *n1mor :pbso*(s) +
2e
---+ pb(s) + so+'(aq)
uaTuo :Pbso4(s) + 2H2o(t) ---+ Pbor(s) + so+2-(aq) + 4Ht(aq) + 2e-
+):.Jfrffierrecu
pb+pbOz+ 2HzSO+
=
2pbSO4+
2NzO
rilrJtBtgil riiua f,nds nfi cclll
d
ilnd tUFlflO.l
sratu
[daa
a
al
6r6ntvrrlad
ualma
:J0ms1raorfi
1r'l
morirrrld
flr (v)
rxnn?{y6il
Tauy Pb qr:r
tv,lflrur:r
nzrit
-
ttFlFr[NUu
HzSOa
2PbSO4
rtLFltFt o???nfluFr
2HzO
rFtro.tnornl n6'osrirflail 1.4
A "* ,u L1',11',ll
LFlfO.l Lfi
Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)z
,.r.iLrnilvlDi +
rrunlFlot?vl't.r1u
2Na(r) + (n/B)Se(r)
rflusorzuar
oonttoirorTnyy
il
o[ulrflrJ6.1 350 c
--)
Na(l) Sa(t)
flul0tnn
;.
Beta-alumina
- fr'am,lof
2.04
---)
?{1fnyn'rfl KOH
Nio(oH)
+
cd+2Nio(oH)+2N2o
qr:l
Tnuv Ni Cd(s)
(nndfrunrn)
L{nn Lqrofl}.r
2HzSO+
---) PbOz
r{nnunrnn
Pb+PbOz+
6'r?nynlEr
Pb(s)
2.1
lt'lulermu
NazS"(l)
oFtdlunt?l.J
AI, Mg, Na
TiSz
rtaanrrg}J
lrio
Li(l) + 1;5, Voors
Li(s)
u?o Mnoz
--+
Li* + TiSz-
4
arrrohmof
1r?o
FIO
:.J1r'l
1)
ururafir
B
u ac
r-
AL
L[
yl
0]J
d
ttumLnot?
3.0
6u144
Li(l) + 1r,466, ---+ LiMnOz
nrrfl e niailfl aotaff
tFt O
tvl?F1v"rvrlJ0
no
nlrtlaofril
nrvLeunl?flo.:rJfrffiar?orondfirfrnrqr,nTnvyqnoonfrtor"i-lfluarr:lavnoulunrerurnrfrornirrlrYu niu
nrerfroafirrudn lnuvriurfrnn,ll:JlrrJo.i rflufr'u firfirirhlrfiornreryndoura6oafirdo oz utavnelNdu
z)i6rndarfi'urnearnrou auranvirtduarfli6 firi'.rrLLunndfiarrfrnuayrrnzi616nlrrlnsi -ddaquv-
1. vr161r?ovn113{au L:lun1?Uo{o1J Ou 6 ad
X-^a!da
[[aYnelil{u rilue6mc{yFtlnltat trrJan Lunlu.lo{nudutJ
4
v 1 ^du 2. yrlerLrFrLyrFrn FroerLotnunlrannrou torarl Lulauyfiufinnroylflu Cathode lotr
. . g.
)ofr
rioTauyfr nio
a
'
' d'ndlv'hilr oir n,i
flurToauro{ drutylar
r
El
liri6ovluln"f' 6a riruneyualv{frrarlualraya1flnrrru6'r hlfiruuoTuoufrnnrroonBlnd riu oz nnlfltilu 6'r?:.]?vnouoonttri'uoitrifirulfrrYurv6nrfio.:qrn.ir
-
o Ad
o d
o o
At
o
,
v
oontrri'rorrv6n6oafir svdr'[#ru6nufiorafirfiutos ,
d+
4 o
a
i^
+. ririEeurir 6onleilrTnuvfr6ornrearoir:rroirriurtrenynrflruril (NaoH + NaNo:) fr'uqufrIauvdrirtnr6o:1frilr
nrmorrJlisurfi nursrtrarraf,rYarrfi nuacEtf;'ntmelad lv
d
iln{.i'ru
LFIIJ
Y ,u
tt ---+ t[Y'11',11
a
11',{}11
\e
ilfrffirr
^ LnnfluLo{ to
Eocett
ucnt6SJo
fl1
rrad616nlvralad
[daanaxlun
ilO[tnnO1.1
A
a
C
-)
rn:J h
tV, LFI
tnnfluLo{ tl.l nL16:Jo
flauen
runrtvrnr-3d'nd'u
1'l:i'ln
uoTurr-aonfi rord'u
fl2nL
*oTun-oonfirnt'u
flenu
unrlmo-?d'nd'u
LTll"l1
rlavTflt{
rtad:lsilnfi
cirulylqrfl (rraduri.l), rrnduaaprrlari,
n1?q! Lauvnefl
rtad:leor, rtndriu
-3 [[ay L{nnt{otv{a{
nlfvrl
HzlOz
rtnda vartv,lfi r uur n ;rir,
rlaylfltf
rqndfinufia - unnrfiflu (rradflrunrnr)
r{anrmflnil
[Tan L{rofltJ - {aLv,l0t
6d
d6d
t
r{nnnrflfl:J Looau
V tu Ll^lT/1,
g Lnuv Lulr?6?16
ttn.ifuodn
riruuortri d'ndlv,hlur meEruror 4
- Al3* + - Ag* +
e
- Fe2' +
2e
ssrirurernir
[
Al
)Ag
2e-
-Lr +
Rl
---+
3e-
--+ Li --+ Fe
Eo
r'
at ru ut
rn r nt
ot
u
nnl ul ilt
n6r
nnd
Eo
=
Eo
=
0.80 V
Eo
= =
-3.04 V
Eo
-'1
.66 V
-0.44 V
rouradrfluTcaofirolrrndniotriflnrra'rd'u At l At3* ll As* l Ag uny
ftli*ll
ftg.l
f*[.
t-i I t-i *
$g
'
"
0.s0
.
g.{,o + t.(6
tq+ -
{A
LUo
:
L?',1
m
Fe
E'cofiode -c
-
*
LF.r*
- r-l.cl)
"
"o.44 - (*s.
o
_O,{+ 4 3.04
s
E
tooouvllllfl
-o buin
+
nser?o1:
)
u0tfN t't')rrnil n ?a1
3 - ruIFr Fl.iu
nu
2sOs2-(aq)
{uflt: O-@ ;
04
J.6o !
+ 3HzO(l) --+ 2Se(s) + 6OH-(aq) + Szo:2-(aq) 6'1 2soa2-(aq) + 3HzO(l) + 4e- ---+ SzOs2-(aq) + 6OH (aq) {o1o16od'nd1v'iflurmagruroqJfrffiur se(s) + 2e' ---+ se2-(aq) 2Se2-(aq)
Euftnd*
'
L61rt
n)ri)]i)n6n)
LoooUtLav{n
|
-o
= I.46 \I
IQnrffuorln
Fes+
Ei.ar'
dcothode-Eornodo -0
Il
Li l Li* ll Fe2* l Fe
-r
zsecsr + 4r-
-O] + [O
;
Se'-rcry
-r
lsudannr
I
$ecs: +
,.s --+ Set-taq>
Se
cs:
{ te'
Eocell Eocell
= =
0.35 V -0.57 V
fLU
'
u,- f", "
f"alt
.
o.qz
E".h
" -092v (nit*rftl,
Eoerr OOflSlOUUelAsUc{r & A a xq
v
d
- (-o.q*) "o.e2\
(rmun\o., anllri$a.*6{od
u nlasu611 il15c] fl n1*1 tT{ N [ 0t tJ Ir| tu [ua u1a s to fl ,r
www.tutorpoi nt. neVcou rse/chem/chapter9. php
o.$E
fduldSofrrurr
,
hn{fuor)n t)
rt)rnt4)04nt
r'
vott"rnlulfft
qrnurunrnrjot:.ld
; Ea = ;Eo=
-AlA'*ll B'. lB
-clc'*ll B'*lB -clc2nll D2*lD -BlB'*ll E2*lE
{o1116o
2Y 3V
;Eo=-4V ;Eo=-5V nir E0 ceil flo.r D I D'* ll B'* | B lrnv A lA2* ll E2* | E
crrs:r$a "irarr{+uriuirdr
ir E" htildaiu'irader
fra
E'arnfidn
o!9 [
1
Ron) c"n) rt*)
*'>
4
L
5
2
L
ot"ll B'nlB rrdorrdr B**)p'u = 2+1+r+l ! + Rln**ll E'*lE luei fl'*)Es .1+2 : B Volt
tlo\t
Dl
lqudtdnr Ern) ftou
ditl 2) nrnr.Jfr
i" " -3
v"lt
fi e.rn " r Y"ll nln"'lt E'*rE d ,** '-3 Vrlt DlDr*ll B?*ig
ffirrn1tLrfl ndlrnynrs cuBrz 6'rsn:yualvifl r
Tafl
riruuol#alnrrd'rd
Calhode
Cu2t
+ 2e
---+
Cu
2HzO+2e- > H2 +2OH---+ 2Bf Br2 + 2s'/,O2't 2H* + 2e- - HrO Cqthode
flu
flnode
ffu
L
c*ll
:
t 2eC" t Brt *+ $t, * 1eCu21
ttth,a. ' - r.o1 -0.13 V 0.34
fnnrdc
Eo
=
+0.34 V
Eo
=
-0.83 V
= Eo =
+1.07V
Eo
+1.23V
0.14
EirJu"tion
*
t"p,qr46tion
.. 1.o1
r
[o$ d.l
r"
V
V
( Er*;u.fion.
docndtreoJ reduclron $t
1.01V
lgu*)
hnrifua.lN' tI
r't)t
n))4)Ntt) E' va,tt"[nff)tnrn)s
ern:Jfrffiurn1lrfln6leavarefrrflnrv$alvlfir loflrTxfid.rudrulunrlfirrr.lflffiar rit,lunrhialnrad'ld Catde
Anode
Cothode flnode
t-0cell
6. ic
+ 2e- --+ Cu 2HzO + 2e' ---s Hz + 2Ot1'/.52C.62 + s ---+ SOa2' '/z 02 + 2H* + 2e- --+ HzO Cu2*
+ 2e- J Cu --, Cut* .
Cn'*
*
=
+0.34 V
Eo
=
-0.83 V
Eo
= =
+2.01 V
Eo
0u
, +0.34 c' , .r. L r€aluc I lo0
2e-
EoxiC^tion
- Eo.Je Q.31 - O.3 t O Volt
-oo tcotLrde
= r
Eo
C
louir
Eo
+1.23V
Y
= -0.34 v
CEo4u.1;*;o'ra V )
a-eceihsr) re&clio0 r{uc)
1t
r e0 ror :Jfl ffi u r Fr6{ n n ii5 d'ndu d'.i fl - Cu2* + 2e- ---+ Cu(s); Eo = 0.34 V - AI3* + 3e- ---+ 2Al(s); Eo = -1.66V - H* + 2e- --+ Hz(g) ; Eo = 0.00 V
z) rit,runr
ni
lauyolalfir,frorq1n At uay Cu SoflayTnrerr.rrnryilriL Bo u^v 20 n'rl6i'rd'!
rir:rrrirr.liffiglflunto
HCt
nrut{:.t
{u 6 mot/dm'200 cm3 nu:Jflffiorarqrnfrfiorufla H26.72omt fi srp laravnarfirjlurlirrJfrffiurrarinfinir 6l
z0ler taqi
I dr a1t
1
GH+ raq)
Iarr"drittrrs,iu,
e
'--,
zel
Cs)
3 H2
($)
,\l
2el3*
#I
+ 6e+6e-)
a.er
O,tl.
dm3
lx2r{dt4' 5.+
5,4 x 80
!o0
6.?b
$
-
t"q$,"_ -''r
-'j,
:*i'fc,r-,!F*+rtrE 'l
"l
r
:- 1- j-.'
,YffiE#fln.- .l
Te fl Er"rd6
;.-;
'. '
il ? ?d u n 1 ? r}t
e{
A4\
A
:.
Y
il il fi6entr,tr,trLnfi E
BrO3-
1.
+ r r{ H* ---+ Ba +
12
lunreotaatnrafrrsoiu{olofro
Bros- :l'rnroonfirn,fi'urflu +z
,;--^*:2 - Eox L'lJUne?n1{' --\/2. lA LO lPr2tlfilrlrU'lyl , q d r /4 t4 t v 3. olnnn?ouy]nlfl lyr tu61]n1Q!0r3n{utmlnu 6 0ranntou 3^, ,/-.\ (4..' 6ll n1??,llJfl o{Lnn?fl 'ru rrn?pr b-orra uayrnnloTodu s Tra
vd
d
advt
a
" nluuFr:.jnn?fl1fn0nty]fl{tilEno.lu aMnoa'+ bl'+ cH2o ---+ xMno2 + yloe-+ zoH* AA v 4 v r.,r,3"" -.j. 1A pt e 1 lJ T tn fl I fl O.: n ! fi il n 1 ?? n 0 n { T n 1 uu Ft tl, Fl o [:lu ljo t n q n m 0.: i,^-ai n. Fr?.lil0nrfl1oontrFtxuLurjln?€i1?Ftan5r4at[6rFro6OH- + I- ---+ lOs- + 3HzO + 6e-
fl -
a.
l,--a.,j
3e-
nr6.rrJfrffiur5d'nd'u1u:Jfrffiar?oron.i"fi4au6'cdo
a,btinycl'rir2 .t.x,yuayrflnir2, Rr.
E]
,
Fr.
+
MnOa- ---+ Mnoz
2. {o n. ruav n. q. i)o n., Fr. uny .r
rlay {.
^rAfrsrarur{o ncru riflr ri:-lnrezundourol ry6n riotrlfl
n.
ufi
n:Jfr ffi urSoronsiTofl Fe fi
r. rflaoonfi rqusrnornrarfl .i
n. rfio
Fe 4naou
rnroonfi rodurfi
r{u
ud'r36c"ilorefi nrerrdurflreerrlfr
rfio:Jfrffierdo Oz
+
2HzO
+
4e'
riolnqnfr'or
EI
2Hzo
1 rLav 1 nrraird'r.r
1. rio n. *ay r.
g. fla r.
+
1 taY 2 nrraird'r.t
1. rio n. *ay
r.
3. {o n. uay
n.
2. {o r. uny n. q. {)on., fl. L[ny Fl I
,3
-" nryunutazi-lr,tdlojo't:Jil t,^, )..-
rrndl :snlsn2*@Ig) Irnd2 :
Mg
lMg'*
ll Sn2.
OrTt c, tflu*nlrrr,
@ , l.
e: cu tfluunTvn,
-,
ffiurfrra
4OH-
lsn
Eo""r = 0.48 V ;
E0"",
= 2.71 Y
Eo""rr
= 1.75 V
il, Mg tfluunlvror , Eo""t, = 2.71 v Yo 'f. ,n rflu*nTvro, Eo""rr = 1.75 V 1l
@'"l'**ridl@Illt{da{jr&&ji,l
ffi :
Eo..tt
= 2.23 V
rj
t0 n\qt
I
0
tr
+
4OH'
El
;.rur^',rrnfi d'.:d r.
zn
2.
Cd
3.
ZnClz
4. MnOz 5.
6. AgzO
7.
NH4C|
B.
KOH
9.C
dou:.lavnoutorrtnd urin;rfi
lu{olerlilnn
or
untuo
uoluo
6rfrnlurlad
rirutv'lorfl
1
4
J,/
uonnrtaf
I
4
B
2
A
B
6
8
d
un tna-ttFrFlLtlg}J
J.
6'0.:
airurlevnou
Ad
{uFtito{[:!aa
2.
NiO(OH)
i 4.
EI
[.ru
L
c1n6iln1?[t6or:JfrffitLrr1o1:Jd aKMnoo
rir a,
+
FeClz
El
@
il g
+
dFeCle
2. 1,5,8,3
1
4.
fr3u.ii rir uu erl#ri ol:ld flul
u', en rfi ordul
^t*i fl. Mg + $62* ---+ Mg2* + Sn ^', Rr. 3Cu + 2Al3* ---+ 3Cu2* + 2Al
5,1,1,4
fi
n. Zn + Fe2* ---+ Zn2* + .1.
2. rio a. unv
3. {o n. unv r.
+. to n. uny .:.
il0mfl1ann{u VOz.(aq)
VO2.(aq)
n.
EO
tlr6e.]
=
+ 2H*(aq) + e- i
?iulL:u
Ni
uavdtortoaoud"rd
rirr,luod'ndlv'lrtrrnr?.:rtndto.:r.Jflffir166'n{urorarerir.:1
+2H*(aq)+e-
Fe
Pb + Ni2* ---+ P52* +
1. {o n. *av r.
6
cMnClz
d uay e firirrvirtarfioanarnraufrr
b,
,8,5,4 3. 1,8,1,5 1.
+ bHCl ---+ KCI +
H2O(l) +VO2*(aq)
U)
+1.00
6u1 ttu
HzO(l)
+
V3'(aq)
+0.34
6|l]fl! I
Vt-(aq) + e- i
;.
6 r1tu,)
v''(aq)
H;
Sn2*(aq)+2e-= ;Ll]l.t'(i ,-,;' -
;"
a
drvno{
3. drflfle
-0.14
Sn(s)
" nayflorfirir6'rrEqnuerlnranyartL
1.
-0.26
'
(Voz )d'nnrXr,lfl.rareavara'lunrv:lorflqvu:ldsurfludlor
a?
- dulL{u 2. .
4.
4,
dlJ'J.:
+
eHzo
I
rfio{:rlaravA, B u^v c nr1udmavalotuuuur?o stfinlfi,Jad'rd
tausdir
looou'luaraacars uratodaucddu
A
B*
lvlil1tu
B
C*
[il r:laflurL:-]n.1
C
A*
Ll.J
nrer3fl .i 6ir d'L
Fi
r E0 {o'lnro
n 6'a.r
A>B>C 3. B>A>C
2. C>B>A
1.
El
tllaflutrlla.r
4. B>C>A
lAnar+rfrprdulurrndrTamf,nrfrprufirrflud'rfi d9 d
znr(.) + 3sn2*(aq) ---+ 2At3*(aq) + 3sn(s) {oaqrJrloh.l
ulro tFtnnno.: 1
.
-d
.
, !-
LnuS0vnt.J Lufl tJvr11,tu1vr r:lurrFl
.
lvr
o
z. :Jfrffiurnr3.:ltad6o 3Sn(s) ---+ sn2+(aq) + ge' e. Fr6{ltad Al3'(aq) + 3e ---+ Al(s) fid'ntGd'nf'urirn'jrnt'trtad
Sn2*(aq)
+ 2e' ---+
4. lur.:srnlfluon6r6nnrouinrdoufisrnn6.rlrad snls; I sn2*(aq) trlti.rnr6.rrrad A(s)
trl
rirrjrprirrtnd A(s) A2t(aq) uavn6srrnd
y"
1
;.
E0
= 1 .00 V ray Pt(s)
Pt(s) | cr(g) | c (aq) rrriorilurrndriarrfrnuavriofi'uhnoi'frumof E0
1. Tauy A , o.3o v
2. Iauy A , 2.30 v
3. lau;
+. Iavy
Pt , o.3o
v
Pt , 2.30
v
t{AA tUn.:U
+ 2e' ---+ l' +--g- -*- Ti3* + 3eFt'l E"2
trl
Eos
= 0.73 V
(3)
2. -0.53 V
V
+1.99 V
+2.52 V
firfro.rnra1#fiunafrfi.lrrrnr6orduviru,rdn frsrerurnay:Jrunreoiot:..1fl{olntrinro*ir
n.'ldareavarEnot
t.
ri o
Ptct2 u6oalaayarfl 6ufi
u:r n rno?'lrirTrr rn rio
rir
n. u:ldflurvir c rflu*yir
l.
rio ri:.r
n oio fi':.r
t.
flo
ur nr rno31#rTrrr
n
a.
***rrsxarsEffiFanlr,€
rururrallo.t
pt(t l)
C ua yricnl rio fli re
pt
3. {o n. *ay
@
(2)
iln1 n Llnm
1. -0.33
3.
(1)
1
lAt3t(aq)
tolrrnr{ria'loqnfrol Ioflfir n(s) | A't(aq) ll B2.(aq) | B(s) I B'*(aq), Btt(aq) ll C (aq) | Cz(g) | Pt(s) fi r0 = t .a0 V
rTrlnuvfrr{rsorTe aoifrrnofrruuiryruaypir Pt(s) fi
Sn(s)
Fe ua
rrTc
ar
rio
riu
c 2. {o n. uay r. 4. rio n. uny l.
|
aey
tytg
"4 n1flusn : cl lflfloNanouJunoun1n1il %o 14-15 g
A , o 4 o o "Lunrafrnr*rrfrt'rrfi'rnrrruneouflo.:Tnuv 1t
fl
rluril
o
re
n
(tt
t
)
u
a
yfl uo
z{vl
vn 6uo
qj fr e
{
fl fi n a n r eyr rr nor
ud
ua{slnTnno.:
m;:ln,l6nfiu6'eervrilla
g
, f, a o
f
rrl d s u
ril
n r d Fe > Y > Z s. x drl# re rfrflddnmaoutA'irefiu +. dr rqfi rJ rr n gdurrnr ntooau oH- fi rfi orluilfr ffi r roonfi uor{u t
A
,
A
-
cA
a
e q 4 t
v
III'[0 prr1il Lnfl I n'u L{an L{o tl\a.i fl o t:J q n no.: dqvq ai u ,! 1 rrluL{ aa Lvtilr tn uri til6 fl ulrff.:.rruunrfi hirilun dlsrutv,lfl r z.
LF]
, AaZ
.Z
a
v4
rtarirfi ornhrvirmutfiriorflorriu16otl nrrrlrvirfi fi rfr orn6.:ler1r{r1:J a
d ra-
4
v
t
c
"X - oanfilnufiilfrffiflrmNrilfroufiunrrduorriltslTnrtnu'luoonBtqu 3. rlnrirfraur6.ilil?rilu .^dl id -, ^, "X 4. 6rdnlrt'tnFr'[urrnrit{otnn{F]o.tLilu6{'l?avn'ltlvlN6NLrlttJutll6
:J
l\fl
Fr
n e
11
a
Fr.
EI
n'r?rrun61?nya'rfl NaBr firirnrfueuriluri'suotuouavtunTvror
1urtaffi
nretil6euuila.:trav6ilnrerran.:rJfrffierrfirfror{u
16nlvmta d'riol:1fl riolnnnfro.r
n. :JflffirrrfinrfiufiuprTvrndo Hzo(l) + 2e ---+ Hz(g) + 2oH-(aq) -3i 2Br(aq) ---+ Br2(l) + 2e' T. Llnneflrrnnnuvrrrolunrro dl q n. 6 r :n v a r s fi rir u nTvr n v ril 6 fl ud n r v ruh n fa s r n d u I lfl ufi rir uiu Fr
Fr
i
.:.
YlLlo
.
i^ r 'n.^ 3 tY',1 tnLnnflU
Lun:Jn'l5flmn
{o'lnnn6'o.r 1
. flo n. *nv
s. {o
r.
nr.
z.
{to n., fl. rrat n.
a.
ffo t.
znr(s) + oz(s) ---+ 2Hzo(t) rirraurrnr6silfrfr?urd'.:fl Hz(s) + 2oH (aq) '--+ 2Hzo(t) + 2e-
El rr^,ir{urndrvru,lrrfiouJfrffiflrd'railn1lnfifl
oz(g) + 2H2O(t) + 4e.!
-
rrna [To Liln{
tr-
J
a
riloF]o'
q
h rq t
---+ 4OH (aq) ,
,
i e^
*
d
tu
.
X
A?LQ.rsrcyrfiorlylfirtr,lnlue{s? nlmo{n1? turna flnfl Lilr',|'rflo{ rrnaillnflunroevrrotir.:tr
n. LyrlJprQlilaurorurid Hz
r. rfirnrrr:.rd'utor*ffd
o,
oonsln?vL:r r. rdrnrrrr{uiura.:taoraonttri'tooou t. fro n. uav t. rvitlu z. {o pr. rvirrlu g. fio n. , 1. , Fl. unv {. +. {o .:. rvirrlu n. anlBurcu
ll
@l
H2o
oorax,
nmnardrlufrolnkjqn6'arrfi ofr'0.:nrrqrnrr{ru6nfrraTnrrfi t
.
fl }r
lfrrw:lu.r6nrfl uuntrn
z.'lfrnrvuanra.ittflunrvr[66nu
3. 6 raavarfl
4. @l
6 rdnTvretn r{6'or fi
toaouro.:1nerfi uil
6d
tt LaurLFt?lilfl r][Ljuau
x ilrvnoufrrflr1q c H o uav,s arerlevnordvrin s.oo g rzurtufiodr.rarlq:nihiuff'a coz 4.83 g Hzo(9) t.+8 g fiu,r6oufluuffn Soz soz firfio,duqnoonfilo"fhllfluufla soa drnvarsrlrr,rr.,o,rflunrnf'nfih3n
^.r,Jrrnuu X",n
dv
nrafllillvruvrrnnofifluarravnrflTsrfiflrtanron'["loi
El
t.00 mot/dm3 .irueu t09.8 ml qlRirue ruuramrrorffid'a
1.
CzHsOzS
2.
CsHzOzS
3.
CzHaOSz
4.
C:HzOSz
n.
tri',urluto"fTnuv
1
o
v4fr
ufi
r
r
{alnrtri
qn
. tu{luyrs y0 y [u Ln{ ao n:ifl ,]L,l nfl o.r rL:t
z.'lri'tar,lvonfr
rfr fl
s]
g. lframa ynrfl a ynfi
rfl
ufle unrTr
6'or Fr
LFro,
or
rfi fl iltooou rfl un re6 16 nlratn r{ !. 4. Yrrlo[uolauyoyntrufl]Jqy0noan{ Ladtilu Alzo: rnly
I
fgl
q tu
1':sr tilvl1 [r6 a{
6 Lurr
,
e
ua
zuu{'tug nc{r1.:1u0.:u
6ea{
"---lrl vro.:runo.1
Pt
(lnuy16o cu riu zn)
61enYA1fl HzSOq taOal.r A
y
$JOnL swrtch
1.
4a 4 r h 4 1m tn Flfl US;IUUOfl 'l.i t? Jo
:JffiurfiuaTuo
a--
iloma1iluFrtvro
yro.lttn{ ayalEt vto.lL[n.l
2.
trl
A{Lnntfl d
t
avalfl
vto.i [tf].:mnFlynou
l
vloluffa H, 4ordurr
v4;t
3.
a.invn uavvro.: t[F].ivr{Ftavnlu
4.
ftnvd avnru
vto{Lta{nnflvnou l
vio.:ufla u, ryn{urr
{o1orfiu,lflouriu'lunmzu6nTauvh16fltl ra;rLrJnflrfiflil Tofllfrud'nnraro.:rtaffirdnTvratnoi
n. rirulv,lfl rnavu6mxa.:1u6r::lavnornrnoteri'u3amf;fi !.
r,laor n,lar
1r. Llflnrfl1vrrro[uF] v4\"-
n. enrlnulJlqln[tua{touenu no u']TvtnLvlluu {o'lornnfro.r
t.
{o
3. {o ,
fll
n. r.
2. {o n. uav t.
uav
r r{a n6v6
n.
n tu
N [v{?'ll1 ulruF]
+. {o n. ,1. ttnv i,
vnl
rn
-a Fril0n?al n.:u
r.Jfrffilr1 :PbOz + SOa2-+ 4H* + 2e- ---+ PbSO4 + r.lfiffiflr 2 : PbSOa + 2e' ---+ Pb + SOa2dl fi
qrarur{onoril
rfl ereflu
, r,iY t
YA-'"
2H2O
E0=1.69V E0
= -0.36 V
ltndavnutv'lfl r rurunrvriefl
!
^ n. flilvs1Er lfl v]fleau lnnLnnfalvr er
n.
"
1
Pb Lrav tiruotunrfror pooz fl. flruvoolvl n. flruvd'ntv,l nrirfi z rJfrfurmr 2Pbso+ + 2Hzo ---+ Pboz + Pb + 2soq2' + "l1.33 haoi{. L6nnau}Jn'nrnrrnhd'lviflr Fl?.lvl 2
fifl.Junlvra
rfror
{o1oqnfr'or
1. {o n. unv
t.
2. rio r. uav
n
3. {o
.:.
4. {o n. *nv
.:
nr.
unv
4Ht
_-r..:.+:;-_t!:- - a:-:: ..:.;!.:: .- . . j
: - .'
d:.5 -:jI
: ns'lidogaoialilinourhntu ia
rhduqt
zs-zo
arrilevno:.rotir{irsro.i z tdoavnre'lurirnrfidrixl duri'lrnloonfiror"fi'u 6'rfl +5
+4
+3
+2
tU0O.1
u1t.lu
tflflQ
rixeiou
!a^
,
-
v
q
.jq
co
Lil036e{61?nyn1fl Z(+5) 6rfl zu{d.inyd"[u6']?aynlflvrrilun?a-Lunr{uvl
drr-Jfrffiurfi'r Fe3* qytff y 6 1 ?a ya 1 t'r d rd fl r riu I or fl Y ffo l n r r KM n oa rfl u:-Fil'r rufi a n'j'r
x rill x rrr{ruufil
o1nTfltfr
ar
udfitjr
qY_--A
syl1 Z'- {.isvqn00 nx^4Ln{0fl't.l?t Fttte Lu x uia Y rrvirrJflffirrril t vl'unvrr
ilA{.:1Ufl4.:YtUGg
v,{ufytFtfl']
e4
or:Jfr
ffi tLr
tiuqrndruru 7r-bond fir
< vl'unva < r{unvdtl
vd
vr'unvrEflr
nerujortr"lunrelfi
rrnn.ir
.ios1,r
-)
lrrn n'ir
o Vill-l6YtOfl'l Ltll.l 7t-bond
. r{uov{fi 1 7[-bond . fiunyaufi 2rt-bond
A ^ a-AaY * o airuiuar:Euvr?dfrfrri'.:fiusvrErc fiun;{
*a; vl'usv6rtlenrri'uoqllulrrnqnrdar 66nreuj6e:rrfiflLFrmil'iortr lunrarfirrrJflffier fror?irnreliu^irueu " 7[-bond " 'luara:-]rvnouriu urnnlerlevnoulnrfi rt-bond rrnn"ir *a o.:.jraralavnorriufi nrer:r"ioltr'lunrarfi nrrJfl ffi errrnn'lr
f,
rtilasnaillolstnrfuail (Hydrocarbon rEsilBiail f{1r
H.C.
HC)
nlag1{
4rrrirl,l
rfluos
CH+ - flrmu
uoatnu
CnHzn*z
dmu
CzHo -
CeHa - Tvlelvru CzHa -
[[oanil
uoalnri
CnHzn
CnHzn-z
CnHzn
Cn{zn-z
tiluriluou
CaHs -
ll'lYlil
czHz -
6tvni
Csl-l+ -
Tv,{rtv{f
caHo -
fletvni
C+He -
ttTnafiQtvru
CsHro -
ttTnnlvlulvtu
l\UfvPt 1 Vtufv 4.,a
LllUrdUn?.i1r?O L{n.r
osTarurBn
(rfionrnaqr{uf, CoHo)
216
CroHs
\
u'r
fiunvs{r}.J
- uruY,lvrrdu
Cr+Hro - utOuurrfiu
t fiuov
rflurfrumxr,r?olqifr.:
,
M ,4 L8.tl.l
milr u,dv-
-
L:.IONF]E, L:.J:.Jfl'],
v, L}.I
avarndr,tild1tdflr,fi 16,
,,tr 'oY Ll.railneil1n4Ft , "Lr.r,.rfla
,
trinvn'rnl1r , tilrirtv'iflr rrririlrnao{srnovTeHrfr
,
n
4r
tlrtJ 0utr0 a rFtuyln0 fl 'r.t
vruf yInflty].iyilFl lfluetUor
fi'uovni
(rflulolrnofriu ruoa6u
:-
11n601 rtnf t6}J1 tFlAt'tt.]atJne
va
vluf ;tFtfle6nullunyFl
*nvrfluxiln
)
4d
t fiuov
rllu?.irla
ltlFran,rufiu - L'Lludu
Ll.ravalu
, " '"tv,ll'!'t , "Lilu'r
tflNlLnnu0Er
- L{LnnlrYtu
CoHo
: - ",^Y oilme, Llrl.rfl1,
u,l
Iilrfiu
CsHa -
6lililFr
uflulffurreq,r6otsifr.i
0711J
csHo -
C+Ho
c
ud
csl+ - ttlnraTl,rafiu
ltTnauaa6u
fi'u
y,{uf ytFtfllvl'114ilFl
C:Ho - tmToatyrervru
ltlnauoarnu
c
tu:J ouLto n Fruvl no fl 't.i (
rfl utoTq
r:.:
o
fri'r:
LL
o
at
o
f)
, '; u ,aY Ll.Joilmxil1n4n Lr.rl.Jfla
,
triavarsrir , tilrirtv,iflr 4l
l.l
Lfll.t1il1n6Fr
,
,
.
4
uHurJ{ [n?{61t1{611ttJ5snau a,.lauou
nr a:.leynoul ata
.J.l
tll
rnrf:rou
xeln
Fl
r{ilnr[ury16fload'Lri
(cyclo-)
L{n.i (iso-)
rdune.r (normal-)
oullufiflo.:ou LtlJlmn
ntf lEgnanttnmafioateiltcnouRrfuau {{ 1
.
T
n
tsd 5rs uu u
a'
r
6
il
:
r ff o.r
{fi
orr o
rfiun y (fi'us r 6
:
fl e,
nrTnx65tfi + urrt
6
fi'us r {, r{uo r a r r )
r1
6'uri
nr(un
r
z.
Iae.:afi r uuutio : ru6 o.: uanryr{uor{
3.
T
+.
lnr.ra#r.:uuurr[u : lrirfifluovmoilnrrf:.lou uritfrrrrfru tun:ilart']rfruu,yruoymounrfuou
n e.: a
o
#rs uu u
sr 6l rJ :
L[ 6 o.: rofl
un
vfiua;arr.r
1 yfiun yryur' r.: o y m o r n r fir o u
o'to?t1.: d
6oraluraqa
CgHo
la5.:6li't.:ttuurnil
H
HH ll C-C:C-H II HH
Ine.:a#rsuuueio
tna.:dir.:uuundr.r
CH3CHCH2
CHs-CH:CHz
cH3c(cH3)cH2
cH3-c(cH3)-cH2
Inera#r.:uuurfru
,/\
H I
H_C_H CaHe
(iso)
HI tl
H-C-C:C
tt HH H
o
o
il
I
CzHqOz
H
H-C-C-O-H
o
il
cH3cooH
cH3-c-oH
I
H
H
CsHro
tc'
il
Ao,
H
H- r/ \ -H CC H'r r-H
tl H-C-C-H II HH
A
CHs
CHs
H:C HsC
CHe CHe
HsC HsC
CHo CHs
217
.W.wi::'.:''=..j.9*.*.€l:ji].:...1..i:.:n!1J:,6!:1-
arrilrcnauactrurfin 1.
urrafis arr:lrynorlaTnrnrfilaufifioynornrfuaurfluyruoyrdErradrfiut;riuavrilue.:ilnr 4J
o v
2. 6lilil0rYr6l1nilfl o{ovt6il1nn
.
:
rzurtrr:i*frirfiorurrir4rfi4or'lurarorrnrrileyno:.Ltalorenrrfuou
. triniorrir:Jflffiflrfi!arr6u -" ( P1
. .
ruavtfintrlquuud'I6
lt
i
I
l:l I tUE 7
1
t
l\ 1] ttil t{ a "l li].l
il
(carbon-hydrogen ratio 4ld4o;
,
hiylondTrefiu , trlv{ondar?ava'rfl KMno+ , lilvirilfrffiurrirnan Hzso+
n
lfl
.i; I
1'1
ti I tl
I I tl.l
)
rioralt*uudkiralo 1u,r4nrrnifirfiuu4mrTnre.:airrlfrunruuu:run;vlnrLUrLrdo.i6rffito.:nrrruflouri'u) oylrrrfi nTrraqnr6nfi 4rr6orrufi u (Colo)
-sadvu
3.
Ou[?tJ1Flnila']leqn
.uuu11{ OH
CHs
NHz
o\
tN*
Toluene
Aniline
Phenol
o
./o
Nitrobenzene
CHs
CHa
OH CHe
CHs Benzoic acid
.
uuuN1nffi1
1
para-Xylene
Ethyl benzene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
?{
Naphthalene
@.*"*W|!*
meta-Xyle ne
;tnwx*{mrg
Q'
trfrJtgnaUdunruaclu6ud'r
nrar.:uGeLrfiflLFrFu6rJilAro.:arsil:ynou6rrir uny hi6:.rd'c
nildiluFt
arflJtgnou6rsio
:ilu:.rrfiusv
1\Uf vLFIfltvr.t1,u0l
nrrylonqr.:d
nrrv,lo nqr.:
fi
Brz
lu
arfllffirnulilAiln-e
tt
v1
1v
v,lonsrsfilufia'ir.r
CCla
alrnvn 1fl
v,lo
i
ut
Ln
'Yo Ftt'r,Jeo.i
Le
rfin:Jflffiarnreee h,
v
rrir
cA
rir:Jflffirr uaracr
d'r
,ia.rten.ir (fi rt-oono)
til,io.:tr
Lunlrrn Frrlfl n?fl 'r
a
toBJnnnrufltfiflc
2 9Jamril?)
tririr:.Jfl ffi ur u^, uu nfru
rYu H2s04
4v
r',lonqr.:d
tnnLlflnrflr n1?uvruvr
gilurunrerfio:Jflffiur
I
ns r.: fi 1i'.: fi a'i r.: un vfi fl rr
tilvlonfi
KMnOa "[u HzSOa
nrrrirrJfr fi3ar
t
Nl'{Uf yFl 1r?O :Jvluf yfi 'tu
ililaqil[dsuYu Alkane , Alkene , Alkyne uaa Aromatic 1)
lo160olnrraoilrua2 ddo
t
t
v
{ 4 o nar[fruirurunrfuou"lilrvirfi'u
:
a & qor16oora.:6unrure nhrana ("1'rueu c) rnervlfluue.:ueuuorofcrnd
o
dd
o nerililcrucunriuouuvirflu q
or
:
r6o orarerEers nrrJtfi
(r.re
o
6
a6rnlesnau
so16o nare[6e.:orruflj uuuTN[ana aqt
.
9v
ahraqnlnfrfi'u) lor16ondufi'urfioareilarno!ratnla{nrt5fl{ovFloilnrfiiau
:
Aromatic
> Alkyne > Alkane >
.,:. r6u0t?.t > L8In{uofl > ",: !{n.i!1n
Alkene
nrefilsifr.iilrn rirl#1n16oorrt.^o,nr',r rirhi'lna.:air.:unvnv arurirriutfi'lrir,lurrrriu
o Atkane fi1n16oor4.:n,Jr Atkene rnerv Tnrerairsfievrio:rrrnn.ir ufiprd'elfrr,luruilun'ir
.
d+i.
Atkyne fi1or16oor4rfi4oLlr?1v lr.rraqnrflurfrumar Tnarairtrfluertflourrnfi4or
2) narru6rn-a
g)
merflrtuf
nmt6lln-rqot(ra:
Alkane
luf :
> Alkene > Alkyne >
Aromatic
> Alkene > Alkyne > ilBrurruttrir: Aromatic > Alkyne > Alkene > Alkane nrrrarX:nirntrn,
Alkane
Aromatic
219
.\
.!r:;ji,:r:.::'l,,
-.r:r,+
f
dlflltgnauauflfg r)uqjf[.:rid'u (Functionat Group):r(ruduaarr.jram6uvr?tiriurflual?l?vnr1n rravsvtL6r].i6lf6tanrvto.:dre 2) o1e1{ udn.rra{flsrif'utasare6urn6d A
uilv{{ffiu
,q
tfiorara:l*nau
Ft20El1{
dFrfd1fil5snoil
-o-
o0n{
orvro?
CHs-O-CHs
R_O-R,
-oH
laoronfrn
tLoan0flon
cH3-oH
R-OH
-COOH
Prltu0nta
ntnouvt?fl
CHo-COOH
R-COOH
-COH
Fl1?:ion{lan Lflo
ruo^6tEoi
CHs-COH
R-CO-H
cH3-co-cH3
R_CO_RI
r06tvro?
cH3-coo-cH3
R-CO-O-R'
LOl.tu
CHg-NHz
R-NHz
rotrri'
roturi'
CHg-CO-NHz
R-CO-NHz
yluf ylfiflt
rLoatnu
CaHro
CnH2n*2
1\1.16vFl
tLonnu
CaHe
CnHzn
v\ufy6'tu
uoatnf
CaHo
CnHzn-z
44'
-coo -co
-
Pr1?U0UA
)
{u
afl
a
dc
LLOnn0nfl Ftr?u0ua
ovil
NHz
-co-NH2
3
tu
doililvrl{n{u
o.:d'rroumss uil{
a1
rJ1r
Lu
lmu
Nfl .: mtu
ornas (EIher) 4n6Inr{r{i1{
R_O-R, 1
6(ilu-a
m66[61{
,r?og'r{
.
q eua ll
.J,^.i,d
fl o.: 6 rvr o
L;
fi
uo
qj
ril
q
ra qj u
o n 6 n fi .v
r
^
2.
d fr
s.
tilnyarfldr , gp rirrflalqrntrifi l-oono
Y
antrflcoirfr 6or'Lulrrar
9d
ilfl-Trrnrrai1.i6ly]oi
:
B
ta
uLifl{ri.i'u
ROH
T
rl
o, a
(o1efr
fi q rua
I ffi
T
o e eo
urt
o1d.j1Iilfi {e)
+ R'OH ---+ ROR +
H2O
CH:-O-CH:
+
Dimethyl ether / Methoxymethane
CHsCHz-O -CH2CH3
+
Diethyl ether / Ethoxyethane
+
Methly ethyl ether / Methoxyethane
CHs
9]8il
fA
oon{ u?o ttonFronn
doraqjfl.:fit"u
-
O -CHzCHs
" u**me:dl.,ur",sar&**raxts
il Fr dr fl uo
am
u
r0an000d (Alcohol) 6orolnera#-x
-
R
,q adoltilfl{fiilu d
oH
r. fr'fi (nnryrricue.rrflud'ud'l
a
lu
a
x
LEnton{a
n;arerlr (uriaynrflrfiur
a r,lqjf,.:rid'u; ,
z. lrirjrlvlflr rflolqrntriunnrinffioayarfl , ae 4r rflo.:nrnfifiuay H-bond g. gp rfi!fiunrurahrnqn , rilunarr (pH = 7) , rflu tsomer ri:.r Ether
6ltJlJO
e rnrd61.:
,A_
^ rJfrffitTnrarm?€iuuJytluon
4 oH + CH3CH2 - OH CHsCHzCHz - OH + CH3
Fl?oEtlit
U H2
:
COz
+
,
fr1ra.::lfrn-?er
2Hz
Methanol (vnutrjl6'
-
Cr-Cg)
CHaOH
tfirflurfiorvrhl)
,
Ethanol (vrrut6')
Pronanol (lfrrflupiedrayaruluqnrarunrarur)
OH
4
I
t- H- OH
tiourortlriu
Glycerol 1uilr r
r?EluluLyr ar rfi
nTl.l ta n n )
I
H2
iltcrnfl
R
ilN1AA
OH
n firrrjori':r oH orqrfJu HC (Hydro carbon) 6rd'r ra6otri6rnie fi16'
r nenirflu HC 6ilriQ : 6Fr? cnHzn*r- oH > nenirflu lC til6ufr'c : 6Fr? CnHz*r- OH (C=C)
L[ny CnHz*s- OH (C=C)
nso0unSd (Garboxylic Acid) nSa 0rganic Acid r
U
6lA6Inf.:6111{
rq
av
dol,ur?{{n[u
R_C-OH t.
6ltJUA
d
tl
o"Y ^ - - z firTc (anrvrrie uxr"flud'ud'r
.i-
lu
Ft'rfLonBa
a uqjr{.:rid'u) ,
,
v,loffia
\
d
,
- - rjrtv'lflr avaredr (urinvarflrfru.r crca)
rdnfiofl rilo{srnrrnnrr'cilryurru 5% , BP 4r rflornrnfir{urv H-bond , z. gp dur',u:.reahrnqa ({rn,jruonnoaod), rflunro (pH . 7) , lsomer riu Ester
cormn-rbJ 6lffi :
CnHzn-r
-
tri6lrfi'r
CooH
:
CnH2n-l
-cooH
o n=0 (formic
acid)
+
il
H-C-OH o
n=1 (acetic
acid)
+
l
cH3-c-oH o
n2ag1{
n--2 (propanoic acid)
*
l
cHscHz-c-oH
+
CzHsCOOH
+
CeHzCOOH
+
CaHgCOOH
U
n=3 (butanoic
acid) +
I
cH3cH2cH2-c-oH o
n=4(pentanoicacid)
+
ll
CHgCHzCHzCH2-C-OH
!aarn0s (Ester) o
iiou{f[.:rii'u
4orr1ar.:a#r.: n_3_o-n,
dd
tLaa Fr0n{
Fr1?ltotun
lu a uqlr{tridu , trinvnrfldrrilervtilfirTr gp riou{rrrir , Bp rdrnrrrraTrlann umnd'r , 6d-a z. rfluc{mfinhur,ra:r (firfluioenhu) , tilu lsomer fi'unrn6uvrid 1. anrv,riruarrflud'ud'u z
d}JUA
n-roeirs
CzHs
-
COO
- CoHz
+
Propyl propanoate / Propyl propionate
CzHs
-
COO
- C+Hg
+
Butyl propanoate / Butyl propionate
C:Hz
-
COO
- C+Hg
+
Butyl butanoate / Butyl butyrate
CzHs
-
OOC
- C3H7
+
Ethyl bytanoate
- CzHs
+
Methyl propanoate / Methyl propionate
CHs
1. Jo
-
OOC
rnr(i1{tou{tilod
(Esterifrcation)
-
il0ms1md1nry z.latntta?a flo{to6ltvtof s.
(Hydrotysis)
:
i
o
Jo
R-CooH + R'-oH ---+ R-Coo-R'+ Hzo
:
R-coo-R'
Ester : O
rflo.:qrntri
Ethyl butyrate
+ Hzo ---+ R-cooH + R'-oH
laTnela"fd'aaturl (Saponifrcation): R-Coo-R' + NaOH
n1o,]ilud1nilfla.:rntdi1.:
.
liljrb{flr
ovnorfivirr{un;r6arril
C
----+
R-CoO-Na + R'-oH
Nlslnuoanoaodv6o nrn
6uvr5d z as'ln6iln1?fr1ud1.:
ilnmg1rn56151.1
o
Ester
o
---+ R-C-O-R t tl
+R'
R
+ HzO
6eil.i1 o
fi
dtt'urv
16
fl
criL
a! C Ao O Yrl.J'rslnLroanoEon
roamfld (AIdehyde) o
6lntIn5{6lt1it
4
,tdouilfl.:ndu
il
R-C-H r. firir lanrvrrirur.:rfludud'L
f{ilfa
Pr1?uon{1anIaFr
1
+
lu
a raqjfl.:ri-d'u) ,
avarfldrfr c,-c.
rnnfi'a , ep Fiou{r.:Fir udrmrtlre nT:.:rana
t
z. rirrJfl ffi rr fi'r d1taya1fl
r:.J
ru6 n d', rfl
u tsomer rii..r Ketone
o ll
H-C-H
=+
Methanal / Formaldehyde
+
Ethanal / Acetaldehyde
+
Propanal/ Propionaldehyde
o a'log1{
CHe-C-H o l
CHsCHz-C
222
-H
tililltvlflr rflorqrntri
nt0u (Ketone) .\ anetns.:afr.:
A
t. aruuG
,a
au
dailil?{{nlu
lt
R-C_R
n1?'LOUn
I
'v
v
I
firTr (anrvirirra':rfluo''ud'L s lu a uqjr{.:rid'u) , a;arfldrfi c3 oirrdac rf, orqrnlrj rumn d'r, ap piou{r.: rir rd:.r nr rrr al:r in q
rrnl
z. al.lffiIorflarilndrflrit.l Aldehyde I CH:_C_CHS
n2041{
,
^
rflu lsomer
ri:..t
lilrjrh.lfrr
Atdehyde
+
Propanone / Acetone
+
2-Butanone/ethylmethylketone
o il
CH3-C-CH2CH3
taliu (Amine) flnf Inf{6lt1.t
dau{f[.rfiffu
R-NH2
oviltu L
t. firie lrursufludurir
o"[u a uilfl.rrid'u) , rofiurJf,rnfr rav1fiu4firnorr{uovlalolsulfr uri ro
lJumnu0lJ Liltnn Fl.:uu BP ttfl
iFl.:u primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine
-,-Y 3" 6nlur (cr-ca rfluffrq , c+ {utilrfluto.:Lual z. fildri'r
aruG
Lrav
c 4rlrflutoru{.r)
e. ayarfldrt6'6 flnr{uilcn aromatic amine
a. rflurua rfla.:qrn N 61:J1rn?i1r,1'usylnraof6rumrir
r
t6'
5. ilQn Mw ol"r1 nvfindu (uofiuoonuafiu Lodrmofoonuoil)
n10ft1{
CHsNHz
+
Methanamine / Methylamine
CHgCHzNHz
+
Ethanamine / Ethylamine
CHsCHzCHzNHz
+
Propanamine / Propylamine
t0lurI (Amide) o dnrlnr{6111{
I
I
doudS[.rfit'u
R-C-NH2 dv
d
o V tuA
4
1. 1Jfl14{yr60 s.:nval?ru1 LFlo . a
dTUG
A Fr
AM 'A Ll.J rn
fl n l.J
U
I
nfl u6v lfl
O
v
U o
U
tu
rolilftilqilnil rravvrnflnilLn0]1\ufvLatnrlsuLn 4{ A
LF]
roluri t
,
rrm ro[tJn
vC
?[qu n{uu BP lrfl .i o{u
2. Wimary amide > secondary amide > tertiary amide ir,aa r,a l 3. r1lu613ilrrno1rfl 1ilil6 LLnv L}]lJnau oyul
4. aYa1flu't Lnn untauilen aromatic amide .i
,.
CH:-C-NHz o
+
dt
!
.
5. riluna1{ rUo.is'rn e- Frlonrolul [u N {
LnFr
n to
v
Resonance c't L]]yl1ilunYlnooatum
o tl
nlaglit
ll
CHsCHz-C-NH2 +
Ethanamide / Acetamide
Propanamide/Propionamide
223
-J nrf arilradrfuEgfl auailmf g
t)
rnadrudaare:lasnorlaloroarfrauarpTeua-nrnr€iruqhueunrSuaudogluara:Je"nouor-.:d
oiruru c
o1u11
r!fl
1
1.
(meth)
uoarnu (CnHzn*z) : 'hldruras^irulurrlfllou rrdrn.:frrflfrrfl -ane CHa dru'jr methane CaHro ciru'jr butane
ethane CsHa ?iru'jr propane CzHo ejru'jr
2
tov (eth)
3
naovr (prop)
4
frevr (but)
5
rilufl
(pent)
6
tant
(hex)
2.
ethene CsHo ?iru'ir propene CaHe dru"ir butene
7
railvr (hept)
B
aonr
I
Tuu (non)
CaHa
ejru'jr
10
nnn
C4H6
€ilu'jl
s.
(dec)
propyne butyne
j
t. 16onldoynounrfiiaudflrrfi4oriJuTrirad'n ridu
Tci
u d'n fr'o r fi
r,r
pentane
CsHra
drur'r
hexane
CsHro ojru'jr pentene CoHrz ciru'jr hexene CzHr+
il fl r rid'ure il o d fr
x
CoHro
CzHrz
eiru'jt heptene
dru'jl dru'jr
hexyne
heptyne
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
(Parent chain)
*n;drua{fr'rflrflu
:
Parent Name uravfrrllraqa#ufi
fl
z. u6unrJoTdudnmrudruruFrlfuouovnor.Jmrl.rFrl?1.i(stioeviud'e) 6 1
116'rasvirfldrfl -ene (6u)
uoatnri (cnHzn-z) : hltjrurnt"l'ru?urrr fLou ttdr a{frrfl deu -yne ttori) CsHe eiru'jr pentyne CzHz dru'jr ethyne
z)i6rnalumadruiaare6urn6d (lUpnC - lnternational
r, il r{.r
dru'jr
uaadu (c"Hz") :'l#tirurag"irueunlfuou CzHa ciru'jr
(oct)
CsHrz
(uou)
uavorudanrfi'rflnriluannradrut'o
?:l rvn o L fl o r u ri n vr,trifl r ri'r"'u
3. ry'r.rFi1rruil.rflo.rFr1firou'luldudn
tnrflnEnflrillir'lfiFirralFrlfuouovnol.Jfifitcifr{
uio
ovnoruvrufrfirirullil.r
rioufi4nr unr frrfir,rqir{rri{u fro.rnsrflr:.:rirhfui'rur,rrirflo.rnlfLouavnorfifiarirr,rqlf,.iri{'ufirirrioflfi4orriou 4. LonFi'rruil.:tou,lrir{.rrid'uTdfi{ u3o d'r
ratriud'rdnuahld'udrfl
oyrtarlrrufi frrfld'ernr ayu.irrnrrar'hid'u6'rflrpr3o{u}J'rs
"," LLnv?vu"i1.i
rpr3o.:1rN'ru "-"
s. rSflndouriorruuurufi nSoroirurari.: srn;u€irudalciild'n n.ifrruAxflrfio6{1?il?vno:.1 uriu t:rrnnnfirovrrv r{uoyrfiflo1fia.:fr'rflfiefl "ane" ?5ofilrfluuoanoaod'h}'a.:frrfl6'ee "ot" rLaufrlfiuilrd.:rid'u r,rioTcifiruafiouriu'hi
il.:ronoirurufroflnlularfiu
(mono , di , tri)
s) fi'cadrr
CH:
Darent, chain
CHa-C-CHz-CH-CHz-CH:
CH:
lt CH:
CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
t. vrl.dlndn
CHg
I
CHe
CHe
o
CH"
9"o
(16(o
CH3-C-CH2-CH-CHz-CH:
tiru'ir
- 2,2,4-T rimettyl hexane
- lsooctane (common)
@,,
CHs
:
(l U
pSrent chain
2. ayrrir
p-arent chain
s.
uuri.:rotnrfiou'lutriud'n
CH:
PAC)
o
o urldfi{ u^rurruuurud
Q'
aqrJiEnmEiruiiaarailrcnau6uflErf,' (tupec)
Ether 2) Alcohol 1)
3) Carboxylic
8) Amide
riru'jr Alkanp +
acid eiru,jr Alkanf +
Ester 5) Aldehyde 6) Ketone 7) Amine 4)
dru"jr Alkoxy alkane
+
eiru.jr Alkan#
e1 oate
dru.jr Atkanp + at
+
zjru.jr Alkanf
dru,jr Alkanf +
dru.jr
O
oic acid (Tdr,rd'n 3 oeioiruuri.:urnra:.ro; O il
(Tdr.ln"'n
c oqjrirur,rrj.:u?n16ilo)
one
amine
o
+ amide (ldud'n 3 odriruuu.:uentauo)
Rtxanp
g) Fi'eaeirr
o il
CHe-C-CHz-CHz-CH:
2-pentanone
"r,-r€(8.
Hs
lr-pentene-2-one
o
o
ll
il
CH3_CH_C_CH3 I
Qi-ls
-fi
H
-c-1-i,
-6 -s
11
CHs
CHs
3-methyl-2-butanone
o ll
CHs-CH-CHz-C-H
3-methylbutanoic acid
o ll
CH3-CH:CH-C-OH
I
CH:
3-methylbutanal
o ll
butanoic acid-2-en
CHa
CHS-CH CH2_C_OH OH
3-hydroxybutanoic acid
CH = CHz
methylcyclohexane Br
Br
2-cyclohexylethene
1,2-dibromocyclobutane
nracirudoarail?vnouliloon60r PAT2 lnuFrr{ nardtri6'oruiu!1nuv4v
225
u0niurfi
rfr
srdaurYuarrilrcnaulatntnrfuau U[in-Ssrnrstnuri (Subslituti0n Beaction) ;. " , ' o i a rJfrffimfid'e r{rlir:..Jfrffiur t:lvirnrauvrufrovnor u5o u{ornou "[ur,rqiuanFnlo.:nmilavnou
n't1NuN1g
a 'LfrzudnJiilTt
ar\,
6uvt5r ^
1
)
ufr or
rir a r rrley
riautt
2) .l'r rfl ufr'oror
rJffiar
R-H + gr,
u6
n o
a
,6
rd
I
d'
^ (-1u61?oiluyr5ti l5unilfli5urg:.lu'r:rue 2 nuo,
l.: riQ uvi
tlu
ne
(at xa
rvi
r _Replacement
Reaction)
tYu)
nd.:.nura.:lunrerfi or:Jfl ffiur -f,---iJ) LFr61?zunmnruYl 2 {uFr t6}.Jo xuo1,tu{t:lun1{yrtJ6uuFtu]un?a
- cHa(g) +
d'fl
rrd.l
R-Br + LL6':
Br2lcct4(t)
HBr
>
cHeB(g) + HBr(g)
IBromination]
rJffisrenllisarrnrrilud n?acjlit
- CH+(g) + Clz(g)
t[6.1
CH3CI(g) +
- CHgCI(g) + Clz(g)
Ltd.l
CH2C12(g)+HCl(g) [Dichloromethane]
- cHzcrz(g) + crz(g)
rLtt.:
- cHCra(g) + crz(g)
Ird.:
HCI(g)
HCI(g) CCI+(|)+HCl(g) CHCI3(|)+
uil1s ru4 : ilfr ffi urnr aurufi rolnr 4 arla lsu
-
n.ir
L?fl
[Chloromethane]
[Trichloromethane] [Carbontetrachloride]
ar1a6 lud'u
rJii[Surnrstnu nS0 nlss3un-J (Addition Reaction) rfJurJfrffiurfifin.rduurruu
n1'trJulJ'tg
tylfl .l'truo tFraz [tayd1?ila F]nluyln{
1)
rioulq
,
o
^\
L
Fl
,
v
6 1 ? r.t n nR
A
tu
Ft
[a il
0
+ Clz ---) Pt
CHz=611,
* ,,
CHz=61-1,
* ,rO -+ :
d
rL
*:
n y].J 6 tJ :J
+ Brz ---+ R -
+ BrzDClq -->
CH:CH=CHz
226
ru"/r'1
R-CH=CH-R'
vtsJlcttuFl
t6'armrhmfi'ru"d
(Atkene u6o Atkyne rvirfiu)
z) ttJs'l[:..]um0.io1AEll,tn.:.l1urr6.i lun']?rnnilnnif J d
CH2=9t1,
a?og1{
uqlovnrorrflrtrlfliarerlrynor6uvrit{hi6:rd'r na1.lsroe.Jmeillnlu
rfrrrriuardrynoutil6rd'e rvirfiu {
^\{, r/
TJffiar
r,rSo
dAda,:-&
Ni /
CHBr
-
il
1n
CHBr
n.J't
-
(CHBr)z CH3CHCI
>
0 ]J a e
m
r1
CH:
CH3
-
-
rFt
]J
R' [Bromination Reaction]
-
CH2CI
IHydrogenation Reaction]
CHe
CH2O
:Jfrffilrnrrrcrriotator4arTarqu
[Chlorination Reaction]
[Hydration Reaction] lStLn.jr
arln6ruru lGtnu.lfiounrrrir:JfrffitLruvrufiy
r) :Jffiarrnemrficuoafiufifu x, rirlrirfiaare6rn"c r6errjr "Hydrogenation'ld Nir,16o pd u?o pt rfluflrrd.r Ni/Pt
Ex: CHz=6g, * ,, z):Jffiarrnafir
Ex: a)
CHs-CH:
Hzoorvqrnuoatnu n'rlrfrfioruoa6u (trj6rn-r) r6enjr "Dehydrogenation" Ni/Pt
CHs
CHs-
rJffi armere
)
x n-x
HH tc = c'.H 1 H,
>
fiu arr ria{esi.:
rfl
uf, rau
Br cHr=69, + Brzlcclq ---) Nzc 4) Markovnikov's Rute uU
t
a
Hz
Br CH2=9|,, + Br2(aq) ---+ H2C -
Br
cqz
uia Markownikoffs
OH CH2
Rute : lunrnifi:Jflffi?.Jrnrrae:rd'elilfiuas oyFrorluiouiavrtolJfisy[{1
u
reilnQnJrlrlJounu H sv{uriL C fiuovdri'efifi H }J1nn"j'r deuovmoufruadosv{Lfi'L C rduovnid'rfifi H riofln.ir firrJfr ffi t rnraaeil d'cfi
CH361-1=911,
rri
u(.:svtfl u Anti-Markovnikov's Rule
+ HBr -)
CHe-CH-CHz
Lr6.i
+ HBr -)
CH3CH=CH2
CH3-CH-CH2
BrH
Markovnikov's Rule
ll HBr
Anti-Markovnikov's Rule
5) Baeyer's Test : lfr1unrrmFr6oune1$JuFrnrir.:rvu.jrl Alkene rlav Alkyne Torrnravlonsr{darravars KMnoa/Hzo
.
fr'mn6ou etxene sstfrnrezuhord'ruqdd'rud.rrflu gtycot d'rd (ctycot lfluuonnoaodfifiraqjfl.rrid'u KMnOr / HzO
+
OH
. 6)
6'ry
ndor
-
At
kyne n rlfr
mriladou6116 Aromatic
a raar6
+
KOH
OH
Glycol (-OH
6o{u{)
mfi'rur{fi 1ri'[ri otycot
Tnfl
nra?'lanqrld Brzlcct+ rroy KMno+
o Aromatic
+
BtzlCClA
---
.
+
KMnOa
---+ hiv,{ond
Aromatic
MnOz
(-oH) 2 vi)
hiv,lonfi
aqrJgrJuuunmrfi nrJAfiEsrfl acamrltanauacttillfin ,,:
v
$t
urihj
ffi Er 1n1rilo ns 1{A
rI
1ri6
2)
i h, , 1il1 LvlJ tl,l tfl rJ1il1nm4Fl
a)
nrrfi
r.r
rTe
rfi rrrJfr
B
rz lua v KM noa
h
V *u
orrJfr
4 v
ffiurtfrfrosfi d'erx uavnrrfi
+ Brz
FeBrt
nnJfr
+
t
ffia1nr?rrufi tvirfiu ttiu HBr
Br
227
i{+'i''' : :t1:i'f€--'l
aqunr* fi nilfr ffi
sr ua
olstqtnrf,uau
rJffiar
z'
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
x
r'
r' r'
x
r'
r' r' r'
x
@;
LY--
v'larrqrnfi Bt2lccl4
a'ir.l
I
rir:Jffiarfru
x2soo
Baeyer's Test (Solo KMnO+/HzSO+)
u0mfllrntuvruvr f
rJffiarrneeu.r6'r
nrtr0aqrJgrluuunrrrfi
orJfr
lQ",n-*"'
G
G
r'
.j
o
r'
r'
friuuaudrsilrsnaulatornrf,uoudud'ruaslu6ud'r
dorrjSsurfieu
laTortnrfuau6rfi'r
lalaenrduoulri6ruor-r
:lesrnrnrar6ra
rLonrplu, ltTnarronrau
ruondu , uontnri, lrTna*ondu
Y{il6eil[nFt
(--(-
U-U, \,:(,
^i tqil1v?t?{11.t
tn n
mmlarnrrfi
Bt2
6'4rlfr uar
I cct2
rfl
Aqv
_
tnF]Lfln?fl'lttyluyt lA 2 tJaFlnilfl SuFl 4'-, *-, - i lru.i rLun 1{y\?{ rlu Fr rLun ?a
Ln
v
Cd
d
' FrT.tyril n Ltn yyt d11.t v
a
\,
LnnLnd n?fl 1n1??1il ne
v
14
LnrJa Ftnru,n LFrfl 2
yionfi
mry{ornr.:fi
4
nrtilutLoa
:JfrfiBarrnea*uotJ
t,
a'rtiluuonnu n;Lnr glycol + MnOz
Lr.Jv{on6
KMnoa / n:or6oqrs
n
LT]TJLfl3]1
L
uflnf s1v{aarilo t6[{{u
L:J
rnn
LL]
tN F]
t :Jfr?6errn*61
6
ud'r rasrJfr ffi tLr
rnm{'r:JfrfiBenfi'u ua
@....,'t*W6*$ilu'tt*&
N
tfi
i+le*
tn,
L:.t
tn glycol
unn
riluyl'uny
16fl
Invrio flurfluarflflrr) v
L:.Jrna
t
LflT]I
n potymer (r,l'unr {
dd
Lnn,lA Fln [u?l !fl
H,
d
LF]u nv
tll
Lafl H2
*14
tfl
'l
vluf v8 uro vrufvd'rl.J [:J rn o
!
Lll ttvrUy)
c
rJfr fiE la6
:J
fr
t.
J:
nrft rfi srda orYuarrilr i-i
fifu r fi
rfi r
,
v
r{0.: rir
ar
rJffiarrnailodou
cnau6uili d6
ail ry
n o
u6 uvrSdl
n fl r,l
fl
1 n ; uil.r
d'n
uz
rfl
ia
6
at
z. :Jfr?tsarfirinqrnart6uu6ei z
rlevrnvrritJffiarfiu
/
.
fir rfl uuoanaaod qyt6'ru6 nfi'ru"rirfl u
z. frr rflunanGuvriri qytfr
CH3OH
a
+ Na ---)
+ Na
arh
CH:ONa
O-
n'tog1{ CHaCOOH
+ Na ---)
+ Na
u
nao6unSd
R-oNa + Hz n- cooN a + H2
+ '/z1z t/,
rtonnoflon
Nz
Na*
CHgCOONa
+
t/,
+ '/,Nz n?oouli?u
Nz
COONa
nrsnoaouraanooad
rtault
+
---)
COOH
-
nfi'n:ryirfl
a
---)
OH
n'tltJutJla
nsnounsd dra Na
rflunrerndol.jrarrilaynolrlurfluuoanoaaduSo 1
rtoulcr
r u 6o
rfrorfluara6uvr?tirleyrnrlr,lri r,lSoul6flulrra.iair.:
nrsnnaou[0an000d
n'lltJvltJltl
grJ u
.irara6uvrSdriudoarr:lrynol:.layunr'ln
/
nsnounSd dou Na0H nSa NaHCoe
rfl
unrarndou'irarr:.lavnoufiutfl uuonnaaod
t
firrfluuonnoaod nrtriritJflffiflrfi':l NaoH u6o NaHCog
.
z. fi r
rfl
unrnr6uvrSd
n
vdr:Jfl ffi fl r riu
s. frrflunenEuvritinrdtJflffiEnflu
N
ao H t
r,r?o n1116uvr6ti
fr zu6
nfi'rul,frfl
+ Hzo R-cooNa + Hzo + coz
u R- cooN a
NaHCog tfrarhni'rudrflu
+ NaOH ?4 CH3OH + NaHCOa ?4
CH3OH
tLoanoEoa
CH3COOH
+ NaOH ---)
CHgCOOH
+ NaHCOg --)
Ertog'l{
a
+ NaOH ->
CH:CoONa
+
CH:COONa
HzO
+
H2O
+
CO2
n:aou1]?tl +
HzO
COOH
229
o ae:J:Jfrffi olrnriln(aurroanoaod/ntn6urn6ri (aonaauriasurn)
d15
Na
l-
uaanoaoa (R-OH)
o
I
a
n,
NaHCOg
l a
mlLln?fl'r tFrilnrlnil"/l
R-ONa +
{d
moouvttg
fl
1:jfl n?u1
M'
lilritJflffiur
LlJvl'ril0nrt'r1
Hz
A
LFl,Jn Frn
R-COONa +
(R-COOH)
NaOH
-'l
vr1ilfl
ru?l
Yu
n
t,
a
^ TlLf n?fl'r Ln,.,ramnrufl P-69Q\ls + H2O
ffi 'r Lrl i.ra Fln ilry]
R-COONa+CO2+H2O
Hz
rJililSsrnrso'r-o (Eliminati0n Beaction) q
!a
,at. lflu:Jfrffirrfifi
n?1ill'tN',tg
z.
rilurJfr
i^
ffitrfi
rfi
4
i
prorr.r{r:rfi'rrJfl ffiernrarfr :r (Addition Reaction)
t. ffrfr0.:n'rr6r oH fro.:'[{
rioult
,
nranorovnol u3o raqlarnrorfi rnrroqjrYr c oontil
z. firfr0.:nre6.n,lqj vrrn
lfi
Hzsoo riluoi'cre,: zn2* rflurie
rd.:
H H25O4
A
+
HzO
1
Br2
OH
Er20g1.t
Br
Ln' Br
rJlJilSurnrsdunril (Oxidati0n Heaction)
n?1ilutJ1tl riaulr
riflnEnoEjr.:ufl.i,ir "nrermtufi" rflunrrfrar16uvririr{rvirrJfrffiurrl'l 26mfi'ru"f z tfroda co, u6y Hzo (rirlzurlu:itriaru?nilA co)
t. rr.rrtr,tfiarqanisztd',.rhnri'ru,i z qfin 6o coz rroy Hzo z. rrurlra:ikiauqenin;16'zu6ord'ru ,i z tfradu co ,,^, Hro 1.
rnrnadrrnarnerHrluxiarflltvnoulatoenrduou (rrurlufauueni) C,H, + (x+'/oy) Oz + xCO2 + '/.yH2O
rriu CaHe+ 60z n?oel1{ 2.
rnrEafi
rriu 230 t,
---+
4COz+
4HzO
,Jmern*Hrlilfaral*nar6uvr6d (ranlufarurni) ---+ C,HyOz + (x+ '/ay - 1/zz) 02 x COz + '/zy H2O CoHrzOo
+ 6 Oz
--)
6COz
+
6HzO
oz luornra
16'arr
11
a,
U iJ n- S
a11lt?tlt1g
:.Jfr
u rn rs a S ru ra a rn a
ffi u r n r a rn?fl il
f
ro a ryr o
S
fi s{', roTo 6'ud
(E
ster if i cati 0 n H ea cti
u
n
r
pr
riouls
lfinror HzSoa r{rflu unynetriou rflurirrd.r
:Jffiar
R-cooH + R'-oH
ig+33f-
duvr?d
u n
y
uo a n o ao
R-coo-R'+
on)
d
Hzo
o 82091{
HzSOr (Conc.)
+
CH
CH3-C-O-CHzCHs + Hzo
A
Uiln-Surl0tnslaBa (Hydrolysis ReaEti0n)
A',llLtvttJlEt
rfluilflffiarnraunnc{arfllNraqaroramfreu ,.1',,, nr^ u6o rra 6lToflfi'elillurlrr?fluqyldnrrla Ioetndfrrfldr ray qyfinratalnrtadfreflruafir(r6'ry6o rJflffirrnrataloretadroauvroffrcflr:ra (Saponifrcation)
rJfrffiar
R-coo-R' +
Hzo
---)
R-COOH
o
t,
sr10g1.:
CH3-C-O-CHzCH3
Ulln-S
ne1ililil1g
rJffiar
+ R'-OH
+ f{rg ---) CHg-C-O-H +
urnrsrnSuuaU (Saponif icati0n Beaction)
nrelaTortaBaronrvofdcuru6 svt6'rn6oro.:nao6um?d rrni Lroanoflodrfluarezu6nd'ruryi
R-coo-R' +
NaoH
---+
R-Coo-Na + R'oH
o 9t2091{t
CH:-C-O-CHzCH3
l
+ ll2Q11 ---+ CH:-C-O-Na +
U iJ n- S
a1'rtJuil1ct
CHzCH:OH
u
rnrs aa ru o-3 o o I
a rn o
s
6rvrofrflarir.tJfrffiflrfi':.r Hzo TorflfinrnunvnrruSourfluri'rrar
:J$?6ar
R-o-R' + Hzo *t
oi'rodr.:
cH3-o-cH2cH: +
CH2CH3OH
qvt6'r.rhnrfiru"rirflurtonnoaod
R-oH + R'oH
Hzo *
CH3-OH
+
CH:CHz-OH
, !'::'ra{\
.,i..,1 ,
U
rloutsr
:..j
jJn-Surnrsnna0uraan-laddruarsa:arururun-nf (Cu2*)
nrevn6o:rr'r6raileynau6o*oadtar{ avarfl
rL
ra?o 6Tnu
floTrmofriu) vroraor6'e rnravirrJfrffierflrLara
ru6nFi fi'r nn nynoufi un16 rfluuondtarfl' q
rJffiar
R-COH +
FlzO€11.1
CHgCHzCHzCOH
R-COO-+HzO+CuzO
Cu2*
+ Cu2*
CHgCHzCHzCOO-
+
HzO
+
CuzO
U
r.:oulfl
Ja
ffi o ro fi
u rir
:Jfr
+
HCI
[Jn-surnrsa:rn-ur oii uri J uns
ffi r r a r
'rJffien
R-NH2
qeaEJl{
/^,/^V^NH2
ufr
urYl
n
aor H c t q yt
6'zu
0
H
6 m:i'ru"rirfl u rn d
Cl o
At ky I a m m o n i u m
R-NHs*Cl-
/'\,z\,a\NH3*cl-
+ HCI
U iJ n-S
urn
r
sa
Sru r al u dqrn n s 0 0 u nS 6u a: I a ii u
tf,auh
neorduvrTtivirr.lfrffiurri'rrofiuToflfinaora;nruiourflud'e
:Jfrfitserr
R-CooH +
R'-NH, J-'4^
El?og't\:
$"oo,
+ cHscHz-NH,
d
x
a
ddo
rd{
cytfrrolilri4fier4firfluri6nrd'rud
R-C6-NH-R'
J:,4^ $"o-*r-cHzcHe
ilarngnrtnilo[uruaf (Isomerism) I
)lo1truoS u:rrflfis nredaoreh
2)
n-aodrqlolrrruaf,
rnna
lufiouri'uurjTna.rairrnirrriudrl#ar:jGvnrn1flnrilLLay?l1.:rnrfirolamrixriu
conu I
1 Z\.,/ 4.
232
2 ./'\:\\.,/ 5.
A
. ,\
s)
agrJrdour : t. amdtflutoltmoffi'u fft,lqifl.:rid'urderrYu ssfiarJffiyrr.:nrflnrilFir{rYuuriaru:ifirrrrnfirufiouriu z. arefitflulohmafriu i'rurifl.:rid'usixfiu svfiailffiyr'r{n1fln'rliruayauffivrrrrnfirirlfi'u s.
talnanrfuordurruu c rvirri'uunvrfluT:lrnnartln "l"rurulotrmofu?flrd'rfl uondu
,
4. Alkene rfl utoTt
uoatnrri,
ruofril
Cycloalkane
uloTr r:.rofriu Cycloalkene
5. Alkyne
rfl
6. Atcohot
toltruofriu rtn",
7. Aldehyde
[[onLF]u
laTsrilofri':t Ketone
8. Organic acid
toTtruaffli
Ester
+)fi'coeir.: CHs
CqHro
l.J
2 Lolstl]oi Ao
CH:-CHz-CHz-CHg
I
CH3-CH-CH3 CHs
CaHe
tl 3 Lolstiloi
F]o CHz:Cnr-"n.-a,-,.
CHz-CH2:Qf1r-611,
6ornmvrtolqrilo{ fro.:ord'fldr1qrdtflor trifianrd'n
rurilqvrd
CH3-C = CH2
pnrz syoonLrFitillfluflay
1 fro
ur.:fltrioon rne ua;fitonrarirtriri'ua,: uuyrirhlfirruric{ofltrl
233
fqnrifi
o4tt,
tt)t
R)lotttu oivotffi ril r: nouDuniri
s.irAuutoTrrilofvi.rvrerfrrflut:Jl6'ro.ruonnoaodun;6rvro5fifi4nrTrraqa csHrzo
fllcohol
'1, 2.
isomer
cH3- cHr-
cH;
cH.
cHz- cHz-oH
Clts- cHi- CH2- CH
-
B.
cH3- cHo
cHr- cHz-
lJ
CH 3
Fther isorner
cH -cH2 -OH
cHs- cH2- Ct+r* CHr- O -
cHo
o.
cH3- cH2-
cHs
?.
dH5-
cuJ
g.
cH3- cH - cHe- o -cHg
! - tn' t-
I
6
?n
-cI
cHr- cHz- tH-
4
I
H
fU-cH,- t -"n, oHH
rih
r:-15fl
fl.
!
o
rfr fl
4t
t,
rt t r
ttf,
(8.P.
1) >
)
Uln
fi.
CH"
t-
N. CH:_C-CHS
11. CH:-CHz-CHz-CHz-CHs
$laitr s
!J
rt 1{ rsoner
fl1t
B'?' tl. ) n. CHs-CHz-CHs
l*isurnnir
a.p. dr
e >n fl.
CH2=65-611.
tltlio. B c irruttti.i.t 8.P. =):)B?.6.>1J.)n 234
Pr. CH3-CH-CHz-CHs CH:
CHs
Ft. CH=C-CHo
tqrr"rd6arrl ??dun1t* €
dmilTv,nailamila?[ El
a',r,.l rrnur1prfi
hi
rfl
utotr
ruo fri'r.r c
H:cocHzcHzc H:
CHaCHzCOCHzCHg 3. CH3CH2OCHzCHzCHg 1.
I
CHsCHzCHzCHzCHO
4.
CHr:6116HzCHzCHzOH
owon"iruou4nalnrarairr uayilaymrlorare6uvr?{firflutr]16'ri'.:r,runrarara6uvr?ddfi4nrrTrraqa
1. 3;rronnoflod6rvrof 3.2;ronnoflod6rvrof
EI
2.
c.Huo
2. 3;uonnoEoz{6Tnu 4.2;uonnofloddTnu
flalnnn6'or 1
.
dd
?{1
' ?:ltvnouYt il Fyt?uouo
a
fl vt
d
d
nxu0r L'11u6't ?ouvl?fl
ddt{rdOdGro\tau
2. 6'r:ouvr?Er L:.rnvn1flu1 LrFrn;n1fl LFlo LuneTlnvnlflvrL:luLiltnnn 3. arr6uvr?darqsvrfl uarailevnarTn rr rnupi a 4d dY a 4d 4. 61fouvl?ul-t',t{{unA1il1?n6.i tn?1v1, LPtsln6l?ouuvl?fl
[
flul^t*iqnfro{ t
.1
z.
nr 16
o
nr
r
rfi
ecrfuarailavnoutaTnanrfuou
a r uo a 6
ro nt nrfs r
L:.J:.Jfle
ua
n a.:
rfi ertoTt ru o
fl
m
r:.l
oirur uo r
n o
6'fr'o r fi .l'r ue unr r
r
n
r
fu o ud
n
o,
fu o ud'r u ri +
n.l ovno
rfi utr]
a. lordooraorarrrlaynoutalorn'rfuoufirfluarflnesuflofi^irurunrfiauavnorrvirriutSfl.isrnrrnl:..lurfiofl 6o u,onrnu, *oadu, uontnf 4. uoaEu urav utoalnrrifi nerr,iorterrrfirrnn'iruonrnu
@
flon
rrll
rfi
EirrYuam:levnor
nrfiou
n. 6reilernortaloenrrfuouriluara6uv?d
fl. Coz, CSz, [rAv CCI+ rfluare6uvr?d rnarvrfluarailevnornrfuou n. lnfiurvtornrfirouovnotl'luuoarnrusvfifiavrr.:fil:iflsrlua.lXilrertudtLrdurir {o1oqn6'or
1. {o n. *av
3. {o n. unv
t. nr.
2. {o t. *nv
n.
+. ito n., fl. rr6v Pr.
235 .,!
-
g
, t ,g " a1f,uqn : q$laaoilanollJunounlnlu %o 6-7 q
mtasalgul
rnernrlrafi
rneritJfrffiar
mtritJffiarfi'u
nil611tasa1Et
nild1ta3a1El
61?oua1s KMnO+ lu
Br2 luvtrJo
Br2 [u?'16121{
HzSOn
d'
1ilu:..l6surilnrf'r
Flo Lyl6.J1.:
lriavare
A
marir:Jfrfi?e'r
aJ
r1]nflurllu
LilL:.lnflu6
M
'dd
L:.tl.r6
o,
u130utLavu1tflu
L:JT.Jtfl}J1 nFr Lv,l6e1.r
triavarfl
B
rd
d
tllafrurllu
k 'dd L:.J1.r?{
6'
'd rllnflurllu
k
t,
d
o
Lonvnou6ulnla
'dd
L:JtJ?{
8.tlfl]J1
c
FIO
tilararc
Ll.rr:lafru6
iuru.,
L:Jr1lnflu6
KMnoo uun
oon:J'r rrnv
frntyluny
avaltl
D
Ll"ltlFllU
rtatLflu1,.r'rn Ll.r
r:lnflu6
v,'!d L:.r
rllnuu6
triul6ru*rla'r
Lr.JL:lauu6
ttJlJ Lfl:.t'l
El
a.rlrri',urfi
4mef'etrJ
rfl
u
cnHznrz
2,8
1.A 3. A[nyC
!l
El
d'r rdonlnraqil
n.
ranrar naordt6'qn
6'o.r
d'r? D triursyrfluareilaynoutatnranrfiou urirfluarr6um?dnrnnrn6uvr?ri
fl. d'r? A fid'nardeulprfloyFtolflot C : H nlrfian n. dr? B rfl uam:lrynortaloenrfuoutriEld'r .i. ar? c riluare:lrynoroyTrrurfintaloeprT fiout6'
rsiu
t. :.
z. {tal., Fr. LLny.: 4. {o r. uay n.
flo n.
, Fl.
uny.i
flo n. , fl.
LLay .t
x rfio,qmerd.iallnra 3X + x
I
4. BttayD
21yp6o-
+ 4lzo $
ruudu
scrrcrrcH(oH)cHr(oH) + 2Mno2
+
1. CH3-CH2-CHz-CHs
2. CHr:C,Y1-CHz-CHa
3. CH3-C=CH-CH3
4. CH3-CH:CH-CH3
rirru, A + B+
ilu'jt
CqHgBr
BrzlCCh
ruara,irr - lrtoFl,t'tlJrou n-
C+HgBr
+
HBr
C+HgBr
+
HBr
ruara,ir.r
Bt?lCClA
ytoAllNtou
filfrnrom:Jfrffisravu'jrl A i'u
BrzlCCta finrr16oor4ln.j1 CaHgBr
firiorornrJfrffiflrayu,jrr
Brzlcct+ qrnflonrrruflrio'lnrnn fr'o.r
l. n firrallralail1nnr''r B e. e frn1v'llfilrrir urj e trifiulrir 236
2oH-
nrrefi 4 neTnrxair.:odr.:te
2. A
LLny B
y,lonsr{fiaraaynla KMnO4'lun?Fl
+. a 6o CH3(CH2)2CH3
uny B 6o (CH3)3CH
B
rTL
El ..r, * tt, ---!L.---
4
A + Cl2/CCl4 ttdrfi'jrt' B + C nr n{o
ry
n{r.: fr'u nalortri
qn
fro.r
. R rfl uarerjrynortalorenrfuau6r oir z. a l'4 neTnrxairr uulrjo rfl u CH3(CH2)2CH2Ct t
a. e riLJfr ffiurfl:iarrnyarfl rirlri'rfr utfr1nnnon
4.
d
,;
C lilafl u6
a
n
?y Fr1:9a n
a% - AX Nuyt{uq 1 n6u1 r.lurr]ud rr n.r
El o,t uav c nmrfluarr'lomuaird'l 6lnrIn5{6lf'r{
rn?ilndou
nrrnynrfllufir
(1f
A
61',r5
tilavarfl r:larlr',la,irrfi
n1?U.J',t LUN
d'rr c
B
tilavarfl
triavarfl
rrriurn
rui n rtv,,l
n.i r.r fi rr ri
r
uilnrtr'la'irrtrifin{u
6a
nmritJfr ffi rr ri':r
BrzlOCta
lufi
d1?AUn1fl LUtIJU
Lilrnq:lfln?fl1
fi rr
,!
6
v,dd
r!nflurtluLtJrJ6 od
nrelitJfl ffi urriu srzlcct+'luda,jr.r
rirlfl 1.
ffi
trri':r
d
rilnflurllu ht
CroHzo ,CtoHzz
u,dd
LlJrJd
aX
LnnYnoufiu']fl1a
2.
CrcHzo, CroHe , CroHzz
4.
CrcHzz, CroHa , CroHzo
a1:avnrEJI!afiu
'; nlauurllu
LtJud
1rirfin:Jfrffim
2nuil AoA LLnv B rfluufl'a:.lavnoLfrrEr C 85.7o/o,H 14.3% [[avil3sJ'rFraflo{[[fl6 t 6nrefr Sfp r,rrin 2.5 nil rirufla a dM?ny,lonfinirrfi'rfir16'r{ruuff'n a tily'lonfiFirrf'Lfir rifla A rav B svfifiunv"[uTrrtnna . - -x. n1ila1FtlrFt.ru (rJxaornoNlo.: c = 12, H =1) 6l?ouvr?rj
1.
C:C
LtAy
2. C-C
C=C
^onu'.lr*rarariot:.ld
fl. CaHgBr
LLnv
C:C
4. C:C rav C-C
3. C=C ttav C-C
El
61?nvn1fl LltrtJu
n?fl1
tilrnoilf nrfl'l
noy'HzSoa
CrcHzz, CroHzo , CroHe
3. CroHs,
EI
KM
til[nnilf
hrLnnr..lfln?fl')
fl.
CaHsCls
A.
CzHzClz
'i.
61fl nr6'ril1rn rfi nrJfr ffiurtaTora6 rud'utfr
t.
sio n. ,
s.
rio
fl. rlav n.
t. , Fl. rlav {.
z. {tan., Fr. Lrnv.i. q. t)a1)., Fr. L[nv a.
CgHoCls
a.
CsHzBro
..-@:"''W,
EI
rrurlio
fi s r
Fr.r
rtl riol:.ld
n. lrTnaryrufiudr:Jflffitlrfir arr'ludfiua.ia'jrrtfrruflafir:lfiflunrv0rr:ehnliaduurndrjtiurflufirrn.l
r. rrufiuun;trTnnranrrurir.:rir:Jflffirrrir rr. f, rfi u rflulaTq
ril
of
clz loefiu6.:unat6'uffatalnrrqunnottniriluzu6nfirur4rufiouriu
d'LtrTn afr^i,.d r rvru fi r rir.: fi fi a neTr ra n a rflu ca
Ha
{o1olrjqnfro':
r. 3. rio n. uav a.
2. do r. *av
1. rio n. uav
A*4varadd'drqql
@
{oaorrurfi
t.
fl
+. rio n. , fl.
rrY!ar:ilavnorovlarrfr ntalorarfioufr
n. LLav n.
rdnfr anr {o'Lnr'Lrjf
nfior
frolv{.irf irirrrirrrn
.; z. rNrnnnLnnrnn:irvno:Jfrrfl nrfllou 6 ovFro$l s. rfi n fr ffi r r n r rfr il uj u 16 fl e fftl u o n 6u rfl o.: q r n fi r,[us ; qj u,l fl o uriu o
-
e
r.J
4. S
El
n
r r il fl r r fiun ye yu.i r.r
o
;
n o ru n r
fir o u'luT
nr
r.r a
ir
r fr rfl
ux
er
r
ryi
r
riu a
1.
CHACHZOCH:
2.
CH:CHzCHzOH
3.
CH3CHCH3
a.
1rifi
a
natnrrair.:fi nn6'ar
I
OH
EI
nsl ?il1fl
o
?'t
Ft
l.J
,"'3 Lllu
Fro
o6k
ria"
n.
-!,
O[v]0?l]SnLnOFl?{{n?1Lt0An0fl0nyll.lS1U'lUPl'l?l-IOULV}lnULV'{?lJOLylO?}.1?1lf'}.it]lU}.ltl.10vl'ltlrLULnnn}Jfl'l
t. 6 rvroiF n'Lv'il di r e rfr olr il ry nr stv,,l un yo rq ry ufi nrt ff[uor n r 6 d'r a l d
d^
\
thtt
C2H5OC2H5(|)
n. 6 moftriyir:Jfr d
dd
o
.1. orvrorL:tuLr.J
.i
-
+ 60z(9) ---+ 4COz(g) +
n
re
SHzO(g)
ffi rr fi'rlar,rylt rdur iaLa
ranarilres.:61ilrannyarfl drI6'*fi,irrurnrtrrnnaqy'lunifi ufi
nrr
riolonnfro'r
r. 3. {o n. rray r.
2. {o
1. fro n. uny
Al
llil
!
"da ardevno:rrfioufisfianaTrraqarflu c:teo rirtatorlquovnorfr{rflinrfiouovnoilnnuvufr6'renao5uuul o 6 * U v t ddY o il, ovnorud'o yir"trild'arerlrynorfril'Lolrlrof'tdao.:totqrilof areleynor crHuo nrafi4neTnretaixlfluodr.:ta
uq
fl
v
uny n.
+. fro n , fl. Lrny Fr.
A
o Lnnnno.i Lnfl enL6t.ltlnfl
o{n?orluylfg
t. nro6uvr3dvrn"rfroavnrflilrlfr rnmvfiuny ^
l.
dd
H-o lurlriarfronfr6fi{?6':LnFrfiuny,laTnerqurir-nirt6'
drho
z. n r o E uvrStiq v ril uloTq m o f fli ro 6 o fl d'fi o { fi n r fi o u'luTr ln n n oilll ri z o y n o rfi utrl a. nrn6uvr?dqvr'qo16onnrtrn.iruonnoaoddfirrnl:rrnnnln6'16u.iffu ryrmynro6uyscirfinfiunytaTorrqut6'6 Lvr
til lviruoanoaod a'!-.
d +. nrpr6umStifrfrsilueunrrilouovnournn,irnrfilau6on4rn.ir' rnervfifiunvtaTaersufrlufi.llue.:n,ir
@"'"*'*
&i**X'rrSeLHBilJrJarE
E]
E
a.raur6ti[urio1nnerfi
E]
rdoa4tfi
4or
1.
C2H5OH
2.
CH3COOH
3.
CH3CHO
4.
CH3CH2F
fi s r
e
ilr
a Ll
ffi
r
o qa
r
nl
ey n o
r 6uyr?si
n.
rir:Jfl ffitrri'larrnynrfll:.1afi u'lunrft.lourmnaynrnoter{
r.
dtJ fl ffi a r ri':rTa y ylvr
n.
ylonfi aranyarfl oir{fi':ifi }r
.r.
vr 1
a r afl
Id6
qn
ilfl nr e
u
n
?fl 1 n :J A
efi a naln er
1
?n y a
uyr a rfi fl
1
fl
6'.r fl a fi 6
d
C
I{
rt
d
LFr
fl }.i Ft't
iu
nty{t
o ruFl
d
\v L
6'
Fl
LL
fl 6
Y
^
1. CHr:61-16661-,
2.
3.
4. CHz:CHCHzOH
CH3COOCH3
a a rr r rnvf r:Jfl ffi fl r fluTau;Tr
Lu,3,^-
:1fl n?fl 1ao
rd fl
ilt 6'*fl'a
H 2 6'r ?
x
2.
CH3COH
C2H5OH
au.
ur o L a
L
pr
? La
2.
CH3CH2COOH
4.
CH3COOCH2CH3
+ 2CzHsOH
$ u+
;+
{
+
CHoCHzOH
d6
1
r0 uvr
?Er
arr"ooc3HT +
El
fi{fi'.i A u^y
H2o
OCzHs
cu.-cl-oCzHs +
Hzo
+
Hzo
4
CITCOUHCzHs
$A" cH.cl,oc;Hc
ru vu{ Fr
11 }.r
4
Fr
? [
Fr
3.i 6 3'].i L:l
u
16osr.: sv16'ararhni'ru.rfl or:irr
i
B
riluar e'ln
f,-,
3. CHsCooH + CzHsNHz 4.
ara
L:lu ilfl n?fl 'r 'LFtvrsallr:.luLo6 rylo?y{LFtlu
1. CH3CooH + CsHzOH
flll
CH3COCH3
ara:Jernor x rir:Jfrffiurri'lrjrTnflfi NaoH rflurirrrtuffirrt6'26nd'ru"flriluamrl?vno! A ray
CH3CH2OH 3. CoHsCHs
It
}r
airr o eirrta
1.
flll
tdd
Lr.J
Hro
q
COOH
frrfl 6 raavar
end'nfih3n
OOCCzHs
1. nflFr{rAfiAn rolrluon
2. n?atLulxan [ovrluoa
3. n?a{rAfi6n
+.
nrnTnevrrTu6n
fl n
neaTnanrTu6n rorruon
amluriolntrifr fiunr{o{tulpraraffrr
t.
rar]fiu
3.
Ll.Jvrluon
2. tovl'tu'tn 4. ut?fl
:+N$ WIffi$@
@
llo
fll
I
E]
4 n eTr un
11
n ri o1:l
fl
a r a"[
or
ar
r
r an
ufi
r u4
m
rTnr e.: a
ir
{ uur.L
ei o
I
o.: 6Tmut 6'
1. C:HsO
2. CtHtO
3.
4.
CgHsO
1. CHaCHzOCHs
2.
CHgCHzCHO
3.
4.
(CHs)zCHNHz
CsHoO
t:J Ln
qnfl o.i61r
d t
o ,o
v
Fl'lfrvluf ve
Lufl o LFtvril?vnoL
(CHs)gCCHzCHs
A
dr
a
ai,
4
E
ara6uvr?ritfirrr,lfi.:avarfldrt6' arefl
d a u , t '10 cm3 " rfiornrrrzurtufiodrra:qenirTrrflfl
o
cmt uavtorir 30 cm3 ri":r,lrun{Brfrnrrv16flrfi'u amatnarnirrrotareflnrcelfluodr':ta
EI
1. CH3COOH
2.
CHgCHzOH
3.
4.
CH3CH2COOH
CH3OCH3
nluuFr 6l ?ouvl
n. Ft.
a.'
?a
tuaou
n rX no t:-lu
dor4
elAU
r.
lnnTnuqu
.i.
tL?mu
s. rovrlultilri' ff1r Luflo
trl
LFlr.ry,{uf y
l.
flo n. , r. rLay.i
s.
flo n. , .i. L[nv q
,
OH
Lu?:l {q
il
t
C-N- "^[ulilrnnn z. {to't., q. {)an.,
ll,rrlrruon 3. Tvrenrurn a. r,^
fi 1
rfi lfi "r'r rrun
ry
lrny s.
z. neortyreyltlu6n 4. 1-naoleTylarnu
ar
a:..1
ev n
ol fi.r z o o n q r n riut fr
CH2OH
n. dr?avalEiTu?fiu n. 61raya1flTr 16fl utaneontr
240
Fr.
{.
61ril?vno:JovfiTulnaryru (CHeCHzCHzNHT) rfiornrn:Jfrffiflra;u.jr{roilTilrflflri:.lar11pr
1.
El
Fr. L[nv
OH
M6aa
fl
ri'
. n?n LaLFr?nao?ntsos1.1 {. 61?nyn1fln?nrroaan
1. rio n. uay l.
2. {o
3. {o s. uay r.
4. flo n. uay
nr.
uay.r n
\,
d
co2 02"luornra16ufld
20
9.rd€
uf, a ur^r 5 s { gz
@/ :l0nrfl
Ln?taflil
't-l
I ?? 1^t ua u
r fl a-fl rir
@ nt--utunnndurirfu6l @ nrr:lfir.lr.: n cunrn l{o ur6.l d
!
Q^
" - "A Al4yt?l'LrillnLt'U
LFr?La fl lJyt
@
ntnanmu
rru uaynrrufi lrrrunrndtiu
rar6
n"nr "n
H
trr{{u
@ ilaEtn[uflslniloart]o? @ uami n rra;:-lryunyto.rnarnfr n @ rfrulfld.:rnryf uar rfiu'Iflnmilrrfi @ tx uay :-lryrnmtolgr.r !! @ :l0nrfl '1rrnfl 110.:nLfl 1.r
ryl?1!
Ftl
Ad
'ryloa LlJot
zu a^
@ nohu.raf ulay rouonof @ lrymmrolnohmof
_ - i^ @/ l.Jnyr':Jmtnnslnnlt tsHannilfl il Lntrnfl il
OtnerEisu t)
uursot
o
: dmilrvnortaTorrnrrfuou LLn;orqilL6'r?6uvritififiorq
, N ray s rfluo.:ri:.lrvnoufrofl rfrFrsrnnra
a 4 o u , d'a'o d , ' ylUnNflO':{'tnAnFt11rfrilun1fln'tu:.j t.l LFl?raflillj?ynoil0.tfl u't}.JuFllt [[aralxf t?l]x1Ft
v
d,an
2) uatuH.:mf, nau:l [nf
tagil
:-.lLnttaflLl
flrtoarutrF
u'liluFru vi
(1{'.:rutfrrnn)
(t{.11uu.1
tnv.
t}J tFr)
firvru(CHa) 6tvru(C:He)
naualoLaeu
lxttuu(C:Hr)
u1ilun10
uur',lmrufin
ullJuLUUnU
ull.tuvnoau
u'rl.ruFrL{a
:tYrtl.Ju
ull.luLFtl
fl1.1il3Ft0fl
r"5fl{q'r ncnrnonF}'t trlen16onar ey
afl
rdour mrna'uiltner6 a
!
fl
il,
uv
a d
r. ilTnarduufrrnld'qrnraartrfr
r'z
edr.: t6'uri
flrtreerrrfr unv rirfufir Tneflrrnrflrtrfr
rirl:11fr"16'ri'ufi
ursi
rir:iu6r fi'o.rrirt:lnd'urir d'rdeuriou z.
/
:
,
;
.i
4
,
I
a
" hrendur[rd'ur{cuarrfiuand'roanriou6oarafiln16oorrirnir
firyru
rirfudrrn
uuy,lyrrufin
,
iyrmu
rir & ro ruud u% fi u" A yaio uas fl tlluxu 3.
u1 l.tuva oau
u1 [JUn10
drerlrynoutaToanrfioufiturotrlnqaluqj f.iruruu -ido
q
d
o v d -x r5fl{6irFr'unreuenrielrrflord'r]rvrrfinnreCr" a'sfr
,^
drfiulnr
qB rr1 rol.r rau sl.oe lilrdac virrSlu
c rrn) qvlfr:irvlfltdtfrfiau
rJfu:Jgsqrunrlrhiriluarrfifihuaqardna.rln6'rEu.iriudrful:.rufiuunvdna 4. nrrnnuurilurr:iIoEJnranaunldLdluuu
rluue
tl1.1tJY0l0fl
mnrrqn 6':frul.Jxirilr
(4nrar..Jfu:Jqtnrrunrvrrir{orio1rl) ds,
ia
,.Jrinnil?ivr !0lg.iFl.:[Lluarra;41fl0q (nQ1ilLi4vtr LN 100%) vl.iu
rnmyo.rRi:.la;no:.Ltolamlur.lrrIu6rLfiln16oor'lnd16srriu:.nn nrrq;ndu'lfiG4vrf,n;drhi6'urluqlufiutrJ
aHq ri'ru ffi
ilailuluot tilutfiu aclfrfl nriiarnHo I ko.Aadaa,^, t. fntoeerutrfi : fioarrrleynoulalorrnrfiloufifinrfiou ct - Cq ovnoil fililtaqnaolltretvlu (C,Hs) rfluo.lFi :Javnorrrnd4n:lavrrru z.
Iorafluri:
zo"z"
t#vrds.rru4s rzurtraril6'6rfl0.:ornhraqnfirurnt6n
uilrrilu
6o arrfilfrqrnnrrunnfi'rnort]rriuhina'rflrfluhrnnar6nat
z tfrnl6'ruri
j
. I:Jlutolaflud : ?{1evrfifiurv C=C'luT:+ann t fiunv rdu CzHo , CoHu . lrrlornfilud: alrdfir{'uu, c=c "[uTuunnn 2 fiuny rrju couo(flrmvtn6u) :
rirufru
g.
.j
i
v
J
4
a,
, csHs
du
6,
s c
o
fian:sruvriluratu{tfrrir r:-i.:uiluuarfl rfroryrdrfrlfinqlnnrr4''unrfi'uro.:trnfittrndm{riuvfiuil {uriu "u" o.:rirlavnouo.rfiln c rY{fi
ilavunu
:l*murirufiu
o/oC
vlv)
50 - 60%
nn
drir nra fi r'rnfi
{ultvl}Ju?{
75 - 800k
1rylilu6
80 - 90%
uourartroi
90% fluLil
ttr
a
nfrm{ua6ood
do
46
a
,
4v^
Co
Ftluttayilu
v
e{Frlduvl ttfl.: ilue1e
6
Ftl 1]u2't.l
m
n
Lt o
,
6 011 t.lyl.t tl.J
[v,,1fl 1
n
1
udo rvr6r
4
tuoayloflo [v Lilae
L1',1
A
r.tro
nu1n1n ^il141u
55 - 60%
LuFl
rnrldsru
onl*ruts
rdo
rdo
3{v,{'t
nrhr
a 11\
v,
riln.:vr'l
6
a
n.: Lunlr,r n n
rhntv,hflr uavo r.r6
'
[1]
ntvhlr
unvo
Y 'U Ll,,lv,l
1
n6rvnrrr narunrr:l
rnhr'luqmarraneerfil{nrorrSoua.r
:
fru6uorruilr;rnrufl.: firfinqrnnrrfit.lnrro.:trnfitrrndm{ rfJuTruaqaruro'lr,lqjfirrnT:.rrnqn - uljorirrrrzurude sytfrlirfursnd'roonlr lngfrudrfiu t filanirrfio ndrsflrt u , uuo ru.:r ud'rsyl ridrfurle;r r ru 5 c m3
+. fiur"rYu-u
rrnn'ir
3000 nn:eruvrfluttfin"r 1
6r
f,nriiii
sr fr'uEtnuEi sufi
r. ufialtaod
.
nrmrmu
(Gasohot)
ilrsrnFilir
Gasoline
(rltiurru6u) + rronnoaod lfiorsrnnr:zu6lJrirriurlu6u
z. fr-rtflTorerdail[ua? (Liqueied Petroteum Gas; LPG nrutvmlSrnflrrq.rfr't
. g.
+.
t.,lar,a
(Naturat Gas Vehictes; NGV)
tfiarqrnnrrrirflrrnmrtrFd.rdru'lv+irfluflrsfirru ilrdocufinerl.rd'ucrl:ylrru 3,ooo r.louni/nrar.rdr rirlilrvtvn6fln"i1 compresseo t'tatrlrat Gas (CNG) ra6oflrrnarrtrAo-nr r.lryuflahuf,flu6fln Ncv
luTo6rtn
.
;
:.iecno!frefltalorenrfieu ztlflndslnruru 70% unyfieuilu soz lilfin6u1rifi6 :lrasrnfiB
arueudfrl.i'frtorrugT fi
. .
90% rYL loynuoa 1o%
(Biodieset)
rfludrnlerunmroarmaf
\ -a ^ r rnorqrnrirrlufrtvirlli5flrflu*onnaaori frrualilud'rrxr.lfrffirr (Transesterifcation) . l{uoruruurirfudrrnld doflanrfltfira.inr}.Jnrr}.irrF ruaytriuflufiudofir*rnfrar tud
@.**mn.r&&*rge*sa"rtq€
I
nrtrJfilrlt
o
Av
rrtne rrafi rtvtr ot nfi uauldol nH o X - i , N F
:
1.611tUnilAO.:tJfUtJS{nOrn1?I
)
Lt0Ll'{A.ivlLr.J',rLU}J[ULPr?O.:flUF]
,
aaa
!ao,-l
6 o
LnOavAO{LllUL}.JrAnAril[{n.iN1n
.]
tUO{qlnSttr,J'r
trafi6'rn.irnenTdma.: (TsjFrr.irmtr,lririe rnriornrnevqnraiorioa) rjr:iuruufiufilfrriLenflu,it6'6fro.u'
loltooniuu
oyFrotl uayilL"jrarefrrurryorqydrdrfumufrurnnfrdo6o jr, 4
r{0
a
ryrn.1lltymilu1}Ju[lru{u a4d4
n
n1fl r:luLfl
o
Lila{iltv
d
rLay0
d a
v
v L
C
rd
d1t,
rnaililt3]1[u6't F].iuus{Fl0.:iln1trllaflurJa En[uvlvr
LnytutLYlu tilo tll}J
lJ
c
oqi s-to
(ceHra) ttayrflolqrnil?rrrunreld'.:ru Inq1n
n']?nau!1.ia.l
t1,l
n Fr1
z. ufnrne : flflrflru?irl#arafirfluhranntura'lunifiirurnhrannrdnar ulovirhlarrfirfluTurnnnTsinr{narurfluld fi
r
rfi o rfi
3. I
6
rn'ilf il:lt{It n iln1il
.
r raroon rvruhin.:fi u ,
!
a
j
d
txo tY{fl lt : uila1fl ^.I 6 Fr.lu
,
4rrr - u',(r C . L,;, P:c:,ure
dilrnttJ'frl€611t: r - ----------4 LtoalnuLlltannLur-u
drri*lflffirr
n2ag1.:
.
tnl'[{nrruiou
rn6umftaala(cracking) : nrrvirtrinrr Hc Truaqalur!*nnrTrr:luTrtaqardn
Cr+Hso
400 - 600'C , Lcv/ Prilsslre
ruhid.rrli'iffisr
: rloarF]uh]laqnr6n
il't'tvLt:.t't
v6:..1
n, "LFtfl Lx
Hz
tO?Fr1?ltOUm!n.l
Fril:.1,frffir:r
rlrirnliffirr
nvFlvta6 da
Xoc
LA
CH:-CHz-CHz-CHz-CH:
0t'tott1{
+ *oa6u +
CsH16+2CzHq+CzHa
tlrrllut{n{ rna6v,lafuii.t(Reforming) : n1rtildflu HC 61fl mt.i ".-,.,: dum€il1nr51u
ttonlnul]Jtanalfin
,
CHo-CH-CHz-CHs CHs
.
rnr[[onarniu(Atkylation) : nlrr1rJuonrF]uIny$oaAuL{r6'rflriurfinrfluIootnuldd.iillr]
drurnril1rttE1il: '-'-d.-'-
LLontnuTiltnQnrfin i
+ tton6uTruaqnrfin r
!'i!,, 2i:)"o
(Hzsoa liluprvnvraa)
rontnufififil
CHe
CH:-CH-CHg + CH2=Q-QN.
Dl1Og1.:
CHs
a
H.SO., 20
CHs-C-CHz-CH-CHg
"c
CH:
Ul-13
CHA
",;-.. mr[ahlnrtal*dfu(Oligomerization) : nltrol.r HC '[ri6roirurjrdcuflurfrnrfluaralr,rrifrluqj{il rLonfiutNrnnnr6n + r[oa6ul].Jrann[6n dilrnfil1Dt€61u: 4tq
rirr;:'r,
(ri6rd'cruilou16r)
rroa6ufififi.: CHg
nrodrt
:
CHz:c-cHs + tll CHa
cH2:c-cH. CHe
fi:t':rt
, cHz=c-6rr-f-"r, CH:
243
.w:=r,.::i"i-:.,'-=.:-....'...'"::.:=..;{*?-;3l'1::l'}...i;.'.,..'.'.o.'-',=',= I
lafloanlilu, laililtflu uagflltt]tilqilnlflulilu ! 3-
u'riluIuu{u
51fln![O?tO
ultJuol:tra
uanrirgratoannnu mf,uonncun'1il
.
uonoirsrarilrmu
tolnoonlvru :lrvfiu6nrnnrrrHrlr,lfi
. 6rvru :.leyRvBnrnnmuzurlufi t oo . 0(-rr.rvr A rrul\vr1au il?v?{vr6,]1il n1?Lil1 uu Luil 0
I oo
o n-ra:l rvu :lrvfi m6nrnnrrrzurtllfi o
CH: tt
ltt
CHa
/
cH3-c-cH2-cH-cH3
ii.j'l ii.ij.Jfr
*,,/t (attl{ "i rtLnS:Dill
t1."lrr,l
,
ieior'i:rrryor
CHa-( CHz)r-CHa uo:Joa{
CHa
[ru
;-.,
({ ryuvr rr-lu]ri
ne.: )
Lti't Lxtl.t !l.tFt
dnttnil
/
tottoonrvu
CHg
rnl'clnarmn
,ur lvL
u
lilrl
.a.J.d:nrx Ftit
cHs-cHz-cHz-cH2-cH2-cH2-cH3 uoruaa ra:l umu (ra:l rvrufi rfl
A u : n-e tn $ il [t 6 rl.t runl
ad
Ll.Jmnrtul'tvrlnu
\*
rarAlilu,
rielntfi'uarxnrunlilro.i;1fu rrufr ufr fr rl ayfr uGn rn'[un r r rantu fi rfi fl ! riu :.J ? v 6 yt 6 n 1 y\l n r e t r 1 y f uyt' ti ! ri]l .t-l?rr nrtoltoo n Lvlurfl unf,:rfi 6ilriL rE:J rru il3rr eut'ruunf, rflunir zuarnir rrfiauunyrdu lurirflu 1oo nfil lurir:iu 1oo ni:J tafl o o ntil o
n11ililil19
uldnx)
F]
.ja
y'{
fl o.t u1
}.J
u
a Ja n rs a il lJ
'
,
r.J
r,J
: rfrliurlunufiraloonryru
or"roeirt Fr10g1{
1,1il1fl
t'Lr.l{rfr vd
uo-add
90
n21;.1't't ulNut'lJuxuuur.J 6:.t! n n1rtt]1
, - X - lar ErLrvirni:.rur*aurn.:vr-l=toT{oonrmuiofl aJ
90 unyEilrmufoflny tO
lnfll]rn
adr.: : ilrriud rqnil raljB uyru 95 l,tlJ'rfl o0']il.j'r Y -a YririlIurr-rqnti uil-ar:-16nrrurrtufi rfi suuvirrirrt'o oft
- lao
rn d.:fr fr fr muSo fl
ny 95
Lra
uioflnv 5larsrrn
arrrfirraroonrilu fi z areld'un o TEL (Tetra Ethyl Lead)
CHsCHz
6l'rr[fiNnrun'1fl
CHeCHz
a
[{a[ila.i
\Pb'
ia:-t
CHZCH:
(
!'lliiAt
!?ir'lYlt!(t't? Pt)
CHzCHo L}.J}.J
.
MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) CHs I
cH3-c-o-cH3 I
CH:
dh;r,r'txdasij
jm i$l rB
(
1{frriuvru
y *o
ar,,lr nrfr a
uuylyrrd
ilaarilatuaBiloil0[&tot t)no6rruo{ (Polymer) uilrflfi{ areilavnarTrraqnrurnr'lr,rr! d.rrfioqrnuurtl16nl rlor?rrri'urfiuaruflre llSorflu rs ttr,l Tofl ttriayurirfl Eioara.iararfi orrioriufreufiunrln rr rauri 2) ruoua
traf
(
Monomer) r,l:rr
fl fr
{ urir
fl
do
elosyto6 r:.rof
o riroeir.: : nrrrfieuilohmofqrnuouorilof a urirfl
--+ cH -
t4
cHz
F
rouo tua 6 ua vxa6 rra6fi
-
- CHZ - CH - CH2 CHa CH:
CH
CH
_
CH2
_
CHs
u"nGau oi'o.:i.{n s
t
I
?IOAtilOt
CHz:CHz
-CHz-CHz-
CHr:CH
polyethylene
ethylene
-
cHz
propylene
-
-
cHz
cH(cH3)
-
cHCt
q
-O
-CHz-CHpolystyrene
styrene
-
polypropylene
CH2:6p'14,
floalrof
lJauottJot
,JAUAtTJOf
CHz:CH(CHe)
CH2
trll CH:
polymer
CHa
3)
_ CH -
L1]flUt1lU
(oH)cH:cH(oH)
-(oH)cH
polyethyleneglycol
ethyleneglycol
-
- CH:. -\
CH2: QflQll:61-1,
H
polyvinyichloride ' lr
Vihylchloride
CHr:61-1t
//\
-
CHz
polyvinylfluoride
CHz:6p11O,
vinylalcohol
-
cHz- cH(oH)
CHz
polyvinylalcohol
-
H
polyisoprene
isoprene
-
H
C:C CHs
vinylfluoride
/ CHz -
bu*adiene
CHz: C(CHe)CH:CHz
-CHz-CHF-
- cH(oH)-
- CH, -\
CH2:QQlQ6:611,
,rt - t\
CI
chloroprene
./CH,' H
polychloroprene
q Y | ud 'l - unL?fluao.:d{rnntql ilon[tJoir(rul,raqjqyr3urtuqln ethylene (CHz:CH) uavtfi]rfi{fi1uartr1:J6ou1
,,ffi{rr
$rltil@
.,,ffit"
ilrsrnmuaortaf,tuaf
.
urisnrilnngrusmetfin 6o nafimoffirfio{uro.:m1}lr??rlt'rfi uju urflr , hladu , flr.:nttiltrF , rtaqTna
t. na6rra{oaeltr6
2. r,rahrruoda-.:rnr"ri 6o nohmoffiufroslnnred.:rprr',rri{u rriu tuaou narafrn fi4fi Indroauvrof
. u:-irnrrutfi
nfl
o{riloua INo6fi rfjuot d:levnau
t.Ialrlyro6rrad
(nomopotyme0
do vrahuroffir.lrvnoL6'rflilouoliloftfirr16flrriu triu
polyvinylchloride
(PVC), Cellulose rfl upiu
.
nlaetlit
H.
.t,
H/
t Cl
U=U
z. Tpryro6rua6 (copotymer) 6a
HH lt l-n -+ C-C tl HCI
LlrUUrLtU
PolYmer
(polyvinyl chloride)
nohrruoffi:levno:ifrrfll.rouoruofrir.rtfinrYu uiu artLllrdt:}ltvrri'orsilrvnou
frrEinraoyfrlurirrrfrnrriu, ar.:roaflarf (Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber; SBR) t.lavnol6rslouomo{ z
tfio
6o atnSuuayfirvrrtor6u rflufr'u Tnnohr:raffinrel3fl.:FTeflolllouoruoflduarstfiprd'td
. rt:iu t3fl .:6d'ilriu (alternating copolymer) . $!u6fl.:4il (random copolymer) . ttu:it6fl{u6on (block copolymer) lnru afi
iliihilo
uu acd
o
nafr
-f -t -f
A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A+ A-B-A-B-B-B-A-A-B + A-A-A-B -B-B -A-A-A +n
maf
t. nahrtaduuurdu (Chain tength potymer) : rfirrcrnrouomofniofi'utfluarflflrr ldilohulofnroqjfioForiu ,-.i rrnn,irrfior6ul drhlnohrloffifiqruarffifirfi:c 6o Frrriluururjuua;lonlaoNrunaq.i dnurwufirrju luflto
.
rYrodrr PVC, Polystyrene ttnv High density polyethylene (HDPE)
H HH H H H lttltt -+ C-C_C-C_C-C tttttt HCIHCIHCI
I
n
H HH H H H ttllrt -+ C-C-C-C-C -C +n ltttl HCH3HCH3H
Iilffiffi
Chloride (PVC
z.
^ti xa6rrafuuuf,r
H HH tttttt
H H
-+ C -(-- C -c-
I
I
CH:
H
o o I
I
H
I
C I
H
H
Jt9 I
74-
n
: rflBrqrnrouorroffi.:riorYu*rrunnfrrfiruartrfi'{duunvflreoonsln arrhinohu.rofiadn rir'hiarflflohr:ra5'lriauranodfrnFnfi'u1frfi{rir.:srnnohmofrurrrfru nohmoftflnd6ri ,ia,dd nruailLnflrfi:g Fro l.lpr?'r1l1,ru'rrluuLrnvsF]unoilrunen'r flnrrflu ilnrriltuuflrfiofl Ina.ia]r.:ul6Eiurl]tfrirflrfio (Branched potymer)
16'fuoruranfra.r
.
n-roeirr Low density polyethylene (LDPE) H
H
I
I
HHHH
rltt
.L -+ -c- C-C-C_C I rttl n I
I
H
CHs
HCH2HCH " I
CHz ._tI
@.a*ffi*HeesffiEqrwru
rflflULilU
---i----+
tFtr.itl.i
qffi'! .w--1
''$
a.
nahruo6rruuarruu (Cross-linking polymer) .i"i
,
c
,
lfinqrnnrrrdailTfl{ro{arflr,ro6mofudor.rfi'urfluer.lur.r flr
o,do
cr
'4 ilu6vmtnol.rLu.r?vul'l.r61uLnilq1u2uil1nvroRrilo?sJul.iLtJflnuqu ,
u0
o 4v
a
fl s yyr 1 Ll,lil 0 n
til0
dd
I
j.j
-
6,do
rLnn't1\u6yylL{o}.rlfl.r?yu1'r.:?11fl1{}tq']u1u
C
?fl Fl14fl upl
o o-eoeirr Ind r:rarfi uylofira 6tar{ uinrfi u; 1
i.r'o
6 l l'o',{
t
Lr',r
r i,
fl
uil i r ii'.,r v'f.t
r r,. vr
r
yi0ntl.Jfliliilrrl'rrtlr qyfidiia11
t
-.tjyio6rl.tt.r{ til''lEaay'hfi f.r
uir,inl'fi
.i
^'l
.'i, l.)- .r'l^ l;'ai 7, .1ri'i. . ;,r j t al i'j? t'^.i
d
6rJlq6 q
ua
fi
ou as
mf
Tnr.ra#rr ru:.rrrfru
rmm
qn
r?Br rio
I
lriat
lJ
riurilulsialr
fl
ulunu
[t1,1
n1?r.trou
?{
uilrfl fr {
rJfr
.
T q i;.
i,l
fi y
A
t'
-il
U:l'l
tt
,: r
UL
A
Fr
}.J
d
n
n:gruv tlr}]ouf
r
.A,
6
naudiluaalun2lrJufl {u5{
*frrrrn , ruflflcilrn
U,
, BP 4.iil1n
dar,lejuld' , rufiflrfioer , ap
LO
, ,.i3
Fl'r
n
rufi.:uriuJerr , ae 4r
L].Jilm6u
1.: Ltl,
a
r tfrorrrdr:Jflffierflurfiouiluyrohurof *nvflnranrruuuturaqnr6nl
ffi r r 6'r tL fr
(
rfi
rr
uar
r
r.:
6 n d'eu"fl)
rriu Hzo, NHg, HCl, cH3oH
rriu
n-roeirs : nrvuruntttfinfr6lau CHs
H-O-Si-O-H tl CH:
a
f l Fr
(Condensation Polymerization Reaction) tfrorqrnlouotttofofirr16fle fiu
I rJfr?6arno6rruotturfuuuunruuriu rrra,i r uJ
u
u [lluv]0 ol
ffiur nrlf, ono6 urofcrnilouo rrof urjttdrilu z'rf,
u?aurnn.ir
li
l'l'l !'I E 1.1 :yl.i'l 1.: n U .l . y - .i.r1i8f,- L:-el,r.. :Lr!
rilafltrtdfil (Polymerization)
AU
r
-1
I
nonu tuLrnav6lfl t{ua
ofl 'r.iu3J[1rfl
rlrfrll
dv
rJfrfr?srnof,
:i rl'l
i' 1,
{nnu:.Jln ta
-4i
[[:t:lyr.r
!;..]
' L:.J6'r:.J1?nOfl T nnU
:.J
r?fl .i ne r1]u?1.: rr1.l u ?v
trnvofl
Y
n13t[nnn.in1u61flr
tdd
;:i'l
[{iloa^4[ilat
rnSeo[eel{110{('rg
da,
[t:.JLn.i
.11
Ltaau
,,-.i, 1.1
ilaf
ila oil aer
[6Et{.uoit tJoua
?'i t L r'r, Ll
ti i\'8 O tt.l 1i
CH
CHs I
+ H-O-Si-O-H CH:
+
C H3
CHe
I o-si-o-si-o-si-o CH: CH:
CHg
l
+
nHzO
z,1
AY rJfrfiBarxadrtal:rt.it'uuilurAil (Addition Potymerization) rfinrornruouotr.rof"rfror16flrriuilrrioflutfluaruflr'l 6Lda
1rfiorzu6nfi'ru"rirdflrt nju Tvrdrofrdu (cHr=611r;
Ioulilfrnmrir{nvSonrruriuairu'laoonqrnrouomof
. oYrodr.: : nrvrruntrrfrprtvrdrofrdu
qrnrouorrof
"rofr6u"
monomer U
dimer
u
CHr= gt1,
trimer
u
CHo-CHz-CH = CHz
polymer
CH:-CHz-CHz-CH2=
CH2=61, fl' monomer
6Y1,
u
*cHr-cnr] -n
CH, = 611, n
CH2 = 61-1,
monomer
fi
monomer Vinyl chloride CH2=61-1
Polyvinyl chloride
Styrene
{cHr-cH-cH:-cH+ ' I I 'n
-",
CI
CI
a
CH2 =
61-1
Polystyrene
a}
{ cuz-cu
erfrqrYil?iernflaerilaf, 1) y{a1dAn : 1.
uil.:oonrilu z rfin 16'urj
rmafluaraBn (Thermoplastic) : 6olrnrnfinfifilnxaix*rrTdnrr uioTdfr.: lfinrrrfiolavu,jr{tciv,{ohlilof riourrn) uroflrnaraFnfiarffir(rdru6o rdolaune 'rriau qyarrrenaioufirtfr unytriufiuauffinreuflu ila1
a ^n
n
Lta y
di L}.r
o ,o ru o rfl uFt.tq y Ftu?:l LFtil L o
'o
ruNouLaLl
. a'roslir : Inauandu T*dtrfi^^^utrr{, tvra'ntniu . eiluao.:InarairrrnoffruflaldAn ,
,
}^rdTvrrfidu
:
2.
tardGnruoflruttn (Thermoset plastic) : doyrarafinfifilnxair,:rfludr.:urariorfloltrifiduan drhinarnfinfi y 6 , J o I ,4 , u t t v A nudnuruv tt{.:}.Jrn'LrlEnr.r{u rfioTnunrruSousytil0iourio uayrfrol6iunruiou4llntqnlu:inarerfludrfir a ril6 nnr r rfiuil a ra F nq y u.lfi fl ut:l
. olaadrr , rrnrfiu,Indq?rvru, y,iof,lllrir , qGerv,lofirran'tar{' . riluanrtnera#rrrara6nruodhrtor :
@
**
#u6r.I,rStl^c*au-hre
U
Z1 t'ilu}a ;
fi a
vr
ffi fi n r a{n
a h rru o
\ \au\us--u----
. . .
r?a.r d'r o d
r{ tfl uavrfi Er u tfl u n r a a m u ilt
o o
u e T fln l frun
n rfl
: -"+**\&'..d
",-."{*
rfrulflrtaqTan : vrilslndauoir.rl to.:fit uiu flrfl , r{u
,
larrvrir,l ,lfld'Lilvan , 6fiu
,
:.lo , ilru
rfiulul:.ladu : nrqrnrudn{nirr1 uiu suul\y , fluuny rfru'Ifl
va
fr
u : nr"lufr uilay
A
ld"lumurio
mvr oirr 1
5r.r
n
t
z. rdu"lsfi{d'srnmsri : il1s1nn1?vi'lJfrffiurvrofrmoterrduro.:r6u1floaeiltrfiflus{mrFrfi iriu lra4lnafl:lnroor
dFn rfrufru lorafi
a.
nrnda$n uir{urfl
uoir rd.::Jfl ffi tLr 16'na4laao16 rnor
rdula#srnersri : ilrsrnnmdruneryd l00% uiu ^
3
d
v
4
,
q
ovnr?frn ,Ivrdroarvrof , 44
.l
^
tunou , Tvrdiotrd rflud'u rfrulfl
..
tilorilqyilnras'or[5rtnr'coqnrnrf]ueyrfrflLn,jrrdu'lunaailtrfr frnmzu6nrfrohirurryri':.r.ttuuarflr.lrymyl 3) Er1{ : 6a vro6r:.roffifilQahranaa.:ilrn finrcrrdnrutlu4rn'jrnnrafin rflo{srnfifiunvriluuriceEjorJlirl#rfinlolr mo
1.
fruru c is rit,lrirfi
nr61fl fi
rF{
uil.:oo
n ufl
uz
rlay mvr 1 6'uri
Er1{6mlJ{1fi osiluerlnonnoed fifirmndrsuil6fln.ir #',u',.,an uioarrfin"f' rfluzufind'rudfi16'qrn6'ufl'r.i1,n?r
rjtirar{urilrunrar{nfit:lurflou lortLrFr NHs rfioflolri'urirrrrqnr udrrflnrfloflr.:oonqrndrflr{dru cH3cooH rfloer.ifitff
. . .
13fl
n,jr
r.:6L"
"fl
gr{oreutrfi6o
"Tn61oTrvr5u" rfinqrnrouoruof6a "1oTtn6u (CuH. u6o 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)" d r , - ; ^i fr nrruarilEfi oiousvurrufl ru[nvoourr.] uJorfiusvtt{runvtilerv a
srrreertr6finrr{ouirrgrJrr':hlnqatfr 2 *rr
CHz
CHz
\ U-U ^ ^,zz ,/\
H
+
-
C I
CH:
CHz H
+
-
CHz
oio:.rr fr
n
re:l fl:l:lal
tc="' ,/\
H
CHz
n
runrvr
CHz
CHz
\^ ^,/ ,/\
a
H
CH:
\\.C_C ,/ ,/\
v.],2
CHz
6ou:r:.r cis LrnruLrL trans d'.:gil
CHs
H
CH:
H
CHz
CHg
CHz
CHz
6'cfl66' "i'a nrturtdu"
-
C=C
,/\
H
CHs
a1{nnn1
C=C CHs
Tnrfldr
g1{il'I51 cis-polyisoprene
CHs
CHz
C=C
CHz-
CHz
CHz
H
trans-polyisoprene
-
flr.:ilrvirrJg fi?or niu rirr rrYuvti q rur,rqr^ 4 t n'j r flr16':finerildnuduririoruvafi
qouaoilruaeflo.:rirurfi'u rfiorrflu6vnrud'atr'{r{rdorevu'jrlarsldtr,{dtoTtniu -i ,i,t,4
svril6uurila.: lri6nndou.irfl ua;1riavnrfllufi'criravaraEuvr?d 2.
flr.:i'{rnflcri rfiaqrnrhnfi'rudfil6'srnnranduilnarfiflil
rsiu tilfifir?ntor6u ,
flr{ror{io1f (sBR : styrene
Butadiene Rubber) riluflr'i:le;mrcopolymer , IndnnoTrlrSu (frTon3u) , sr{uetdfln r1n1riu1fiurld'.:urrervf Vv
UAflA.i tllt1Jt1Fl1e nnnL
L[1',1.i
-" r1qlriufiflrldlunrrryrifirfinqln isoprene (rouomofrdflerYuflr{oreiltrF) r3fln'jr "qnnrr:.Jof'lr" tfluflrl ,lrrrn, trans-polyisoprene urifi alfG u{t *avrilervn"irfl r.iseailtrB
,,@' l[@@
tlt iltu u aBfl ltftl 1)
ffi
uo
Ya
arrriarafiEil'r{d1
qilnril ill
: fi s r.lrvunvr 16'uri
1.al1f,rrfl,ruaoa :1frurie]unroo.r rfi:rfiu 6u rfly fruteuaoaoqjlurjr (trinvnrflrjr) rir6'prfr'rfln1tn?o{ v3o
Frn
n;nau
: LFt[tnouyltfldr?ttnyouuvrflflg{1?rnvn1flulLtnlfl1Lu!?r]lruoon{tqunrn1flu1 (Do) aoa.i e{eulllqjovrfludraf'nv,lonqrnuuai.:qutu un;{arnfinrnrru6i.inlrrn:ern ilSrrruarrrnfifiarn',tLrl'',
2.611f,[niln']{alilaea1gu1 6r:Jlrnnrxsiorl il
zli
6o
coo
uay BoD
s. r{oTen : riol#rfinnraeyrro,rorlrnfir'lunru*aydn{ rsiu
fln , ofrrr ,lflrrnarpr rfiorlurfoulurlr:-Frrrurrn
arqrial#1fr nnreevuroqorlrnrlfr U
.r*-^dq,
2) mrq6esxn4iln1T{u'r : yl1 La 3 1.
Do
. . .
ud
rr
rn
vu6o
t
Lolrn
: donrrurrFrrru
(Dissolved oxygen)
n run r n
?f
vi r n n a r ail u rtlo ua
vn
02 fravnrflilr rirfirrnuaor.:.jrrjrqrunrl,rd firriosuanvjrrjr
r fl rgir
r r vr rl Lrvlu
rirl34vr6fi srp (oK , lATM) svfioonfirsuaynlu rir fi fi :-Fu r ruo o nfr rqua
yn
r
e
rio fl n.i
r
1
m
gl L
n
7-B mg/L
r rfl ud'u
nr
m fl
0i
o ffFr
{dr
rirrdfllar.:ruqnarr.lnarrfiorlryrnrJaioe{fi.:*crrdo:.r 6'orfinir Do illnn,i1 3 mg/L
2. BoD (Biochemical oxygen Demand) : 6anrallr:JBrrruoonfrtnufil6uv6ti6'o.:1firfiodoflda1fl6'r?6uvr3dlurjr
frullt'nrir eoo'luderre ar s i'u r?fln.jr goo.
. . .
t
d
rirrdflTa{{ruqnarunmrfiorlryrn:Jaiorr{Erue orfror 6'orinir BoD riofln,ir 20 mgtL
=
BODs
3.
coD
DOiuurn -
lurlr
Do = :-Frrruoonfi lsunvnrflfir
DOt fiti.
(Chemical oxygen Demand)
fr.:tarn
. .
d,
rirffinr6qvfrnir soo 4ud, rirfinir BoDs rfiu 100mg/L fro,irrflurirrfifl rir0.:uirrfissy0rfirir BoD C.r urllrsmufi4.rfir zooo mg/L
:
6onreur:-Frrruoonfilsufii'oslfrrfiodoflaarflarr6ufl?duayofiuvrSd
Tn€rnrrrn6o'16'o.rlfrd'eoonfrtnr"i-fiauuer
fisr'Ifr rzcrzozlHzSoq
coo ude sy16'.ir coD > BoD r6rro r]rrfiflla{.iruqnarunrrufioqrprmrJalor(druro6or 6'arinir coD riofln.ir 120 mgtL r.lrrfiflrdsrfi'u rfiovirnrrin BoD ray
COD = DOriuurraur - DOyri'wnno::
uaf, ul uarntrtu agnrtfltaufr'u r)frlrfiarv,loTtnaanlto (soz) : rfirrqrnnreurlurirdorvrfi.rfifidrurarrol s rdu eirufiu , fintuoi flrrrfiordrilu dumrflaEir.:s.Jtn niarvrurr rFuure'ls uav ulJo rlumnq v:rr oTcn"ru%r rfi o rlunaoyirarflTprr.: air.:or Frre:iru16ou nrerir4'orffrt,fi'arv,iafloroonttri'rirt6lnu,.iruff'rttrlf.: cao u3a cacos qyt6'r"rfini'rudrflu cas u3o casoa ar:rrrn1ffrflur]etff
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: rfinqrnnmranlurirdorvrhrlriarurni
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ya"1
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no.iil:l?ovr rso:luuofl ne1 0.005 mg/L z)
uaorfieil : nulular.:ruqutnra; , rafinfirvfl, ur{rnfluri, fi rnr riohirfinlenrEln-6tn r.]rrds6'o{firnorrfiaut6oilu riosn.ir 0.03 mg/L
3)
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h
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oir
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r(e
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uraroanrvrurflunirl{riruuonrunrnro.:drfuruufiu
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and ^'r
rr
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fru^.',uriot:ld {oloao l
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0in1
(cH3SH) tnmfra"fi'atyhi
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fl
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a vo .J^
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1.
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2.
3.
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o
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ll
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ll
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a
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ilououJoi- Luto
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n tX
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3.
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CH2=Q116661
CH2=611,
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srp rfiovrohrofrdu a xg (riruuor t
mol
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1. 35.7
3.
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A
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urnvfrrErr,,lonfirrn fiunnx'jr1il6rd'rrrn 6ofin'rrrvri.:
ttuu.:
Isliuuasdlriu (Triacylglycerol rEo Triglyceride) fislfrorsrnarad'.ifiu6o neols:iuuavnhttoeaa (rroanoaodfifiraq] 6o ara:leynoltdut5tiileyunvrradrrof"i^Yra\vd,--la ar
1
)
ilomer1rnf Inn
tfl
-oH
a
r.rqj)
U
ru/u1lJu
o il
cH2 I
-
oH
CH-OH I
cH2
-
n6i['tr'i?
Rr-C-OH
oH a]6l
CHz-OOC-Rr
o il
+
R2-C-OH
+
H
I
cH-ooc-R2
o
cHz-ooc-R:
il
R:-C-OH 1r! t't
i:lt;(u
+
3HzO
I
'ln
rr
6i lro'"iri,i .'i'r'r"i!*,r1"r'riu
OH lr"'.nn ntn'l'r;'iu li i!-1s rr nbi rtorea
,3
257
z)
aqrJar*irnrp . u
t.
e
t
4
,
-; -v 'i, - r]nnrlud'n{ uiu :leynoLrirflneorhriudrfr'errnn,j'rn?n'[fl:juLri6udr
llfiu rilurorutr
fnlru'lufit
z. rirfiurflulo.:u,lnr ilrynou6'ranrorhrlulriGrd'rrrnn,irnrntlfiudrd'e h
u
q
v
uo
tt{r
,
tlra:; ,'[terv{
rdu ritiurhua6o.:
\
-u, 3. lltJurlnJu1]JU Lilnya1fl u1
4. [1r]u3
4
i
,
[n0
Fr
a
.;
i
( ruo lvlt]uvl C [T1 nu) n21u1NU
Fu{.{
5. n1?ruslufruflo.i 1fl:iwil1liu rfiorqrnnaorlqriufifir,[unv c = c rir:JflfitsrrlaTnrtnfiarirriruSooonfrroturir oz 6.
vtvldA'h
nruudnnrehfiufrtnceqyruilufrun"irhrTud'n{urmytri6rri'crrnn'jr urln?rludctrfufitr'inrfiu6flo.:riu d
6
oaq
4
n1?tl,tlJulru e.ivt1 tv z.
lJu6Fte
Lfl
6
4
tulJuuurJl nn11
:Jffiarrnrrfinnhurufrufiu grJuuurJffiar tsfura6arjrfu +
I6
:J0msl tatortads{
iva'6-.dhe4
hfuraSorjrriu a
il0n€slaand[0r1u
B.
rir =
o, =
mefla.:fiu
napr6uvr?d I
+
lroaatao +
a
o
t
4u,
g. m-raeirr : tsfurf, nr,lfl.:fi CHz
-
I
CH I
0
v
hra
0ruur]ilm1
...
+ naaduvrSti Lr]]l6'lsnuLuuulrutxu
rfiuryiirofiu inrfruf,c
t
y,l
.4
t
-du
lnr r.:
C=
C il1nn,j1)
air.r d'.:d
OOC OOC
-
CHz
-
Sotn
Llr8]u{uPtu 1 Lr.Jasvilon6 t:tflJu tFrnni}]
OOC q
lna
nalnr r{
r(uryri
t
dir.:
qy
l1iu.irtrfiufi fiuoyri 2
oir
uuullull
ra na n
oirur,rrir v,londluafiulA'1 lurana
u -Z .'. hriufr t Turnnn
v,lonfiTurfiu1fr 2
u -& 1 tlJa y,,lon6[u?]JlJIo .'. LfltJuu =
(Soap)
hrann 2
L:Jn
=
2x(80x2)
=
320
nir
o
n-8-o
1)
nl1iluil1tr , 6o tn6orornaortlfu
z1
aqfif.rdrufifirTc (-o'rrra-) Lt^vtilfilTe (n-) d'.:riu6ravnrfltfr1i'.:1u11:iuuayr.lr 6t'lfrrfluarrryfrr.:
a1
a:.jfi6nnrfi
ayaluul
258
4
lJU1,{30U1 l.JU [?v]
mtn6xsdauGurotmoltfutri6rn-fluhr.r"ura6orirr.r-u : SrnrerydTnfln'l??,,lons1.id ar, r,i6u tz fr'rttfu uo a
{
v
Lfl
n'l.l [7 [rU'r,l-'n
(frr{uoy uSour{utiln'Lnylonqrrd'Ldt1nn"j't Lr6Ft.i"jlfrnrulil6loirsJ'tnn,j1
ali
LnL
n6r{o?oa
c'lu
R
lTolur
t4nari'ch.l
ru".) rfrasrnnrelalnretn"flttl-u6'euru6
ly (12-15ovaol) rilarvsv?ir'l#aynrfl;r6n.jr
*nyfr'rfi c tu
R
NaoH
rrnrfiul:Jn;drhiaftil
I +)rJffiarmrrfinari o I
CHz-OOC-Rr
CHz
A
I
CH-OOC-Rz +
3NaOH
I
s)
+
tl
Rz-C-
n
+
O-Na
+
n
I
cH2
isfr:iurfu
O-Na
o
I
CH-OH
-
CHz-OOC-Re
-
Rr-C-
OH
fi
-
oH
il
Rs-C-
O-Na
t'tr 0 ?.-il 6l
malda{ oeosdou axlr mv oirlrh
.
uahrnr : rirnxdrrqvvirhX'a{{rd'rrfluovnou (tnn6!; rflornrnlurirn?yfr1lfi ca2* , lfrffirrnrrnnnynou 2R-COONa +
Mg2t
nualfloqi syrfiFl
6'.:d
-+
Ca2*
lR
+
COOlzCa
-
2Na*
irl n:,arril'r ri n iiir: ".inri ai;"
il
fr
ni
gr
m
rr u di
a a r ma
r?fl r n fi'u r f; a EHnl uta
ft
ra
t. :JffiaTvreruiroarrnodiflrnfu uilrflfir :JfrfiBrrfiuqjuoaEatutrurnqauonnoood -iI:.rranauodrvroid'efrhorrir o 6rrfluhriu 6 x o d ' oflr rnn a'luri 'drTfl n,irlLIad rq n )
2. grJ
uuuta.:rJffi armarudraa
(R 61aa1e) ad'ufrriu rirl#lfruonnoflodrnyroaryroflrrnqaluri lroarvr q
rnfu
rma56fl
o
o il
tl
R'-oH + R-C-O-R" +
R"-OH + R-C-O-R'
alcohol ester o n-roeirt : rirraunr:Jflfi?En
alcohol
da
4
(R 6rfl#u) uayuriuoaA^"[u
d
unyilfl nrfl 1u[n nfl ulvl
r.r.r
ester (biodiesel)
transesterification,'l#frrurirr frrrfufruroarvrofduirdtlfrffiarfirca
70% sy
hil
Ln
tu
6
d
Lo
F]
rxn
4
t frlanir
u
n n?]J
o tl
CH2
il
I
CH
CHz
-O -C -(CH2)12CH3 o
-O -C
-(CHz)rzCHa
+
3CHa-OH
H*
cH
-OH
-oH +
o il
3
CH3-O-C -(CHz)rz-CHg
o il
-O -C Soln
-oH
-(CHz)rzCHg
+ 240 + 241 (fiLLo.t)
1r'rl.Jrnhranatflliu
241
u1:raaTil rnQnl:rTod rta
242 (riurol)
722
259
h
.'.
hntrfu6rlfru = 4",,
LL Lo ^ Fr L{ar La
Iila
(3 Lvr1lro.:
looo
L}.rn
tI}]u)
-
1.385
hn
1.385 x
J
=
4.155 Tila
=
=
4.155 x 242
1005.50 nft.r
rurilqvrtiron'jr:Jfr ffi ur rfi nr urni zoz ah6d
.'. rnn[u[oor{n
1005.50 x
0.7 =
703.85 nf:..l
flof,nilan (Detergent) quY ,i d4 I d rd, t '1)nxlrJr,rrJlEr : no Lnaoflo.:nrot'nTvlfin fiarffiqirrvdrrfrliln:lrnrdurdurrira{u11fi{o66onvnrul6'f'rlurjrdou rra;u1 nrvrll.i s.t L{.t'tuvr1 Fl,lltJ 6Yo't Fr Ln n n11
z)N.rt-nv'lanfi 2 uuu 6o
SO:'Na N{Ot'l -Na*
'l,l;.r !r"t) f'l ti
. . 3)
Lfl
d
a
4
vcr
LFrUlJttoaFrntllu{U{nLv,ltUFl
u;tIel tli !'utl
n
c t2 - iBo:;nou rfio1#avarfldrt6'6 frrfi c urnn'irdqvt*i^rn',ol1r , dd - i ^ ra{uoaFnfrrrrio frrrfluarflfl1xldrle.: 16uvritiordoa6a1flld' , frrrflluTcifr{ lfiuvr3flnrtjoran'rfl1il16' r,r:Juonha nxrfi
nrnirrJfrffir1?;u"j'r.ruonnoaod (c. - cre) rYunrprfrafih3n CtzF'zs
.
-
OH + H2SO4
-
OSOe-Na*
lel
C,rHrr-@-So,-Na.
oao
rJ
amvloarvinr'lur.:"i'nvlanrxnrrre?ryrfirtmruofitrr*l rirl#fitrirrFulrtr5e ufiuhi r(.rr.rahl6.roonfircuayarfl1:ru',
'lfirrn
.
CtzHzs
-
(Uu1 ar.:dn?{o nmo6l{ [r?
.
NaoH)
CpHzs-@sorH
Hzsor
,iv
:J
CrzHzsOSOsH
nrrdrrJfl ffi urryy.jr.:ru6 nd'ru"dro{areiilnardesJriunrnd'afile?n
crzHzs€ +
uav:.lnnrqufitlr rirtri oo apra.: , 1TaflQ1.:nlr^rl^rr.ol1r , virhhjrrurrdu uav4ryuderi'aflflnry{
n.:fnvlanfiviluon6arflutdfi.: qhuvr?dlur.lrlriaumntioflanr€i1ff rirhi'rrd'nylonnndr.:lurlr oL
4)
6
nruilxurnta.:rnarsdar.:frnv'lon
.
3)
d4
' Lltol'l
LntPrfltlttOAnn'in Lv'ltiln
Ln Fru? Lr
Frsyno lvirfi nd'unrrs1fr
mtnmedou:J?rrruv{oarv,lnlurir : virtdTnunrrrFN6reayarflrroill:ruflfllrllldLLFrn hu LFr
d
nvnoud tuao{ fl o.i
3NHa*
260
4
+
rfisritirrrl{
(N H4)3PO
12MoOa2-
+
a'
1
2MoOz
POa3-
[(NH4)2Mooa] at'lur.lrsy
nllJArnl?
+ 24H* --+
(NH4)3PO4.'l2MoOe
+
12HzO
i3
q
ntoacfr[il (Amino acid) 4
a
arla
,
^. yilIu
rro nrrrdurSrlfr ilu1o
(-N Hr) nir
rr ln ry
n
nr
rfic1:l R-CH
(N H2)
-CooH
U Yli
Lt'fi ir'].1f, X1l..l
I
lLnllirll.l
-
1t:..lfi:r.J
NHz
,A
t ) aqrJrfiora'r
. . .
A
UllO"l?!-flrl{n
Lx1
,
Gorntorosfilu
{fio durir n (r,lqjuon6n) fir{mrrio
nenovfiTur- 20
de
a
o
d
tr
.
', ' 't:lafru" neoovfrTuriofluriluarflflrcd'rflvlunvrilillvrrili'r.rdni'rudri]u fr.lrfluvio6mof i. ^. (?1{n1ufirf nrnovtLuilqlriluFrot'r{n1fl ir0.:LtLn) }.r 10 nx LFItLn LoL{a1{u. nlTu. La{u. vlrlouu.
r].rLvr[o
d d d 4 ra rc r dd dd 6 c u A tu b t e v r. ^ ^d (fl6FlFlu, 01?suu Luran6?'r.rLNLFl[rnLuE] Lvry?{?1{Lo) uu, tv'{unoynluu, yr?iltFlry,{u,.l1au, a4nFru,01?quu (rfluarafirTr) nroroyfrIurfluror*fir 1n trififi ^r^',ull. qorrdoomolarrdra.r
. . nroroyfrIufi avnrflxirqvrfi nvlunvlalnrrrqu . nrprorfrlurfluarailavno:.ruorTv,lrvroSn 1rflufi'rnrrr*a;rra; . "!-, vnlrulvrrLun?o
z)
t
so - 300"c
Torafir,lq]avfiluvirr.rfirfirflurra uav r,rrinrfuonfra
nerrrfl umn rudto.:mno;fitu
. n,rrilrfluneorr6rasnanovfrlufiufi'rr,rqj R 1u{fiuuanrnrrtrunnrit.:tro.rneoovfrTu) . firluraH R fi uql nT fuo nfr 6 n (-cooH) v qvvir'lfi rno vfr Turiufi arffi rflunrn . n1 Lul,lrl R ,rlrilovrJ Lu (-NH2) il1rn1v cvvir"[finaFrovfrIuriufiarffirilurun . firlurrti n kifiiq]nnfuonfr6n uravlrifiraqjo;fiTu:.r1rnry q;virhinrnrorfrIuriufialffirilunars l.J
,4
n
1 Ln1 oq,
ac
r
'-d
tUtdu (Protein) 't)nl1iluillrl:6o
are6uvridfi:layno:ifreflsrq
C,H,o,
t,t
rflur,ldn rfrnqrnneorovfrTuoiofi'urflualsgrcoilurutrn
narurfluflohurof z)
auffitorT:le6u
. Tilrfiurflurorufi.: ! . i 1rca t1' n U Ll.J
s1
O
L9J
3.t
N
A
(rrrtflnrrflurlo.:ruar) drurrntilnvnrErdrlilmvrflullohmof (Macro molecule) 6 h ..;
Lv :J
U
11,{
}J
(
X
n AU
:Jfr?Fartatoala?ato.:l:lo6u
r
lilartU + HzO
A
6rr"+
+):Jffiarrn*fioftl16u
:
tU:J^ O U tuo tl
1.1
)
(me.rrirrrYr nrelfi nT:lrEu)
n?FtorU[U
TLlrfiurfiosrnnroroyfrtuunra'lTrlaqarr16ourioriufreefiunvunrllvrri-
. n-uostt:llmri
yiurynriltvrd
oo
ll
R1-CH-C-OH + NH2-CH-C-OH
ll
+
Rr-C
ll I
NHz
Rz
syd{rnn,j'r rdonrnroyfiTurr{uriu6'rflfiusyrvr:llvrriudc
.
I
I
NHz
Tu
o
o
il
rnqn6urlohJl6'
rfr n rfl
unruh uaqnrrr
nio
ei.:rudor,lqj
Rz
-cooH tr6; -NHz lfiauran{rfi':r
tf,orhJ rsotLl rsan'jtroh un:ltnri
Jr,
?rJ[ruuil0ms1flxlil (nenoyfilu)
n
+
trlrdu +
H+
(n-1)Hzo
o fieoeirs : olrJ : slnrilTilrnnad{ndl'r finrarovfrlufiTiltana Ltavififiurvtilillrri
nau
:
!a6
lJn?otovN[u4 t:][ann 4v au M lJl\Uf VlYtll LY]O 3 yluf v
rfluareilevnou Tetrapeptide
:
OH
5) meunaouTrlefiu (Biuret Test) : alilltnyrornouTrlefiutfrUntf,o Lray61tfifiyl'uoyrvr:ltvrri6'turj Z {uovfiut:l o
.
iErnruoraau : rirTllrfiu
r,lSo
oreontrri'(cusoa / NaoH
:
arafififiuovrvrr.ltvrri'r{rri.lSnau',,ir^',anvarsFro:lrilof
Biuret Solo
(rt) 6'nrv,ln"lultrdflilta
)
Harnrilo6tou : svrfroa{raara1udilx.:o:J,Irr1 u6o llrriurorarllrvnoLLfi.:frounrorlr:.lof (tl) tooou (1ri.l'ruflu fr'o.r.l'r1nar
a
5rr lrioo naou)
6) rneu:lasanT rnqa.:Trla6u
.
5r1ruqflo{rneu:laranrn : fi s arua4r,rd'n1 tduri 1.
nre
r:.riou : uiunrrilq.:orrare rirhi'oi'ruuilrrirrllua'rarrodrvriltvrr{'reiud'e 6rrfiornra denature
2. nrnrud :
ldunrafluvureawurdodn{ rirhler:nrurirurari.:urioyfitu uayurinrrfuonfi {U
a
3. *oanoaad: triunrtrtuoanoaodloettoanoaodqvl:..]euneufiurytalorarsututluannflofrrvrrltrr{ +.
lnuvufin : njunrat6'fuarefiurflr{drrnrfl Torfllauyufine;{ufr'rfi'rraqj carboxytate ufr.,rnrrnuu
5. n1eqrfl5{fi : niunreqrfli.rfiuuo'rurr Tafli.ifisvd.rzunnionrruiln.:arrr{ro{6rflilohurillvrri'
!
i-:i--,
262
I .
Hnno{rntuilarantt : arfGrrrrnfilo.:l:lefiuqvfl.:n.:aei rflorsrnfl.:fio.irrflul:leduulfiourhr uri ar:iGmr.r frcnrntolIilefruqvril6flu1:J rdu nraviruflrfrmr.:firntrrorhlefiu , nQ1il6'rr.r1rnlunra4oud.l , FlQlrJ6lNl?n dord'it,.).to,o
lunraayarg , nrrnnmynou rfluflu
tfi n unrurirdrostrle6u
z)
o uilrnrrtnesa#-rr s fi6 \uu^
u
6
v
d.6
t.hle6uflraunail :nvnrflilrkifi nr"luroultf , aofluu6ugfiu, Etrlnnflu,lnnqhu'lunn1dill
vrhrarirfi
Auva4,oc
tng110{nun?vulunlrtilvnuonl3tFt1.i't [u[tna tul
z.trltfiurduls : avalad1tfrfiafln'irfiounnr vulu6nrafiulurdu o a
o
v
o
&
s l-
o
)
v
d
d
, F]oan1rqu"lurflordo , mmfiulu,lil , t]l 4
IoBulundr:.rrilo rirrarirfruilulnr{fii1.i rf,o{srnlnrriluirue.:unyErrudud.: gJ
o ' o uilrnrt.turirfiqasl:lefiu Or4
t . I:l aEu rdsr.lfrd, n-iu
r
E
(
nzy m e
) : d'u,lrir fi rd.rrlfr ffi t rlu rt a n? t fi fi6 n
"Ifi
1:ledutnerairr : drrarirfr nnru rfi { ua.: n{ar.ldr{ro.: dr{ nrfl efi urud { : rit,lrir fi r ud': a r ehl fl.: d cu ri r.: fl a { d1{ n 1 fl I a. t:leduavar, rirurirdayar udsrn"ludr{nrfl z.
g. Iil
c r d q
- urrrruro{nu 5. o.
:
"
, Au
;
a ,
hlafiuaoflru : virufirfinrilne1il6[']n''ryro{aofl}Ju uiu 6ughu neuniln1l,J1,.ra1ryn1flu1arn?Fr
miltffil (Enzyme) 6a arr:laynounrnl:lafiu
i- J " '[6rrr:]frffiflrfrufroTu'ludr.:nrfl Inflraulqfruninvtfiorsvu.rrJfrffimfi'uararaillvLs'rvs.i
,Y,Mdid!
ryrluu rxu rouL,trNoyLNrafilfrdoflrrfl{lfinnrflrfluilrnrn kdlnrvra'li'daflhriu'lfinarfl rfl unanrttfuunvnd noroa 1)
, routtfrvrrj6ulfrriofllilafiuhinnrflrflunrnovfilu ,
rou
tt
6(lrunra.:lou[{il o yir.rruroyrryrsrvq.r 6oqvl{rr.::Jfr ffiur ravrr;ararvirfiu qvaA o suaA , x uua) " . yl't.tlutnFlvtnlxrslrin vneo , L'r.ir..l?vmryn.:lutFtFrmnl,rvrun rflufr'u rduroultfirl:levunrrir.:rutd'6finre
. .
2)
4
" rruflrfr:lo.lriu unvriti'orfr.:ruilan:laor'lud1{nrerdu uourruon
.
o o , a
X
u , -,
u td
\
r
,
a
' Loul{:iL1.:xfrndorrlir'[firfinrJfrffiarr5rfiu u1.:nfindQfl?i1hirfiorrJfrffiortfr tf,rhifrrouttrinvlrirfinrrJflffiar) 4 a Y A u, , c v - 3 tJd.tut?uLuunn3fl1 LtFlL]J[1r1vl1Llflnrfl'r lTr?'rvsvuulilorc{?sfiuilflnrfllqvLaloutTNnnuillruuouLr]}J
merir.:ruto{ [aul{}i Enzyme teU iT!-
+
Substrate 6'tf
r.1.t
---)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex drra'"e;lor ri.ricu
Ftii
12 ) lfl
s) {lqq-a d fi H a ria
rnrir.:r
u ro
i+
---+
Enzyme rrut.rri
+
Product tfirlfli-,l't':
i,'IilLrn: n,11.:':.,li
ult ri
qruilAfi : rouhrir(nu'lraqjrixrul6'6fiqeuu4fidr.:nru (az'c) frrqruu4fr4rrfrurauttfs;uila.idnriluncrfifltil 2. a?lilrilumar:.rr{ : roulxflurirnrflyir.irul6'6finre vrrnrfinrioa , routtillun?rnllvo'rlr1erir.:rut6'6finre v nro, routtd'lun'rtfrrir':rut6'6dn',rr,rn 3. n21 il rfrildufl o.r616ot: riu : frrfi Ir n roult:in ; rar:Jfr ffi fl rlfr! rn t t ee 4. axlll[tiltuto{tloul{il : n1ilil']n il0nta1sv.nnrd.:ldrirn 1.
263
t
f{
i{
ii
,i I rj
ntfTulatnen (Carbohydrate) d.
!,
6oarr:layno:.tfrrTr.rranafi:.laynol6'rlrrqC,HLrnyoTprBfi'd'nerdruH:o = 2:116110 *avFlfrC3doC3H6o3 luhrnqnnnflutu,^rrllrrnuu6'rrr,lq]r{.:rid'unrrfuonmadtar{ (-cHo) , lanreonfra (-oH; ua;u:jf,':rifr'unrfiof,n (-co) d'roejrwornrflrtarnenmiu nqlnra , v,lqnlna , uflt , trnqTna rar 1
)
ilevrnurornrffutaraan
.
.
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"rrJ
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zI
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alffi
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.
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(CoHroos)n
raaa
arY46l
ilon5s1rnf,[na[o[[{nn1lfo [[auY{oarilot CoHrzOo
+
---)
CoHrzOo
,IarI)1:t:;ac.
tIt(r')Ir!lir.t.
(CoHrzOo)"
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: nrfTrtalrrannrnTruTuurnnrteri'unvtournnrrtari' (enr{uttnea) udr:Jfrffirr
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A
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+
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(Fermentation) : tflunrer:-JdfluirnrnTlraqardurl#narflrfJuroanoaodTorfllfrdarfluoTe
veast
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+
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+
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g.
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OH
z r.lrymvr 6o
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2 n'rriflFrli.turflurnfiflz
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nmrunnril{.uo{
%
DNA
frr
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tlgaetago
DNA
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u
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1. {o n. un; 3. {o n. un;
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B
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