9.3 Electricity [PDF]

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9.3 Resistivity CONTENTS 9.3.1 Resistivity 9.3.2 Resistance in Sensory Resistors



9.3.1 RESISTIVITY Resistivity All materials have some resistance to the flow of charge As free electrons move through a metal wire, they collide with ions which get in their way As a result, they transfer some, or all, of their kinetic energy on collision, which causes electrical heating



Free electrons collide with ions which resist their flow



Since current is the flow of charge, the ions resisting their flow causes resistance Resistance depends on the length of the wire, the cross-sectional area through which the current is passing and the resistivity of the material



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9.3 Resistivity



Electrical resistance equation



The resistivity equation shows that: The longer the wire, the greater its resistance The thicker the wire, the smaller its resistance



The length and width of the wire affect its resistance



Resistivity is a property that describes the extent to which a material opposes the flow of electric current through it It is a property of the material, and is dependent on temperature Resistivity is measured in Ω m



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9.3 Resistivity Resistivity of some materials at room temperature



The higher the resistivity of a material, the higher its resistance This is why copper, with its relatively low resistivity at room temperature, is used for electrical wires — current flows through it very easily Insulators have such a high resistivity that virtually no current will flow through them



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9.3 Resistivity Worked Example



Two electrically-conducting cylinders made from copper and aluminium respectively. Their dimensions are shown below.



-8



Copper resistivity = 1.7 × 10 Ω m Aluminium resistivity = 2.6 × 10-8 Ω m Which cylinder is the better conductor?



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9.3 Resistivity



Exam Tip



• You won’t need to memorise the value of the resistivity of any material, these will be given in the exam question. • Remember if the cross-sectional area is a circle e.g. in a wire, it is proportional to the diameter squared. This means if the diameter doubles, the area quadruples causing the resistance to drop by a quarter.



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9.3 Resistivity 9.3.2 RESISTANCE IN SENSORY RESISTORS Resistance in a Light-Dependent Resistor A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is a non-ohmic conductor and sensory resistor Its resistance automatically changes depending on the light energy falling onto it (illumination) As the light intensity increases, the resistance of an LDR decreases This is shown by the following graph:



Graph of light intensity and resistance for an LDR



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9.3 Resistivity LDRs can be used as light sensors, so, they are useful in circuits which automatically switch on lights when it gets dark, for example, street lighting and garden lights In the dark, its resistance is very large (millions of ohms) In bright light, its resistance is small (tens of ohms)



Resistance of an LDR depends on the light intensity falling on it



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9.3 Resistivity Worked Example



Which graph best represents the way in which the current I through an LDR depends upon the potential difference V across it?



As the potential difference across the LDR increases, the light intensity increases causing its resistance to decrease Ohm’s law states that V = IR The resistance is equal to V/I or 1/R = I/V = gradient of the graph Since R decreases, the value of 1/R increases, so the gradient must increase Therefore, I increases with the p.d with an increasing gradient



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9.3 Resistivity Resistance in a Thermistor A thermistor is a non-ohmic conductor and sensory resistor Its resistance changes depending on its temperature As the temperature increases the resistance of a thermistor decreases This is shown by the following graph:



Graph of temperature and resistance for a thermistor



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9.3 Resistivity Thermistors are temperature sensors and are used in circuits in ovens, fire alarms and digital thermometers As the thermistor gets hotter, its resistance decreases As the thermistor gets cooler, its resistance increases



The resistance through a thermistor is dependent on the temperature of it



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9.3 Resistivity Worked Example



A thermistor is connected in series with a resistor R and a battery.



The resistance of the thermistor is equal to the resistance of R at room temperature. When the temperature of the thermistor decreases, which statement is correct? A.



The p.d across the thermistor increases



B.



The current in R increases



C.



The current through the thermistor decreases



D.



The p.d across R increases



ANSWER: A The resistance of the thermistor increases as the temperature decreases Since the thermistor and resistor R are connected in series, the current I in both of them is the same Ohm’s law states that V = IR Since the resistance of the thermistor increases, and I is the same, the potential difference V across it increases Therefore, statement A is correct



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9.3 Resistivity Exam Question: Easy



Exam Question: Medium



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9.3 Resistivity Exam Question: Hard



> CHECK YOUR ANSWERS AT SAVEMYEXAMS.CO.UK



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