Effectiveness of Durian Peel As Biomass Briquette [PDF]

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EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTES



A Research Project Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department University of Mindanao, Davao City



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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In RES 3S and RCP 1S (Practical Research 3 & Research/Capstone Project) 2nd Semester, SY 2018 – 2019 33single singlespaces spaces



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De Castro, Evan Kristofer C. Gabaesin, Mariah Karla M. Galagar Jayson R. Navaja, Kayle T. Sameon, Josie T.



March 2019



ii



ABSTRACT



Energy utilization and resources are a fundamental human need which increases energy demands' and problem as well as its effects on daily use are deteriorating. In order to cope up with this, utilizing the agricultural waste as a fuel source to serve as an alternative energy in the form of biomass briquettes is encouraged. In connection to this, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass briquette in terms of its combustion properties. Wherein, pure paper briquette was assigned as the control variable and a different proportions of durian peels as biomass briquette as the experimental variable. In addition, this study utilized experimental design specifically parallel group design where each subject is randomly assign to one of two or more different treatment or intervention groups. In relation to this, the study has shown that there is significant difference on the effectiveness of durian peels among treatments in some variables in terms of ash content, energy content and specific fuel consumption. However, fixed carbon content and burning rate results showed that there is no significant difference among treatments. Based on the findings, durian peel as biomass briquette is effective and has the ability to be used as fuel; therefore, future researchers should conduct a comparative study of durian peel biomass briquette to a commercialized charcoal product.



Keywords: ash content, fixed carbon content, energy content, burning rate, specific fuel consumption



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APPROVAL AND ENDORSEMENT SHEET This research entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE” prepared and submitted by Evan Kristofer C. De Castro, Mariah Karla M. Gabaesin, Jayson R. Galagar, Kayle T. Navaja, and Josie T. Sameon, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 3, has been examined, accepted and approved, and is hereby endorsed.



JOBERT C. REGIDOR Research Instructor



PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.



CATHERINE DE LOYOLA Chairperson



MARY KRIS T. EA



MARY JOY A. VITO



Panel Member



Panel Member



ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 3.



JOEY C. OLIVEROS, MAEd Principal, SHS



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A CKNOWLEDGEMENT



This endeavor would not be made possible without the help of various individuals. Without them, the researchers might not meet their objectives in this study. The researchers would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to the following people for their help and support: Mr. Jobert C. Regidor, their research adviser, with whom they are indebted for the encouragement, guidance, advice and patience in examining and reviewing the content of this study for the development of this paper; To the panelists, for the inspirational thoughts, suggestions and corrections that truly improved this research study; Mr. Joey C. Oliveros, their Senior High School Principal, for the approval of this endeavor; Mr. John Rannilo Ortiz, their research statistician, for making their research result be possible and the interpretation of data, for imparting his knowledge, the guidance and the support for the betterment of the study. His involvement in this study cannot be gainsaid; Their family, for their undying love, guidance, words of encouragement, full support, their financial assistance, and for always being there for their ups and downs; and Above all, to the Almighty God who gave them the strength and wisdom, hope and courage to pursue their studies and for guiding them throughout their life. All these works are dedicated to Him.



-Researchers



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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title Page Abstract Approval and Endorsement Sheet Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures



i ii iii iv v vii



Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Hypothesis



1 3 3



Conceptual Framework Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Definition of Terms Literature Review



4 5 5 6 7



Chapter 2 Methods Research Design Statistical Treatment Research Procedure



18 19 19



Chapter 3 Results and Discussion Results Discussion Conclusion Recommendation



34 45 47 48



References Appendices A Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Ash Content Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Fixed Carbon B Content C Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Energy Content



49 57 58 59



vi



vi



D E F G H I J



Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Burning Rate Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Specific Fuel Consumption Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Ash Content Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Fix Carbon Content Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Energy Content Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Burning Rate Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Specific Fuel Consumption



Curriculum Vitae



60 61 62 69 73 80 84 91



7 vii



LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1. 8.1.1 8.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.4 8.5



8.5.1



Page Ratios of Different Set-ups Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Ash Content Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Fixed Carbon Content Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Energy Content Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Burning Rate Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Specific Fuel Consumption Mean Values for the Ash Content Mean Values for the Fixed Carbon Content Mean Values for the Energy Content Mean Values for the Burning Rate Mean Values for the Specific Fuel Consumption Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Ash Content Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Ash Content of the Biomass Briquette Results Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Fixed Carbon Content Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Energy Content Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Energy Content of the Biomass Briquette Results Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Burning Rate Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Specific Fuel Consumption Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Specific Fuel Consumption of the Biomass Briquette Results



Figure 1 2 3



22 31 31 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 39 39 40 41 42 43 44



45



Page Conceptual framework of the Variables of the Study Collection of Biomass Wastes Durian Peel Chopping of Durian Peels into Small Pieces



4 20 20



viii 8



4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13



Drying the Peels under the Heat of the Sun Carbonization process through furnace Uniformity in size using sieve Cooking process of paper and water mixture Addition of simple adhesive Compressing to Form the Briquette Final product of biomass briquette Water Boiling Test Diagram Flowchart of the Entire Process of the Experiment Mean values for the Overall Combustibility Variables



21 21 21 21 22 22 22 25 30 37



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Chapter 1 Introduction



Background of the Study Energy utilization and resources are a fundamental human need which increases energy demands' and problem and its effects on daily use are deteriorating. The reason that strategies and endeavors are sought after to keep up the supply balance and energy demand throughout the world that causes the effect to the environment, as well as to the economy. Whereas, Nuriana, Anisa and Martana (2014) stated that the stock of energy is very definite to fossil fuel source which is not a sustainable resource for future life. Hence, there are about 197 million metric tons of oil equivalent of energy that the world consumes in a span of the year 2000 to 2017 (Enerdata, 2017). In able to anticipate the crisis, there is a need for improved alternative energy sources, namely solar energy, wind energy, biofuel, hydropower, and biomass and must be applied productively. For instance, utilizing hydropower would not devour the water utilized, rather it will just serve as a material or power to make energy (Chauhan & Vig, 2007). A biomass briquettes are known produced product of low-pressure compact biomass such as agricultural waste, woods, sawdust, etc. (McDougal, Eidemiller, & Weires, 2010). In connection, consumption of a large amount of durian fruit produces an estimated amount of 70% inconsumable wastes in the form of seeds and peels. Also, Wahyono (2009) stated that according to its chemical compositions, durian contains a high amount of amylopectin and



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amylose which are considered as good binder agents. However, the potential of durian residues such as its peels was rarely been considered and promoted compared to other agricultural residues. Meanwhile, durian peel has been analyzed to have an approximate amount of 60.31% of carbon, 28.06% of oxygen and 8.47% hydrogen, where the said results support the energy potential of durian peel (Chandra, Mirna, Sunarso, Sudaryanto, & Ismadji, 2009). Moreover, durian is a known source of biomass and a seasonal kind of fruit, but recently, it can be produced at any time of the year with the help of advanced agricultural technology (Yamaji, Chrisostomo, Vendrasco, & Flores, 2010). Durian residues came from its peel was almost covering around 60-76% of the entire fruit (Foo & Hameed, 2012). In addition, in the entire area of Davao region, the production of durian has reached up to 58.80571 metric tons and about 69% or 37, 181.04 of it was produced only from Davao City (Arado, 2017). Furthermore, Chandra et al. (2009) stated that a high number of the durian peels residues in an area have caused major problems such as respiratory diseases, due to its pungent smell. In response to this problem, utilizing durian residue such as peel into solid biofuel, also known as biomass briquette has been promoted to reduce the waste product of durian as well as its pungent smell, and acquire its maximum capacity (Wahidin & Anisa, 2014). Due to the growth of energy demand and depletion rate of fossil fuels to produced energy supply, the researcher seeks an alternative source of energy through biomass briquetting. This study will be conducted to test the capability of durian peel as biomass briquette.



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Purpose of the Study and Research Questions This study aims to determine the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass briquettes. It is sought to answer the following question: 1. What treatment is the most effective as biomass briquette in terms of: 1.1.



Ash content;



1.2.



Fixed Carbon Content;



1.3.



Energy Content;



1.4.



Burning Rate; and



1.5.



Specific Fuel Consumption?



2. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass briquette in terms of: 2.1.



Ash content;



2.2.



Fixed Carbon Content;



2.3.



Energy Content;



2.4.



Burning Rate; and



2.5.



Specific Fuel Consumption?



Hypothesis of the Study Based on the foregoing specific research problem, the following hypotheses are formulated: H0: There is no significant difference among the treatments of the biomass briquette in terms of the resulting ash content, fixed carbon content, energy content, burning rate and specific fuel consumption.



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Conceptual Framework In this study, combustibility burning rate associated with time experiment determines the capability of alternative fuel biomass briquette binder from durian peel in regards to its amount to the change on the creation of thermal energy in a chemical reaction of fire called combustion. Effectiveness is measured by changes in properties or indicator. Aboagye (2017) stated that combustion properties are composed of its ash content, fixed carbon, energy content and water boiling test. It is supported by the concept as follows.



INDEPENDENT VARIABLE



COMBUSTIBILITY RATE DEPENDENT VARIABLE



AMOUNT OF



Ash Content



DURIAN PEEL



Fixed Carbon Content Energy Content



Water Boiling Test INTERVENING VARIABLE Time



Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the variables of the study The figure illustrates that the amount of durian peel affects the combustibility rate of the briquette. The independent variable is the amount of durian peel and the dependent variable is the combustibility rate with ash content, fixed carbon, energy content and water boiling test as indicators. The researchers will have a set-up with different amounts of durian peel for briquetting. Each set-up will be tested by its combustibility rate through its indicators. Time is considered as the intervening variable which will be controlled by the researcher upon conducting the experiment.



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Significance of the Study Results of this study are deemed beneficial to the following: Environment. The results will provide alternative biomass briquettes as a substitute for the common use of coals that will contribute to minimizing the pollution. The application of biomass briquettes will help lessen and recycle the available biodegradable waste in the environment. It will generate clean energy that will support the maintenance of the ecosystem. Family. The result of this study can be a useful guide for them to understand that using biomass briquette will help minimize the pollution in the environment through the given data. The given data would help them choose in using biomass briquette instead of habitual usage of charcoals. The findings would also help them learn about making biomass briquettes.



Scope and Limitation This study is experimental in nature and focused on durian peel production as biomass briquettes. The research sample is composed of 5 setups with different durian peel amount mixture: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100 % durian peel. The primary data gathering method used was an experiment to determine the different effects of each type of briquette based on their components and also through combustion rate, whereas combustion rate is indicated by ash content, energy content, fixed carbon and water boiling test. This study will be performed specifically in Davao City, where raw materials were gathered from various fruit vendors that disposes their fruit peelings in Ramon Magsaysay Fruit stand and offices for paper waste. Personal



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consumption of durian fruits and paper waste also contributed to the quantity of the raw materials. Materials and equipment needed for the experiment are knife, sieve (5 mesh), makeshift furnace for carbonization, makeshift briquette molder, basin, measuring cup, standardized weighting scale, thermometer, and aluminum cans.



Definition of Terms The following terms used in this study are conceptually and operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference: Durian Peel. In this study, the term refers to the outermost covering layer of durian. Biomass. The term is conceptually defined as a renewable source of energy and as an organic material that comes from plant and animals. (Biomass Explained, 2018). Briquette. The term is conceptually defined as a block of flammable matter used as fuel to start and maintain a fire (Alam, Islam, Hasan, & Siddique, 2011). Biomass Briquette. The term is conceptually defined as a dense form of bio-fuel that has gained a large popularity in poor developing countries as an alternative cooking fuel (Alam et al., 2011). In this study, the term refers to the low-pressure compaction of biomass.



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Review of the Related Literature Pertinent information is presented to provide a strong framework of references of the variables under study: the amount of durian peel and combustion rate. Amount of Durian Peel. The higher the mass fraction of durian peel, offers a greater rate of combustion properties to the briquette, such as its heating value (Rattanongphisat & Chindaruksa, 2011). The statement was based on the study they conducted, where the different ratio of durian peel and rice straw has experimented. Among the ratio of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1, durian and rice straw, the results showed that the briquette made of durian peel and rice straw at ratio 9:1 achieved 24.674 MJ/kg which considered as the highest heating value among the other ratio. In addition, the result also showed the lowest ash content of the briquette durian peel and rice straw at a ratio of 1:9. Rattanongphisat and Chindaruksa (2011) concluded that a biomass briquette made from the high amount of durian peel over rice straw is applicable to become an alternative source of energy in the market. A solid bio fuel briquette made from durian peel has a high heating value that can compete



with



other briquette



made



from



other agricultural



wastes



(Sathitruangsak, 2003). In connection, according to Mitan, Azmi, Mohd Nor, and Se (2015), a briquette made of pure durian peel without binder has 5883 cal/g calorific value, which is higher than a briquette made from durian peel with binder, where calorific value is also one of the properties to be considered in identifying the rate of combustibility of a briquette. At some point, Mitan et al. (2015) added



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that a briquette made of durian peel with calcium hydroxide as a binder increases its compressive strength. A low calorific value briquette is not good in the combustion process of a good briquette (Mitan et al., 2015). In support, Brunerová, Roubík, Brožek, Herák,Šleger, and Mazancová (2017) stated that durian peel is one of the fruit waste samples that have high energy potential, for having 17.60 MJ. kg. net calorific value. Wilaipon (2009) also pointed out regarding the characteristics and heating value of durian peel that it has high potential to become an alternative energy resource. Combustion Rate. According to Science Daily (2018), combustion is a chemical reaction between a fuel or combustible material and as oxidant specifically accompanied by heat and light production. Rapid combustion is characterized by the release of a large amount of heat energy. A flame is a specific characteristic indicator of the reaction. This reaction is called an exothermic reaction. Furthermore, Helmenstine (2018) stated that combustion reaction includes the presence of oxygen as a reactant then carbon dioxide and heat as the product. Combustibility rate is a chain chemical reaction or the rate of burning a substance. The rate of chemical reaction is the change in concentration over the change of time as stated from the website of Chemistry Libre Texts (2015). Temperature, pressure, and concentration are factors that affect the rate of combustion. Increasing humidity due to increasing temperature will reduce the combustion rate, and it affects the heat capacity. Combustion rate can be the rate of formation of products or the rate of disappearance of products. To test the combustion rate, there are properties to be considered that serves as indicators: ash content, fixed carbon, energy content and water boiling test.



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Ash Content. According to Tamilvanan (2013), the higher the ash the fuel possess the lower the calorific value it has, for the reason that it is the noncombustible component of a biomass, which have been released during burning activity in an appearance of dust particles. Furthermore, Obi, Akubuo, and Okonkwo (2013) stated that for the briquettes to have high heating values, the ash content should be low. Whereas high ash content was believed to reduce the combustibility of briquettes (Aboagye, 2017). As Aboagye (2017) cited, ash content was mainly composed by calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus elements that affect the ash fusion and was considered as an organic component that remains after the biomass completed its combustion process. Minerals present in the ash when subjected to high temperature and certain conditions can agglomerate and deposit inside the thermal device leading to slag formation, fouling and bed agglomeration. Ashes are usually formed of Cao, k2O, Na2O, MgO, SiO2, SO3, Fe2O3, P2O5and Cl. The slagging behavior of briquettes was strongly affected by the ash content, the reason why in briquetting the agricultural residues which contain less than 4% ash content were more preferable because slagging do not occur during densification (Mitan et al., 2004). In addition, Mitan et al. (2004) stated that a biomass contain high ash content is not good to be an alternative fuel, because the heating value of briquettes will be highly affected.



Fixed Carbon. The low fixed carbon content has a tendency to drag out cooking time by its low warmth discharge, additionally the higher the fixed carbon content the better the charcoal created because the relating calorific vitality is normally high (Raju, Praveena, Sathya, & Jyothi, 2014). Moreover,



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Nuriana et al., (2014) stated that the higher the temperature is, the more increment carbon content resulted. Having a good quality of high carbon content and high calorific value signifies that a fuel has a decent quality (Nuriana et al., 2014). As stated by Aboagye (2017), it is the remaining solid combustible residue after a coal is heated and resulting to ejection of volatile matter. In addition, Cahyono, Santoso, and Miliati (2017) proposed that the quality of a briquette usually vary to its fixed carbon content.



Kumar, Subbaiah, and Rao (2010) proposed that the level of fixed carbon is ordinarily controlled by the distinction in alternate amounts, for example, moisture, volatile matter and ash content, of the aggregate biomass in rate. Basically, the fixed carbon of a fuel is the level of carbon accessible for ignition after all the volatile matter is expelled from the biomass. This is not equivalent to the total amount of carbon present in the fuel because there is an additional amount discharged as hydrocarbons in the volatile matter. When there is a high percentage of fixed carbon, the briquette’s heat value will enhance, but the fixed carbon content and the calorific value of briquettes are lower than coal, resulting to low heating value when compared to commercialized fuels and fire wood; however, the cost of briquette is cheaper than the commercialized one (Tamilvanan, 2013).



Energy Content. This shows the amount of potential energy contained in a briquette (Aboagye, 2017), where it is determined by calorific value; the standard measure of the energy content of a fuel (Ikelle, Chukwuma, & Ivoms, 2014). Furthermore, Aboagye (2017) stated that heat capacity is included as a parameter that forms the energy content. High calorific value means the energy



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content is high enough to generate the heat required in small-scale applications (Raju et al., 2014). Hence, the greater calorific value, the easier and the better will the briquette burn. Higher density also makes the briquette to last long and release of thermal energy will be higher (Huang, 2014). The gross calorific value can be obtained through a formula based on the study of Onuegbu (2011), where a sample is burned and will show the briquette's complete combustion.



Water Boiling Test. Time is the variable for finding the burning rate speed and the ignition of time was test by water boiling test. According to Onuegbu, Ekpunobi, Ogbu, Ekeoma and Obumselu (2011), the potential of boiling water at the same ignition time with the fastest time in a record was used to determine the burning rate increased. Water boiling test was used to test which among the set-ups is productive. In this way, the test was able to measure the time taken for each set of briquettes to boil an equal quantity of water, under identical conditions. Moreover, water boiling test was executed to investigate the capability of the briquettes for household purpose as a fuel (Birwatkar, Khandetod, Mohod, & Dhande, 2014). As stated by Onuegbu et al. (2011), the factors that regulate the water boiling time are burning rate (how fast the fuel burns) and the calorific value (how much heat is released). Furthermore, burning rate can also be affected by the structural form of a briquette for it is the ratio of the mass of the bio-fuel burnt (in grams) to the total time taken (in a minute). Calorific value is also important for heat production and a factor for the



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briquette to produced heat (Onuegbu et al., 2011). In addition, Sawadogo, Tanoh, Sidibe, Kpail and Tankoano (2018) stated that specific fuel consumption is also a factor to be tested in the water boiling test which determines the number of briquettes required to boil specific amount of water. The amount of durian peel offers a great rate of combustion such as its heating value. Whereas, combustion rate is the rate of burning a substance that can be indicated by the following which are ash content, fixed carbon, energy content and water boiling test. Ash content affects the rate of combustion by its concentration; the higher the ash content, the lower the combustion rate. Energy content is the amount of potential energy in a briquette where it is determined by calorific value. Fixed carbon helps the briquette to stand high heat temperatures, resulting in high-quality briquette. Water boiling test is performed to determine the efficiency and productivity of the fuel through a burning rate increase in reaching the boiling point of water. The indicators are considered to be tested to prove the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass briquettes. In global, increasing demand for energy supply depends on the resources of fossil fuels. Nowadays, the rate of energy resources decreases resulting to doubling of prices. For about 140 million amount of energy is generated in a year (Tembe, Otache, & Ekhuemelo, 2014). The growing interest for biomass renewable energy as an alternative is sought because nonrenewable energy is getting more expensive. Biomass are all living matter from plants and animal waste material (Shreya & Sevita, 2015). Processing biomass into a form of briquette which is effective and efficient for heating purposes. Briquette from biomass is a renewable energy containing high content of volatile matter, ash



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content, low density and energy values which people in many parts of the world utilized briquette for their daily activities. Briquetting processes is an effective method in creating bio fuel to prevent shortage of materials due to the increase of population. Each year, millions of agricultural wastes generated are used or burnt inappropriately causing pollution which leads to killing people due to respiratory diseases (Sriram, Sikdar, Sunil, & KumarShetty, 2014). However, Maninder, Kathuria, and Grover (2012) stated that these wastes can be recycled as a renewable energy. In Davao, a large number of agricultural wastes specifically durian is produced each day and briquetting these wastes can be a solution to pollution problems. Briquetting technology is one of the promising solutions to the growing problem in the energy source. For many countries were looking for development of clean and pollution free energy resources. Among various energy resources, Sriram et al., (2014) stated that briquettes are of most interest and expected to play a key role in global energy infrastructure in the future. As of 2016, a total of 16,816.86 hectares planted with durian in the Philippines with 1,265,890 bearing trees. In the Davao region, about 8344 hectares or 50.21% with 818,270 bearing trees are found to produced 53,805.71 metric tons or 75.31% durian products as stated in the Country Statistics Philippines (2017). Republic Act 9003, also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, was constituted in the Philippines in year 2000 in order to give guidelines in dealing the increase problems of solid waste in the country, thus, most



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number of waste product was generally produced by agricultural products such as, sugar, rice and fruits. According to Lacrosse and Shakya (2004), most lumber and agricultural operations in South East Asia, produces residues in the average of 20 to 70% from raw materials input. In connection, according to Bujang and Safuan (2014), the edible portion of fruit like durian is only around 15-30%, which considered as high waste-to-edible portion that creates huge amount of wastes specifically in post-harvest processing centers. Moreover, ripening of the fruits that have climacteric nature such as tropical fruits like durian, mangosteen, jackfruit and mango occurred rapidly after the harvest, that causes a decrease in edible and economic value of the fruits in short selling window. Also, due to the seasonal nature of the fruits mentioned above, oversupply of its production causes the income of farmers decrease as well as it creates waste problems. Therefore, Bujang and Safuan (2014) stated that utilizing the fruit biomass is very helpful not only in regulating the fruit prices in a way of diversification of products came from the fruits and its waste, but also reducing environmental issues regarding waste disposal and utilized its potential to be an alternative renewable energy feedstock. Converting the energy of durian peel into briquette is called thermochemical. According to Bujang and Safuan (2014), thermochemical is the process of converting the chemical composition of durian peel into heat energy, like the conversion of plants into bio-fuel. The ways of thermochemical process are the combustion, fast pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal and hydrolysis. Bujang and Safuan (2014) added that one of the chemical compositions of durian peel is being high activated carbon which determined to vary the release of thermal energy. Furthermore, ThamYee, Arumugam, Nur



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Hidayah, Abdullah, and Latif (2010) stated that the varying release of thermal energy or its heat energy was due to the effects of different measurement of activated carbon or durian peel. Apart from its unique and strong smell, durian is also easy to recognize due to its spiky look. Durian look of intimidating yet special, because of the prickly and thorny appearance of its outer shell. The neutralization effects that said to be possess by the outer shell or known as durian peel, helps neutralize the hotness cause by eating durian and cool the body down, just by drinking water from its peel. In addition, durian peel also helps in removing the strong smell of the durian simply by washing with durian peel or scrubbing against the peel that also remove the stench. According to Kaliyan and Morey (2008), briquetting is the process of compressing the residues to produce a higher density product, which also called densification. Briquettes could serve as a replacement to firewood and charcoal for cooking and agro-industrial operations if generated in an affordable expense and produced conveniently available to the beneficiaries. Also, it decreases the demand for firewood and charcoal (Wilaipon, 2008). Ilavsky and Oravec (2000) stated that briquetting the biomass improves its handling characteristics, increases the volumetric calorific value, lower the transportation costs and makes it available for different uses. In addition, conversion of biomass residues into alternative fuel has become possible by using the set of technologies introduced by biomass densification according to Maninder et. al (2012). The equipment used for compaction could be categorized depending on its kind, where it already has five main types; piston densification, screw press densification, roll press densification, pelletizing, and low pressure or manual presses. Based on the



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compaction process, Aboagye (2017) cited the briquetting technologies used for compaction can be divided into high-pressure compaction, medium pressure compaction with a heating device and low-pressure compaction with a binder. Briquetting in many growing countries like the Philippines is still trying to attain knowledge due to the fact of technical limits involved and knowledge deficiency needed in adapting briquette technology. According to Aboagye (2017), briquette-industry aids many operational problems and certifying the raw material used can determine its economic success. Briquettes can be used in many ways; both domestic and industrial applications. Also, it is often used as an alternative solid bio-fuel due to energy source shortage and rising prices of common solid fuels like charcoals and firewood (Ahmed, 2008). Briquettes are cheaper than coal, where it does not contain sulfur considered as 100% eco-friendly. Furthermore, it has higher practical thermal value and lower ash content (2 % to 10 % as compared to 20% to 40% in coal) resulting in lower flying ash. It is more uniform in terms of combustion than coal and also gives much higher boiler efficiency because of its low moisture and higher density (Manoj, 2015). Briquetting can be done with or without a binder, doing without a binder is easier but it takes higher cost due to equipment used which is unsuitable for developing countries as stated by Aboagye (2017). According to Syamalee, Amarasinghe, & Senayaka (2015), varieties of the external binder include starch, cow dung, newspaper, etc. Paper possesses the following advantages: it does not add a smoke producing material to the briquette, non-volatile, widely available and holds the briquette together. According to Michalovic (2005) and



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(Cellulose Fibers, 2014), paper contains cellulose that is capable of binding or used as a binding agent, where cellulose and starch are very similar polymers but cellulose is much stronger than starch because starches can be dissolved when mixed together in liquid and its varieties tend to be highly viscous, to agglomerate, and have poor flow properties, making their handling difficult during the tablet manufacturing process. Cellulose also is useful in the preparation prepared by direct compression as well as wet methods. Unlike other traditional binders that slow down the process of disintegration, cellulose acts as a binding and disintegrating agent (Stewart, 2017). These components are not present in any other binding agents and may vary in different factors like usage. In accordance to the studies related to the topic of the research, durian has really high potential to be converted into an alternative energy. It is also recognized to be abundant here in Davao City, which is considered as a high production source of durian waste like the peel that contributes as an additional issue in waste management. Therefore, in response, this research has been proposed in order to prove the effectiveness of durian peel as an alternative energy in a form of biomass briquettes, as well as utilizing durian peel into such unique product that is not yet developed in the country. The study was expected to discover the potential of durian peel components, specifically by its combustion rate that may affect the quality of the briquettes to be produced. As supported by the researchers cited and mentioned above, this study positively sought to achieve its objective.



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Chapter 2 Methods



This chapter describes the research methodology that was used in conducting the study. It discussed the research design, the statistical treatment for data analysis and the procedures that emphasizes the gathering of data and the process on how the experiment will be done.



Research Design



This study utilized experimental design specifically parallel group design in determining the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes. According to Turner (2013), a parallel group design is an experimental study design, where each subject is randomly assigned to one of two or more different treatment or intervention groups. In addition, eventhough these groups undergo different treatment, all groups are still treated equally as possible in all other factors and undergoes complete same procedures all throughout the study. Whereas, one group will receive the treatment of interest and another group a control treatment, against which responses throughout the treatment intervention are compared. In this study, the researchers sought to determine how effective is durian peel as biomass briquettes.



19



Statistical Treatment ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is one of the statistical techniques used in assessing the data results of a study. It is specifically used to compare the results from different samples or the results of the study in order to accurately identify the significant differences among the variables. In connection, after using ANOVA, another statistical technique will be used for analyzing the differences of the obtained data known as DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test). This technique was considered as a post hoc test that will measure and analyse the specific differences between pairs of means.



Research Procedure Research



procedures



involve



3



sections:



Section



1.



Pre-



Experimentation - Production of durian peel biomass briquettes. Section 2. Actual Experimentation - Experimentation process. Section 3. PostExperimentation - Analysis of the combustion properties. These stages will be elaborated below: Section 1. Pre-Experimentation Production of durian peel biomass briquettes: Durian peels are obtained from durian sellers in Davao city. Durian skins are sliced and dried in the sun ( 3 days ), and the dried durian peels are carbonized in a makeshift furnace for 6 hours to obtain its carbonized form (carbonization process), then it will be sieved (using 5 mesh) to have uniformity in terms of particle sizes. Paper and water will be cooked as the adhesive, with a ratio of 400g mashed paper mixed with 1200 ml of water until boiled. Afterwards, the adhesive with a 20% total



20



amount of the weight of the briquette will be added to the carbonized product and then molded in the makeshift briquette molder. The whole phase will produce 5 set of briquettes, where each briquette weights 100 grams and a set consist of different proportions of paper waste: durian peel, the 1st briquette contains 0:100 ratio, 2nd briquette contains 25:75, 3rd briquette contains 50:50 ratio, 4th briquette contains 75:25, and 5th briquette contains 100:0. Aluminum can is the packing material for the durian peels when it was burned in the furnace. The equipment used was a knife, sieve, pots, makeshift furnace for carbonization, makeshift briquette molder, basin, measuring cup, triple beam balance, thermometer, and aluminum cans.



Figure 2. Biomass wastes from durian peel



Figure 3. Chopping of durian peels into small pieces



21



Figure 4. Drying the peels under the heat of the sun



Figure 5. Carbonization process through furnace



Figure 6. Uniformity in size using sieve



Figure 7. Cooking process of paper and water mixture



22



Figure 8. Addition of simple adhesive



Figure 9. Compressing to form the briquette



Figure 10. Final product of biomass briquette



Section 2. Actual Experimentation Preparation of the experimental set-ups: Each of the 5 set-samples contains different paper:durian peel ratios; 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0. Table 1. Ratios of different set-ups Set-ups



A



B



C



D



E



Ratio



0:100



25:75



50:50



75:25



100:0



23



Set up A: Each briquette contains 0:100 ratio, 0% paper and 100% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in a triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the framework of Water Boiling Test (WBT). The whole procedure will start by filling 10 ml water in a test tube, then it will be placed over the briquette. A timer will be prepared to record the amount of time the water takes to boiling point (100ᵒC) and the thermometer will be used to monitor the water’s temperature, in order to be precise and accurate. Thereafter, the mass of fuel consumed will be weighed. Then the burning process for the briquette continues and the heat produced by the briquette will be measured using thermometer. Lastly, when the briquette is totally burned, the ash weight will be measured. Then, the cycle repeats for a replication (trial) of five times. Set up B: Each briquette contains 25:75 ratio, 25% paper and 75% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in a triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the framework of Water Boiling Test (WBT). The whole procedure will start by filling 10 ml water in a test tube, then it will be placed over the briquette. A timer will be prepared to record the amount of time the water takes to boiling point (100ᵒC) and the thermometer will be used to monitor the water’s temperature, in order to be precise and accurate. Thereafter, the mass of fuel consumed will be weighed. Then the burning process for the briquette continues and the heat produced by the briquette will be measured using thermometer. Lastly, when the



24



briquette is totally burned, the ash weight will be measured. Then, the cycle repeats for a replication (trial) of five times. Set up C: Each briquette contains 50:50 ratio, 50% paper and 50% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in a triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the framework of Water Boiling Test (WBT). The whole procedure will start by filling 10 ml water in a test tube, then it will be placed over the briquette. A timer will be prepared to record the amount of time the water takes to boiling point (100ᵒC) and the thermometer will be used to monitor the water’s temperature, in order to be precise and accurate. Thereafter, the mass of fuel consumed will be weighed. Then the burning process for the briquette continues and the heat produced by the briquette will be measured using thermometer. Lastly, when the briquette is totally burned, the ash weight will be measured. Then, the cycle repeats for a replication (trial) of five times. Set up D: Each briquette contains 75:25 ratio, 75% paper and 25% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in a triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the framework of Water Boiling Test (WBT). The whole procedure will start by filling 10 ml water in a test tube, then it will be placed over the briquette. A timer will be prepared to record the amount of time the water takes to boiling point (100ᵒC) and the thermometer will be used to monitor the water’s temperature, in order to be precise and accurate. Thereafter, the mass of fuel consumed will be weighed. Then the burning process for the briquette continues and the heat produced by the



25



briquette will be measured using thermometer. Lastly, when the briquette is totally burned, the ash weight will be measured. Then, the cycle repeats for a replication (trial) of five times. Set up E: Each briquette contains 100:0 ratio, 100% paper and 0% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in a triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the framework of Water Boiling Test (WBT). The whole procedure will start by filling 10 ml water in a test tube, then it will be placed over the briquette. A timer will be prepared to record the amount of time the water takes to boiling point (100ᵒC) and the thermometer will be used to monitor the water’s temperature, in order to be precise and accurate. Thereafter, the mass of fuel consumed will be weighed. Then the burning process for the briquette continues and the heat produced by the briquette will be measured using thermometer. Lastly, when the briquette is totally burned, the ash weight will be measured. Then, the cycle repeats for a replication (trial) of five times. Each of the briquettes will have its own set-up, in which the setups will be identical five replications and properly observed based on the usual Water Boiling Test. This test was conducted in the University Biology Laboratory using a test tube (shown in Figure 3).



Figure 11. Water Boiling Test Diagram



26



Test for combustion rate of the 5 sets of different biomass briquettes using Water boiling test: The combustion rate of 5 different biomass briquettes that have been produced will be tested using the WBT (Water Boiling Test). Whereas, a water sample will be put in 5 different test tube, then each test tube with water will be heated by the use of 5 different biomass briquettes, until the water boils. The time each container takes to boil the water using the 5 different biomass briquettes will be recorded and used as data in analyzing and determining the combustion rate of each 5 biomass briquettes with different proportion of durian peel and adhesive. The shorter the time it takes to boil the water, the higher the combustion rate the briquettes have. Section 3. Post-Experimentation Analysis of the combustion properties: In this part, the different combustion properties of the durian biomass briquettes will be introduced. This part will discuss further the ash content, fixed carbon, energy content, burning rate and specific fuel consumption of the briquettes. Ash content: As previously mentioned in RRL, ash content is an organic component that remains after the biomass briquettes completed its combustion process. It is mainly composed by calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus elements (Baaba, 2010). In this study, ash content is one of the indicators that will determine the quality of the biomass briquette made from Durian peel. Whereas, it will be recorded and measured after the burning process/combustion process of the briquettes in water boiling test will be used for computing the amount of



27



fixed carbon in the biomass briquettes.The data can be obtained through the use of the formula provided on the study of Ghana (2018). Formula: Weight of ash (100)/original weight of sample



Where: Wa – weight of ash +can Wc – weight of empty can Wo – original weight of sample + can Fixed Carbon: According to Kumar, Sabaiah, and Rao (2013), fixed carbon is the level of carbon accessible for ignition after all the volatile matter is expelled from the biomass briquettes, which was previously stated in RRL. In connection, fixed carbon will also served as one of the indicators for determining the quality of biomass briquettes made from durian peel, which was supported by the statement of Nuriana, Anisa and Martana (2014), that a briquettes with high fixed carbon is considered as a good quality type. The fixed carbon is expected to be measured after the carbonization process, in which a specific formula given below will be used for computing the amount of fixed carbon in the biomass briquettes.The data can be obtained through the use of the formula provided on the study of Ghana (2018). Formula:



28



Where: FC – Fixed carbon MC – Moisture content VM- Volatile matter AC – Ash content Energy content: The amount of energy potential contained in a briquette that is determined by calorific value was known as energy content (Baaba, 2017). In addition, according to Baaba (2017), one of the parameter that forms energy content is the heat capacity of the briquettes. The energy content in a biomass briquettes is considered as one of the quality indicators for a good briquette, for the reason that it increases the combustion rate of the briquettes. In order to obtain the value of energy content, calorific value is needed in the formula, where the presence of calorific value determined the energy content of the biomass briquette. According to Prabhu (2016), calorific value is measured by the amount of heat energy denoted as kilojoules produced in a complete combustion of 1kg of fuel. A formula given below is used for the computation of calorific value and determining the energy content of the biomass briquette made from durian peel.The data can be obtained through the use of the formula provided on the study of Prabhu (2016). Formula:



29



Water Boiling Test: The water boiling test is the method of experiment use in determining the combustion rate, combustion properties and ignition time of the briquettes. In this experiment, five samples of water in a container/ aluminum can will be heat using the 5 samples of biomass briquettes which made from different ratio of durian peel and adhesive as an alternative coal. The said test will served as a way of obtaining the data necessary for the analysis of biomass briquettes. Wherein combustion properties such as ash content, fixed carbon and energy content will be carefully recorded and measured. In addition, this test will be the basis for the researchers to determine the different characteristics and quality possess by the 5 different samples of biomass briquette. The data can be obtained through the use of the formula provided on the study of Onuegbu et al. (2011). Formula:



30



Figure 12. Flowchart of the Entire Process of the Experiment



31



Table 2. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Ash Content



Trials



Set-up A



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Percentage (%)



(%)



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1 2 3 4 5



Table 3. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette using Fixed Carbon Content



Trials 1 2 3 4 5



Set-up A



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Percentage (%)



(%)



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



32



Table 4. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette using Energy Content



Trials



Set-up A



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Calorific Value (kj/kg)



(kj/kg)



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1 2 3 4 5



Table 5. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette using Water Boiling Test (Burning Rate)



Trials 1 2 3 4 5



Set-up A



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Burning Rate (kg/s)



(kg/s)



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



33



Table 6. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette using Water Boiling Test (Specific Fuel Consumption)



Trials 1 2 3 4 5



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l)



(kg/l)



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



34



Chapter 3 Results and Discussions



This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data in the study, conclusion and recommendation. Statistical data which were used in the analysis and interpretation of the results are presented in tabular form.



Results This section is comprised of table and graph that will be explained in a text to present the differences of data in every treatment on each variable. Table 7.1. Mean Values for the Ash Content Set-ups



Ash Content (%)



A



10.90



B



22.48



C



22.26



D



25.85



E



34.09



Total Mean



23.12



According to the data given by the table above, set-up E has the highest ash content value of 34.09% while set-up A got the lowest ash content value of 10.90% with the total mean of 23.12%. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the ash content should be low. Therefore, Set-up A is the most effective in terms of ash content as biomass briquette.



35



Table 7.2. Mean Values for the Fixed Carbon Content Set-ups



Fixed Carbon Content (%)



A



51.73



B



34.76



C



46.41



D



34.49



E



31.27



Total Mean



39.73



The table above shows that in fixed carbon content, set-up A has the highest value of 51.73% and in contrast, set-up E got the lowest value of 31.27 % with the total mean of 39.73%. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the fixed carbon content should be high. Therefore, Set-up A is the most effective in terms of fixed carbon content as biomass briquette. Table 7.3. Mean Values for the Energy Content Set-ups



Energy Content kJ/kg



A



2.26



B



2.41



C



2.05



D



1.97



E



1.83



Total Mean



2.13



The table shows the data for energy content, wherein calorific value serves as the way of getting the values. The data shows that set-up B got the highest value of 2.41 kJ/kg among the other set-up while set-up E got the lowest value of 1.83 kJ/kg with the total mean of 2.13 kJ/kg. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the energy content should be high. Therefore, Set-up B is the most effective in terms of energy content as biomass briquette.



36



Table 7.4. Mean Values for the Burning Rate Set-ups



Burning Rate (kg/s)



A



0.00014188



B



0.00013324



C



0.0001080



D



0.000065592



E



0.000064474



Total Mean



0.000102636



The table above shows the data for burning rate wherein set-up A got the highest value among the other set-up with a value of 0.00014188 kg/s, while set-up E has the lowest value of 0.00006447 kg/s with the total mean of 0.000102636 kg/s. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the burning rate should be high. Therefore, Set-up A is the most effective in terms of burning rate as biomass briquette.



Table 7.5. Mean Values for the Specific Fuel Consumption Set-ups



Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l)



A



7.54



B



6.51



C



6.5



D



5.66



E



6.35



Total Mean



6.51



The table above shows that in specific fuel consumption, set-up A got the highest amount that reach up into 7.54 kg/l while set-up D got the lowest amount of 5.66 kg/l with the total mean of 6.51 kg/l. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the specific fuel consumption should be high. Therefore, Set-up



37



A is the most effective in terms of specific fuel consumption as biomass briquette.



COMBUSTIBILITY RATE Ash Content (%)



Fixed Carbon content (%)



Energy Content (kj/kg)



Burning Rate (kg/s)



SET-UP A



SET-UP B



SET-UP C



SET-UP D



1.83 6.4474E-05 6.35



34.09 31.27 1.97 6.5592E-05 5.66



25.85 2.05 0.000108 6.5



22.26 2.41 0.00013324 6.51



2.36 0.00014188 7.54



10.9



22.48



34.49



34.76



46.41



51.73



Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l)



SET-UP E



Figure 13. Mean values for the overall combustibility variables The figure shows the data for the mean of the overall variable of combustibility rate which are the ash content, fixed carbon content, energy content, burning rate and specific fuel consumption for all the five set-ups A, B, C, D and E. Set-up A which is composed of 100% durian peel possessed the highest value of fixed carbon content, burning rate and specific fuel consumption among the other set-ups but it also possessed the lowest ash content thus it is the most effective as biomass briquette. In contrast, set-up E which is composed of 100% paper possessed the lowest value of fixed carbon content, energy content and burning rate among the other set-ups but also possessed the highest amount of ash content, thus it is the least effective as biomass briquettes among the other set-ups. In addition, set-up B possessed



38



the highest energy content among the other while set-up D has the lowest consumption of fuel according to the data given in the table above. Table 8.1. Analysis of Variance for the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Ash Content Tabulated F Source of Variation



Degrees of Freedom



Treatment



4



Sum of Mean of Squares Squares 1390.76



Experimental Error



20



208.07



Total



24



1598.83



Computed F



5%



40.104



2.87



347.69



8.67



Table 8.1 shows the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes in terms of ash content. The computed f value for the ash content is 40.104 which is greater than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This value means that there is a significant difference. It indicates that there is a great variation between the treatment and replication. Data shown in table 8.1 supports the hypothesis that there is a significant difference on the mean ash content of the biomass briquette treated with five (5) set-ups namely; Set-up A= 0% paper and 100% durian peel; Set-up B= 25% paper and 75% durian peel; Set-up C= 50% paper and 50% durian peel; Setup D= 75% paper and 100% durian peel: and Set-up E= 100% paper and 0% durian peel. Furthermore, it also applies that there is a significant difference on the mean ash content of the biomass briquette in five (5) trials treated with the same set-ups. The rejection of the null hypothesis which indicates that there is



39



no significant difference between and among the treatments in terms of the ash content of the biomass briquette led to the application of Post-Hoc Analysis specifically the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) which resulted to as follows. Table 8.1.1. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Ash Content of the Biomass Briquette Results Set-up



Mean



DMRT*



A



10.904



A



B



22.48



Bc



C



22.26



Cd



D



25.846



Bcd



E



34.09



E



The table shows that any two means having a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level of significance. Thus, the computation showed that Set-up A and Set-up E are significantly different from other treatments; Set-up D is significantly different from Set-up A and Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up B and Set-up C; Set-up B is significantly different from Set-up A and Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up C; and Set-up C is significantly different from Set-up A and Set-up E.



40



Table 8.2. Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Fixed Carbon Content



Source of Variation



Degrees of Freedom



Sum of Square s



Mean of Square s



Treatment



4



1503.65



375.91



Compute dF



2.77 Experimental Error



20



3262.4



Total



24



4766.05



Tabulated F 5%



2.87



135.93



Table 8.2 shows the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes in terms of fixed carbon content. The computed f value for the fixed carbon content is 2.77 which is lesser than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This value means that there is no significant difference. It indicates that there is no variation between the treatment and replication hence null hypothesis is accepted.



41



Table 8.3. Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Energy Content



Source of Variation



Degrees of Freedom



Sum of Square s



Mean of Square s



Treatment



4



1.49



0.3725



Compute dF



Tabulated F 5%



2.87 Experimental Error



20



1.28



Total



24



2.77



0.053



6.98



Table 8.3 shows the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes in terms of energy content. The computed f value for the energy content is 6.98 which is greater than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This value means that there is a significant difference. It indicates that there is a great variation between the treatment and replication. Data shown in table 8.3 supports the hypothesis that there is a significant difference on the mean energy content of the biomass briquette treated with five (5) set-ups namely; Set-up A= 0% paper and 100% durian peel; Set-up B= 25% paper and 75% durian peel; Set-up C= 50% paper and 50% durian peel; Set-up D= 75% paper and 100% durian peel: and Set-up E= 100% paper and 0% durian peel. Furthermore, it also applies that there is a significant difference on the mean energy content of the biomass briquette in five (5) trials treated with the same set-ups. The rejection of the null hypothesis which indicates that there is no significant difference between and among the treatments in terms of the energy content of the biomass briquette led to the application of Post-



42



Hoc Analysis specifically the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) which resulted to as follows. Table 8.3.1. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Energy Content of the Biomass Briquette Results Set-up



Mean



DMRT*



A



2.364



bc



B



2.414



ab



C



2.05



c



D



1.97



de



E



1.766



e



The table shows that any two means having a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level of significance. Thus, the computation showed that Set-up B is significantly different from Set-up C, Set-up D and Setup E and not significantly different from Set-up A; Set-up A is significantly different from Set-up D and Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up C and Set-up B; Set-up C is significantly different from Set-up D and Set-up E; and Set-up D is not significantly different from Set-up E.



43



Table 8.4. Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Burning rate



Source of Variation



Degrees of Freedom



Sum of Squares



Mean of Squares



Treatment



4



0.00000117



0.00000029



Comp uted F



Tabulated F 5%



2.87



Experimental Error



20



0.00000114



Total



24



0.000000031



0.0000000475



-6.10



Table 8.4 shows the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes in terms of burning rate. The computed f value for the burning rate is -6.10 which is lesser than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This value means that there is no significant difference. It indicates that there is no variation between the treatment and replication hence null hypothesis is accepted.



44



Table 8.5. Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Specific Fuel consumption



Source of Variation



Degrees of Freedom



Sum of Square s



Mean of Square s



Treatment



4



9.9



2.475



Compute dF



Tabulated F 5%



2.87 Experimental Error



20



0.49



Total



24



10.39



0.0204



121.22



Table 8.5 shows the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes in terms of specific fuel consumption. The computed f value for the specific fuel consumption is 121.22 which is greater than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This value means that there is a significant difference. It indicates that there is a great variation between the treatment and replication. Data shown in table 8.5 supports the hypothesis that there is a significant difference on the mean specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette treated with five (5) set-ups namely; Set-up A= 0% paper and 100% durian peel; Set-up B= 25% paper and 75% durian peel; Set-up C= 50% paper and 50% durian peel; Set-up D= 75% paper and 100% durian peel: and Set-up E= 100% paper and 0% durian peel. Furthermore, it also applies that there is a significant difference on the mean specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette in five (5) trials treated with the same set-ups. The rejection of the null hypothesis which indicates that there is no significant difference between and among the treatments in terms of the specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette



45



led to the application of Post-Hoc Analysis specifically the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) which resulted to as follows. Table 8.5.1 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Specific Fuel Consumption of the Biomass Briquette Results Set-up



Mean



DMRT*



A



7.542



a



B



6.52



bc



C



6.5



cd



D



5.566



e



E



6.352



cd



The table shows that any two means having a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level of significance. Thus, the computation showed that Set-up A is significantly different from other treatments; Set-up B is significantly different from Set-up D and Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up C; Set-up C is significantly different from Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up D; and Set-up E is not significantly different from Set-up D.



Discussion The amount of durian peel added in the biomass briquette mixture has a significant effect on the combustibility of the biomass briquette product. The data was obtained from the experiment, with five (5) treatments and a replication of five (5) times. Data analysis use ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) at significance level a = 5% with 95% level of confidence.



46



In the ash content, set-up A has the lowest value and is significantly varied from other treatments. Based on the study conducted by Obi, Akubuo, and Okonkwo (2013), for the briquettes to have high heating values, the ash content should be low. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective in terms of ash content and the results were based on the standard set by Tamilvanan (2013). Furthermore, in fixed carbon content, set-up A has the highest value and does not significantly vary from other treatments. According to Raju, Praveena, Sathya, and Jyothi (2014), the higher the fixed carbon content, the better the charcoal created. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective in terms of fixed carbon content and the results were based on the standard set by Nuriana (2014). However, in the energy content, set-up B has the highest value and is significantly varied from other treatments. High calorific value means the energy content is high enough to generate the heat required in small-scale applications (Raju et al., 2014). Hence, the greater calorific value, the easier and the better will the briquette burn. Therefore, set-up B is the most effective and the result was based on the standard set by Huang (2014). Moreover, in the burning rate, set-up A has the highest value and does not significantly vary from other treatments. For the briquette to be effective, it should have a high value of burning rate. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective and the result was based on the standard set by Onuegbu et al. (2011). Lastly, in specific fuel consumption, Set-up A has the highest value and is significantly varied from other treatments. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective. Based on our own observations, it was foreseen that when more durian peel was added to the biomass briquette mixture, it will become more combustible, which means that the briquette is effective. On the other hand, if



47



less durian peel is added, it can be noticed that the biomass briquette product is less combustible that makes the briquette least effective.



Conclusion This research aims to determine the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquette on the different set-ups. The researchers concluded that testing the combustibility rate of the biomass briquette is an efficient way to assess its effectiveness. Based on the findings, the researchers acquired answers to the question and these are the following: Set-up A is the most effective in terms of the ash content of the briquette; Set-up A is the most effective in terms of the fixed carbon content of the briquette; Set-up B is the most effective in terms of the energy content of the briquette; Set-up A is the most effective in terms of the burning rate of the briquette; and Set-up A is the most effective in terms of the specific fuel consumption of the briquette. Through the One-Way Analysis of Variance conducted on the results, the following conclusions are made: there is a significant difference on the ash content of the biomass briquette on the different treatments; there is no significant difference on the fixed carbon content of the biomass briquette on the different treatments; there is a significant difference on the energy content of the biomass briquette on the different treatments; there is no significant difference on the burning rate of the biomass briquette on the different treatments; and there is a significant difference on the specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette on the different treatments. In general, it can be concluded that durian peel has the ability to be effective as biomass briquette.



48



Recommendation The study was conducted using a makeshift equipment such as the furnace and compressor as an alternative and was tested manually using equations due to the absence of the needed equipment in the school laboratory and lack of financial fund. It is therefore recommended for the future researcher to take advantage on the advancement of technology and use modern equipment such as oven and hi-tech compressor to ensure the same outcome of the product. Upon testing the product, the researcher also recommend to used bomb calorimeter, a modern measurement device to gather the data needed in the research. Based on the findings, durian peel as biomass briquette is effective and has the ability to be used as fuel, therefore, future researchers should conduct a comparative study of durian peel biomass briquette to a commercialized charcoal product.



49



REFERENCES



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57



APPENDIX A



TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING ASH CONTENT



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Percentage (%)



(%) Trials



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1



9.83



17.66



21.44



25.43



35.65



2



11.57



24.79



25.10



23.07



32.64



3



11.68



23.24



23.64



30.67



30.12



4



10.32



19.09



20.87



24.04



41.48



5



11.12



27.62



20.25



26.02



30.56



58



APPENDIX B



TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING FIXED CARBON CONTENT



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Percentage (%)



(%)



Trials



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1



65.68



69.32



51.08



33.62



13.35



2



32.29



7.73



22.83



48.76



26.91



3



42.29



15.62



28.52



12.92



49.44



4



63.35



64.65



62.43



46.39



26.01



5



55.04



16.47



72.21



30.76



43.13



59



APPENDIX C



TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING ENERGY CONTENT



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Calorific Value (kj/kg)



(kj/kg) Trials



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1



2.24



2.01



2.07



1.92



1.91



2



2.52



2.64



2.24



1.79



1.60



3



2.45



2.52



2.24



2.32



1.51



4



2.27



2.04



1.89



1.89



2.21



5



2.34



2.86



1.81



1.93



1.60



60



APPENDIX D



TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING WATER BOILING TEST (BURNING RATE)



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Burning Rate (kg/s)



(kg/s) Trials



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



2



0.0001473



0.0001457



0.0001052



0.00006727



0.00005803



3



0.0001319



0.0001365



0.0001050



0.00006270



0.00005322



4



0.0001345



0.0001259



0.0001009



0.00005821



0.00006193



5



0.0001380



0.0001393



0.0001008



0.00006608



0.00005755



0.0001577



0.0001188



0.0001281



0.00007370



0.00006194



61



APPENDIX E



TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING WATER BOILING TEST (SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION)



(Experimental Groups)



(Control Group)



Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l)



(kg/l) Trials



Set-up A



Set-up B



Set-up C



Set-up D



Set-up E



1



7.81



6.9



6.81



5.28



6.61



2



7.71



6.72



6.71



5.43



6.41



3



7.54



6.45



6.53



5.56



6.35



4



7.38



6.33



6.42



5.75



6.28



5



7.27



6.14



6.03



5.81



6.11



62



APPENDIX F



STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEELS AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE USING ASH CONTENT



Step 1: Group the data by treatments and calculate the treatments totals (T) and the grand total (G).



Trials Set-up



Treated Total



Treated Mean



1



2



3



4



5



A



9.83



11.57



11.68



10.32



11.12



54.52



10.904



B



17.66



24.79



23.24



19.09



27.62



112.4



22.48



C



21.44



25.10



23.64



20.87



20.25



111.3



22.26



D



25.43



23.07



30.67



24.04



26.02



129.23



25.846



E



35.65



32.64



30.12



41.48



30.56



170.45



34.09



GrandTotal GrandMean



577.9 23.116



63



Step 2: Construct an outline of the analysis of variance as follows: Tabulated F Source of Variation



Degrees of Freedom



Treatment



4



Sum of Mean of Squares Squares 1390.76



Experimental Error



20



208.07



Total



24



1598.83



Computed F



5%



40.104



2.87



347.69



8.67



Step 3: Using t to represent the number of treatments and r, the number of trials, determine the degree of freedom (d.f.) for each source of variation as follows: Total d.f. = (r) (t) – 1 = (5) (5) – 1 = 24 Treatment d.f. = t – 1 =5–1 =4 Error d.f. = t(r – 1) = 5(5 – 1) = 20



64



Step 4: Using Xi to represent the measurement of the ith plot, Ti as the total of the ith treatment, and n as the total number of experimental plots, calculate the correction factor and the various sums of squares (SS) as: Correlation factor (C.F.) =



=



𝑮𝟐 𝒏



𝟓𝟕𝟕.𝟗𝟐 𝟐𝟓



= 13 358.7364 Total SS = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝟐𝒊 − 𝑪. 𝑭. = 14 957.5666 – 13 358.7364 = 1598.8302



Treatment SS =



∑𝒕𝒊=𝟏 𝑻𝟐𝒊 𝒓



– C.F



= 14 749.49516 – 13 358.7364 = 1390.75876 Error SS = Total SS – Treatment SS = 1598.8302 – 1390.75876 = 208.07144 Step 5: Calculate the mean square (MS) for each source of variation by dividing each SS by its corresponding d.f: Treatment MS =



=



𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝑺 𝒕−𝟏 1390.75876 4



65



= 347.68969 Error MS =



=



𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝑺 𝒕(𝒓−𝟏)



208.07144 𝟐𝟒



= 8.67 Step 6: Calculate the F value for testing significance of the treatment difference as: F=



=



𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝑺 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑺 347.68969 8.67



= 40.104 Step 7: Decision Reject Ho



66



Post-Hoc Analysis: Duncan’s Multiple Range Test



Step 1: Rank all the treatment means in decreasing order: Set-up



Mean 34.09



E



25.846 D



22.48 B



22.26 C



10.904 A



Rank 1 2 3 4 5



Step 2: Compute the sd-value:



√ 𝒔− 𝒅 =



𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝒓



𝟐(8.67) √ 𝒔− 𝒅 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒅− = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔



Step 3: Compute the (t – 1) values of the shortest significant ranges as:



𝑹𝒑 =



(𝒓𝒑 )(𝒔− 𝒅) √𝟐



for p = 2, 3,…, t



rp values with error d.f. of 20 and at the 5% level f significance and computed Rp values:



67



p



rp(.05)



Rp



2



2.95



3.88



3



3.09



4.06



4



3.19



4.196



5



3.25



4.27



Step 4: Identify and group together all the treatment means that do not differ significantly from each other.



Set-up



Mean



E D B C A



34.09 25.846 22.48 22.26 10.904



a b c d e



A. Set-up E (E) x̅ 𝐸− 𝑅𝑃5 = 34.09 − 4.27 =29.82 



Thus, E is significantly different from other treatments.



B. Set-up D (D) x̅ 𝐷− 𝑅𝑃4 = 25.846 − 4.196=21.65 



Thus, D is significantly different from A andE.



x̅ 𝐷 − x̅ 𝑐 = 25.846−22.26 = 3.586 



; 3.586