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LIABILITIES/HUTANG
Liabilities • Pengorbanan manfaat ekonomis(asset) di masa yang akan datang yang sifatnya probable karena kewajiban sekarang untuk mentransfer barang / jasa ke entitas lain sebagai akibat transaksi/kejadian masa lalu
Klasifikasi liabilities • Current liabilities/Hutang lancar • Non current liabilities/Hutang tak lancar
Klasifikasi penting untuk menghitung current ratio, current ratio menggambarkan kemampuan peruSahaan memenuhi kewajiban jangka pendeknya.
Current liabilities • Liabilities/hutang yang pelunasannya menggunakan aktiva lancar dan umumnya akan dilunasi kurang dari satu tahun atau satu siklus operasi normal.
Contoh Klasifikasi
Hutang $5,000 31-12-2004
31-12-2005
Current
Non Current
Jatuh tempo
Non Current liabilities • Liabilities yang tidak bisa dikategorikan sebagai current liabilities
Pengukuran Liabilities • The definite in amount/jumlahnya pasti • The estimated liabilities/jumlahnya harus diestimasi • The contingent liabilities/hutang bersyarat, suatu hutang yang akan muncul manakala ada kejadian lain yang timbul.
The definite amount liabilities • Short term Operating Liabilities(hutang operasi), Hutang gaji,hutang listrik, telpon, hutang dagang. • Short term debt ( hutang wesel) • Line of credit setelah menarik uang
2/10,n30. Membeli BD $1,000 tgl 30/12/2004
Penilaian Current Liabilities No
Jenis Liabilities
1
Account Payable / hutang dagang
2
Notes Payable ( hutang wesel ) a. Tak Berbunga b. Berbunga
Penilaian Jika memungkinkan disajikan sebesar nilai neto( setelah dikurangi discount Disajikan sebesar nilai nominal
BONDS/OBLIGASI • Pengertian : Hutang yang didukung oleh serftifikat obligasi • Manfaat pendanaan dari hutang • Akuntansi untuk Bonds • Sifat dari Bonds
PT. JASA MULIA Didirikan dengan aka notaris Khoirunisa, SH, ………….
Obligasi
$1,000
Bunga 12 % setahun dibayar setiap tanggal 1 Januari dan 1 Juli
Manfaat penggunaan hutang • Pemilik perusahaan sekarang tetap mengendalikan perusahaan • Biaya bunga merupakan deductable Expense • Tarip bunga mungkin lebih rendah daripada tarip divident
Jenis Bonds No 1
2
3
Jenis Bonds
Penjelasan
Dilihat dari jatuh temponya : a. Term Bonds : jatuh tempo sekaligus a. Term bonds b. Serial Bonds, jatuh b. Serial Bonds tempo bertahap Jaminan yang terlibat : a. Secured Bonds: Bonds yang dijamin a. Secured Bonds harta tertentu b. Unsecured Bonds Regristrasi pemilik : a. Registered Bond : Pemilik Bonds a. Registered bonds
Harga Obligasi dipengaruhi oleh
Tarip bunga untuk surat berharga sejenis
Keamanan investasi
Tarip bunga ekeftif/pasar Harga Obligasi
Cara menentukan harga obligasi
Bunga yang dibayar selama umur bonds
Nominal obligasi
Dipresent Value
Dengan tarip bunga efektif
Apa itu Present dan future value $1,000
1/1/2006
?
31/12/2006
Pada tanggal 1 Januari 2006 perusahaan mempunyai uang $1,000, kemudian uang itu ditanamkan dengan return 10 % setahun. Nilai uang pada 31 Desember 2006 merupakan future value dari uang $1,000 yang dimiliki per 1 Januari 2006
Berapa future value uang $1,000 yang ditanam selama setahun dengan return 10 % ? 1/1/2006
31/12/2006
$1,000
?
Future Value = 1,000 + 10 % x 1,000 = 1,000 ( 1 + 0,1) = 1 + tarip bunga = 1,000 ( 1,1)
Present value uang $1,100 per 1 Januari 2006 atas uang yang akan diterima 31-12-2006 jika returnnya 10 %? 1/1/2006
31/12/2006
?
$1,100
Present Value = 1,100/ ( 1 + 0,1) = 1,100 /( 1,1) = 1,000
= 1 + tarip bunga
PRESENT VALUE
100,000 4,000
4,000
4,000
1
2
3
4,000 4,000
4
5
4,000
n
Menjual Obligasi pada tanggal pembayaran bunga
Tidak ada bunga berjalan yang harus diperhitungkan
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004 sebesar nilai nominal. Tarip bunga efektif 8 %
Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Kas bertambah
$ 100,000
Timbul hutang obligasi
$ 100,000
Jurnal Issuer
Tgl 2004 Jan 1
Account Cash Bonds Payable
Debit
Kredit
100,000 100,000
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004 sebesar nilai nominal. Tarip bunga efektif 8 % Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Investasi bertambah
$ 100,000
Kas berkurang
$ 100,000
Jurnal Investor
Tgl 2004 Jan 1
Account Bonds Investment Cash
Debit
Kredit
100,000 100,000
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004 sebesar $101,000. Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Kas bertambah
$ 101,000
Timbul hutang obligasi
$ 100,000
Timbul Premium obligasi
$
1,000
Jurnal Issuer
Tgl 2004 Jan 1
Account Cash Bonds Payable Bonds Premium
Debit
Kredit
101,000 100,000 1,000
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004 sebesar $101,000. Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Investasi bertambah
$ 101,000
Kas berkurangi
$ 101,000
Jurnal Investor
Tgl 2004 Jan 1
Account Bonds Investment Cash
Debit
Kredit
101,000 101,000
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004 sebesar $87,539 Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Kas bertambah
$ 87,539
Timbul discount hutang obligasi
$ 12,461
Timbul Hutang obligasi
$ 100,000
Jurnal Issuer
Tgl 2004 Jan 1
Account Cash Bonds Discount Bonds Payable
Debit
Kredit
87,539 12,461
100,000
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004 sebesar $87,539 Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Investasi bertambah
$ 87,539
Kas berkurangi
$ 87,539
Jurnal Investor
Tgl 2004 Jan 1
Account Bonds Investment Cash
Debit
Kredit
87,539 87,539
Jual Beli tidak tepat tanggal pembayaran bunga
Pembeli Bonds harus membayar
Harga beli bonds
Bunga dari tanggal kupon terakhir sampai tanggal pembelian
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Maret 2004 sebesar nominal 1 Januari
Bayar bunga
1 Maret
1 Juli
Penjualan
Bayar bunga
Ada bunga yang harus dibayar pembeli 2/12 x 8 % x $100,000
Bunga yang harus dibayar pembeli = =
$ 1,333
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Maret 2004 sebesar nominal Jurnal Issuer
Tgl
Account
Maret 1 Cash Interest Payable Bonds Payable
Debit
Kredit
101,333 1,333 100,000
Jurnal Investor
Tgl
Account
Maret 1 Bonds investment Interest Receivable Cash
Debit
Kredit
100,000 1,333
103,333
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Maret 2004 sebesar nominal Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Kas bertambah
$101,333
Timbul hutang bunga
$ 1,333
Timbul hutang Obligasi
$ 100,000
Jurnal Issuer
Tgl Maret 1
Account Bonds investment Hutang bunga Cash
Debit
Kredit
101,333 1,333
100,000
Sebuah Bond nominal $100,000 bunga 8 % setahun yang dibayar setiap semester per 1 Januari dan 1 Juli dijual pada tanggal 1 Maret 2004 sebesar nominal Apa pengaruhnya terhadap harta, hutang dst. ?
Investai bertambah
$100,000
Timbul Piutang bunga
$ 1,333
Kas berkurang
$ 101,333
Jurnal Investor
Tgl Maret 1
Account Bonds investment Interest Receivable Cash
Debit
Kredit
100,000 1,333
101,333
Saat pembayaran bunga 1 Juli 1 Januari
$1,333
1 Maret
$2,667
1 Juli
Bayar bunga 1/1 s.d. 1/7 = 4 % x $100,000 = 4,000
Bagaimana jurnal Issuer 1 Januari
$1,333
1 Maret
+
1 Juli
$2,667
=
Bayar bunga 4,000
Kas berkurang $4,000 Timbul beban bunga $2,667
Pada 1 Maret $1,333 dicatat sebagai hutang bunga, sekarang dibayar
Issuer
Timbul beban bunga
$ 2,667
Hutang bunga berkurang
$ 1,333
Kas berkurang
$ 4,000
Tgl Juli 1
Account
Debit
Beban bunga Hutang bunga
2,667 1,333
Cash
Kredit
4,000
Bagaimana Pandangan Investor 1 Januari
$1,333
1 Maret
+
1 Juli
$2,667
=
Menerima bunga $4,000
Kas bertambah $4,000 Timbul pendapatan bunga $2,667
Pada 1 Maret $1,333 dibayar, sekarang diterima kembali
Jurnal Investor
Kas bertambah
$ 4,000
Piutang bunga berkurang
$ 1,333
Pendapatan bunga bertambah
$ 2,667
Tgl Juli 1
Account Kas
Debit
Kredit
4,000 Piutang bunga
1,333
Pendapatan bunga
2,667
Biaya penerbitan Obligasi- Issuer
Biaya legal
Pencetakan sertifikat Pajak Underwriting
Dicatat sebagai issuance cost
Diamortisir se lama umur bonds
Dicatat sebagai penambah discount/penguran g premium
Discount/Premium • Adanya Discount menunjukkan harga jual obligasi lebih kecil dari nilai nominalnya. Saldo rekening ini adalah Debit • Adanya premium menunjukkan harga jual obligasi lebih besar dari nilai nominalnya, saldo rekening ini Kredit
Discount on Bonds Payable 12,461
Premium On Bonds Payable 6,000
Discount on Bonds Payable 6,000
AMORTISASI • Mengalokasikan discount atau premium ke interset expense sepanjang umurnya Bonds • Akibat dari amortisasi, discount atau premium yang ada akan berkurang secara bertahap Account Amortisai premium
Bonds Pemium
Debit xxxx
Interest Expense
Account Amortisai discount
Interest Expense Bonds Discount
Kredit xxxx
Debit
Kredit
xxxx
xxxx
Bagaimana menentukan jumlah amortisasi ? Metode Garis Lurus
Besarnya sama antar periode
Metode Bunga efektif
Tarip bunga efektif
x
Saldo buku hutang awal periode
Karena ada amortisasi saldo buku hutang berubah
Metode Garis lurus Suatu bonds dengan bunga 10 % setahun, nominal $200,000 dijual pada tanggal kupon dengan harga $206,000 ( jatuh tempo 10 tahun lagi ). Bunga dibayar setiap semester.
Ada premium = $6,000
Bonds beredar =10 tahun
Amortisasi 1 semester = $6,000/20 = $300
Amortisasi 1 bulan = $300/6= $50
Metode Garis lurus Suatu bonds dengan bunga 10 % setahun yang dibayar setiap tanggal 1 Januari dan 1 Juli , nominal $200,000 dijual pada tanggal 1 April 2004 dengan harga $206,000 (jatuh tempo 10 tahun dari tabggal 1 Januari 2004)
Ada premium = $6,000
Bonds beredar = 117 bulan
Amortisasi 1 bulan = 6,000/117 = $51,28
AMORTISASI DISCOUNT (METODE GARIS LURUS) Suatu bonds dengan bunga 10 % setahun, nominal $200,000 dijual pada tanggal kupon dengan harga $206,000 ( jatuh tempo 10 tahun ). Bunga dibayar setiap semester.
300
0
2
300
3
300
300
4
300
5
300
6
300
7
300
300
300
8
9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Satu bulan = ( 6,000 / 120 ) = $50 Satu semester = ( 6,000 / 20 ) = $ 300, 1 bulan = $50
AMORTISASI DISCOUNT (METODE GARIS LURUS) Suatu bonds dengan bunga 10 % setahun yang dibayar setiap tanggal 1 Januari dan 1 Juli , nominal $200,000 dijual pada tanggal 1 April 2004 dengan harga $206,000 (jatuh tempo 10 tahun dari tabggal 1 Januari 2004)
300
0
2
300
3
300
300
4
300
5
300
6
300
7
300
300
300
8
9
10
Amortisasi 1 bulan = ( 6,000 / 117 ) = $51.28
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
AMORTISASI DISCOUNT (METODE BUNGA EFEKTIF) 1. Tentukan nilai buku hutang awal periode Hutang Obligasi
Bonds Discount
100,000 Nilai buku
=
100,000
12,461 _
12,461
=
87,539
2. Tentukan beban bunga Tarip bunga efektif x nilai buku awal periode amortisasi 3. Tentukan bunga yang dibayar Tarip bunga obligasi x Nominal obligasi 4. Tentukan besarnya amortisasi
Selisih angka 2 dengan angka 3
AMORTISASI DISCOUNT (METODE BUNGA EFEKTIF)
Sebuah Bonds nominal $100,000, bunga 8 % setahun, jatuh tempo 10 tahun, dijual $87,539 di saat tarip bunga efektif 10 %.
1. 2.
Nilai buku pada awal semester pertama
$87,539
Beban bunga semester I = 5 % x $87,539
$ 4,377
3.
Bunga yang dibayar = 4 % x $100,000
$ 4,000
4
Amortisasi semester pertama =
$ 4,377
_
$ 4,000
$
377
AMORTISASI DISCOUNT (METODE BUNGA EFEKTIF)
Sebuah Bonds nominal $100,000, bunga 8 % setahun, jatuh tempo 10 tahun dijual $87,539 di saat tarip bunga efektif 10 %. 1. Nilai buku pada awal semester kedua $87,916 2. Beban bunga semester II = 5 % x $87,916 $4,396 3. Bunga yang dibayar = 4 % x $ 100,000
$4,000
4 Amortisasi semester kedua
$396
Pelunasan Hutang Obligasi Saat Jatuh tempo
Sebelum Jatuh tempo
a. Menebus di pasar b. Call provision
c. Conversi d. Direfinance
Pelunasan Saat Jatuh tempo
a. Hutang obligasi berkurang b. Kas berkurang
Account Bonds Payable Cash
Debit
Kredit
Nominal Nominal
Bonds $100,000 nominal, bunga 8 % ditebus di pasar dengan harga $97,000 pada tgl 1-02- 2002. Discount yang belum diamortisir $ 2,300 1. Tentukan nilai buku Bonds saat ditebus Bonds Payable
Bonds Discount
100,000 Nilai Buku
2,300
=
100,000
=
97,700
_
2,300
=
$97,700
97,000
=
$700
2. Tentukan laba atau rugi Laba/Rugi 3. Tentukan Pengaruh
_
Bonds Payable berkurang Discount on Bonds Payable berkurang Timbul gain pelunasan Bonds Kas berkurang $97,000
4. Buat Jurnal
Laba
Bonds Payable berkurang $100,000 Discount on Bonds Payable berkurang $2,300
Timbul gain pelunasan Bonds $700 Kas berkurang $97,000
Tgl
Account Bonds Payable Discount on Bonds Payable Cash Gain on Extinguishment of
Debit
Kredit
100,000 2,300 97,000 700
Konversi Bonds
Saat Konversi Saat menerbitkan dianggap seluruhnya debts
Saat penerbitan obligsi
Sulit dipisahkan antara Bagian saham dan Bonds
Dicatat menjual Bonds biasa
Saat menerbitkan, sebagian dianggap saham
Saat penerbitan Bonds
Dipisahkan bagian saham dan bonds
Bagian saham dicatat sebagai Paid in Capital
500 Bonds $1,000 nominal/lembar, bunga 8 % dijual dengan harga $525,000.Bonds dapat dikonversi menjadi saham perusahaan. Setiap $1,000 bonds dapat ditukar dengan 20 lembar saham nominal $1. Tanpa sifat konvertible bonds sejenis ini laku terjual 96%.
Tgl
Account Cash Bonds Payable
Premium On Bonds Payable
Debit
Kredit
525,000 500,000 25,000
500 Bonds $1,000 nominal/lembar, bunga 8 % dijual dengan harga $525,000. Bonds dapat dikonversi menjadi saham perusahaan. Setiap $1,000 bonds dapat ditukar dengan 20 lembar saham nominal $1. Tanpa sifat konvertible bonds sejenis ini laku terjual 96%. Harga jual Bonds dengan konversi $525,000
Harga Hak konversi
Harga jual Bonds tanpa konversi
96 % x 500x$1000 = $480,000
Harga $525,000
$525,000 - $480,000 = $45,000
500 Bonds $1,000 nominal/lembar, bunga 8 % dijual dengan harga $525,000.Bonds dapat dikonversi menjadi saham perusahaan. Setiap $1,000 bonds dapat ditukar dengan 20 lembar saham nominal $1. Tanpa sifat konvertible bonds sejenis ini laku terjual 96%.
Tgl
Account Cash Bonds Discount
Debit
Kredit
525,000 20,000
Bonds Payable
500,000
Paid in Capital
45,000
Bagaimana dengan APB
Jika Bonds dijual tidak lebih jauh diatas nilai nominal maka tak perlu dipisah antara nilai bonds dengan nilai ekuitas
Saat Konversi Saat menerbitkan dianggap debts
Konversi ke saham
Pertukaran suatu aset Dengan yang lain
Gunakan harga pasar (Kemungkinan ada Gain/loss)
Saat menerbitkan dianggap saham
Konversi ke saham
Pertukaran suatu jenis Modal dengan yang lain
Gunakan harga historis (Tak ada gain/loss)
Konversi tak mengakui laba 400 lb
Saham $1 Bonds $1,000
10 l
Bonds Payable
Capital Stock
10,000
Bonds Discount
Premium
150
Nilai Buku Bonds = Nilai penerbitan saham Nilai Buku Bonds = $10,000 - $150 = $9,850
$ 400 = Nominal 9,450 = Agio
Investor menukar obligasi nominal $10,000 dengan 400 saham $ 1 par. Harga jual saham saat $26. Menurut catatan investor dan issuer nilai buku Bonds adalah $9,850. ( Bonds memiliki karakteristik saham)
Tgl
Account Bonds Payable Bonds Discount Common stock
Premium on Common Stock
Debit
Kredit
10,000 150 400 9,450
400 Hg Pasar@ $26
Konversi - mengakui laba Saham $1 Bonds $1,000
10 l
Bonds Payable
Capital Stock
10,000
Bonds Discount
Premium
150
Pertukaran dinilai sebesar Harga Pasar saham Nilai pasar saham = 400 x $26 = $10,400
$ 400 = Nominal 10,000 = Agio
Menentukan laba/rugi Suatu hutang yang nilai buku $9,850 dilunasi dengan menyerahkan saham yang nilai pasarnya $10,400
400 Hg Pasar@ $26 Saham $1 Bonds $1,000
10 l
Ada kerugian $ 10,400 - $9,850 = $550 Premium $ 10,400 - $400 = $ 10,000
Jurnal 1. Bonds Payable berkurang $10,000 2. Timbul loss on Conversion $550 3. Bonds Discount berkurang $150 4. Common stock yang beredar bertambah $ 400 5. Timbul Premium on Common Stock $10,000
Tgl
Account Bonds Payable Loss on Conversion Bonds Discount Common stock Premium on Common Stock
Debit
Kredit
10,000 550 150 400 10,000
Pandangan Investor Terjadi perubahan bentuk investasi dari Surat obligasi menjadi Saham
400 Hg Pasar@ $26
Saham Bonds $1 $1,000
10 lb
Investmen In Bonds 9,850
Investment In Stock
Jurnal Investor Tgl Tak mengaKui Laba
Account Investment in Stock
Debit 9,850
Investment In Bonds
Tgl MengaKui Laba
Account Investment in Stock Investment In Bonds
Gain
Kredit 9,850
Debit
Kredit
10,400 9,850 550
Bonds Refinancing Menerbitkan Bonds baru, kemudian uang kas yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk melunasi hutang obligasi yang lama
$1,000,000 10 %
Kas
$1,000,000 12 % Calla ble at 102
Perusahaan
Investor
$1,000,000 10 %
$1,000,000 12 % Calla ble at 102
Kas
Discount atas Bonds 12 % 2,000 Bagaimana jika Masih ada
atau Premium atas Bonds 12 %
2,000
Perlakuan Discount/Premium yang belum diamortisir a. Dipandang sebagai gain/loss atas retirement Bonds lama b. Premium/discount diamortisir selama sisa umur bonds yang lama c. Premium/discount diamortisir selama sisa umur bonds yang baru
APB memilih mengakui Gain/loss
OFF-BALANCE SHEET FINANCING Tindakan perusahaan untuk tidak mengungkap sebagian hutangnya untuk membuat laporan keuangannya nampak lebih baik
Caranya
a. b. c. d.
Anak perusahaan yang tidak dikonsolidasikan Joint Venture R & D arrangement Project finacing arrangements
Laporan KeuanganKonsolidasi Account
PT A PT B
Eliminasi D
Pendapatan Biaya-biaya Kas Piutang Aktiva tetap Investasi pd PT B Total harta Hutang Modal
100 25 30 20 100 16
50 15 10 10 40 -
30 61
9 16
R/L
Nera ca
K 150 40 5
40 25 140
16
5 16
34 61
Saham PT A
PT B
Joint Venture • Kerja sama dua entitas atau lebih untuk menangani suatu proyek • Kejasama ini dapat diformalkan dengan membentuk perusahaan secara legal • Contohnya Caltex adalah perusahaan yang dibentuk untuk menangani pproyek explorasi minyak. • Perusahaan ini dimiliki oleh dua perusahaan masing-masing memiliki saham 50 % • Dengan demikian, kedua perusahaan tidak perlu
R & D yang didanai fihak lain
perusahaan meminjam dana untuk melakukan riset sendiri ?
Hutang itu harus diungkap
Atau
Apakah perusahaan melakukan riset betul atas nama fihak lain dan tak berkewajiban mengembalikan dana ?
R & D yang melibatkat partneship PT A (general partners)
PT B (limited partners)
Parnership A &B
Melakukan riset
R & D yang melibatkat partneship PT A (general partners)
PT B (limited partners)
Apa masalahnya
Jika PT. B memiliki hak untuk menagih dari PT.A atas investasinya di Partnership
Kewajiban PT A diuangkap di Laporan Keuangan
Pengungkapan • • • • • • • •
Sifat dari hutang tanggal jatuh temponya tarip bunga cara pelunasan aturan mengenai konversi perlu tidaknya pembentukan dana pelunasan batasan-batasan yang harus dipatuhi perusahaan asset yang menjadi jaminan hutang ini
Chapter 12 Partnerships Accounting, 22st Edition Warren Reeve Fess
PowerPoint Presentation by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University
© Copyright 2004 South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this electronic presentation is used with the permission of NVTech Inc.
Objectives 1. Menjelaskan Karakteristik perusahaan
Setelah Perorangan danmempelajari Persekutuan Bab Struktur ini Mahasiswa 2. Menjelaskan statement of diharapkan Partnership Equity dapat: 3. Memahami Akuntansi Partnership yg meliputi:
Forming Dividing Income Partnership Dissolution Liquidating
Alternative Forms of Business Entities Advantages A proprietorship is owned by one individual. Joe’s
Review of Chapter 1
• Mudah dibentuk • Biaya Pendiriannya murah
Disadvantages • Modal Kecil • Unlimited liability/Kewajiban tak terbatas
Alternative Forms of Business Entities A corporation is organized under state or federal statutes as a separate legal entity. J & M, Inc.
Advantages • The ability to obtain large amounts of resources by issuing stocks • Limited liability for the owners Disadvantages • Double taxation • More complexity and regulations
Alternative Forms of Business Entities
J & M, Inc.
A business may organize as an S Corporation. The IRS allows income to pass through the S Corporation to the individual stockholder without the corporation having to pay tax on the income.
Alternative Forms of Business Entities A partnership is an association of two or more individuals.
Joe and Marty’s
Advantages • Modal lbh besar • Keahlian Manajemennya lbh bagus
Alternative Forms of Business Entities A partnership is an association of two or more individuals. Joe and Marty’s
• • • •
Disadvantages Limited life Unlimited liability Co-ownership of partnership property Mutual agency
Alternative Forms of Business Entities
A partnership is created by a contract, known as the partnership agreement or articles of partnership.
Alternative Forms of Business Entities A variant of the regular partnership is a limitedThis form of partnership partnership.allows partners that are not involved in the operations of the partnership to retain limited liability.
Limited Liability Corporations
Combines the advantages of the corporate and partnership forms. Owners are termed ―members‖ rather than ―partners.‖ Members must create an operating agreement. LLC may elect to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes. Continued
Limited Liability Corporations
Unless specified in the operating agreement, LLCs have a limited life. Members may elect operating the LLC as a ―member managed‖ entity. LLC provides limited liability for the members. LLCs must file ―articles of organization‖ with state governmental authorities.
Comparison of Alternate Entity Characteristics Ease of Formation Proprietorship Corporation Partnership LLC
Simple Complex Simple Moderate
Comparison of Alternate Entity Characteristics Legal Liability Proprietorship Corporation Partnership LLC
No limitation Limited liability No limitation Limited liability
Comparison of Alternate Entity Characteristics Limitation on Life of Entity Proprietorship Corporation Partnership LLC
Yes No Yes Yes
Comparison of Alternate Entity Characteristics Ease of Raising Capital Proprietorship Corporation Partnership LLC
Difficult Easier Moderate Moderate
Equity Reporting for Alternative Entity Forms Proprietorships Proprietorships use a capital account to record investments by the owner of the business. Withdrawals by the owner are recorded in the owner’s drawing account.
Equity Reporting for Alternative Entity Forms Proprietorships Greene Landscapes Statement of Owner’s Equity For the year ended December 31, 2006 Duncan Greene, capital, Dec. 31, 2005 $345,000 Net income $79,000 Less withdrawals 35,000 Increase in owner’s equity 44,000 Duncan Greene, capital, Dec. 31, 2006 $389,000
Equity Reporting for Alternative Entity Forms Corporations Investments by stockholders in the business use capital stock accounts, such as Common Stock and Preferred Stock. Dividends to owners (stockholders) are recorded by a debit to Retained Earnings.
Equity Reporting for Alternative Entity Forms Corporations
Equity Reporting for Alternative Entity Forms Partnerships and Limited Liability Corporations Setoran Modal dan Withdrawal dicatat terpisah antar Partner Limited liability corporations are similar to a partnership except that each owner is referred to as ―member.‖
Equity Reporting for Alternative Entity Forms Partnerships
Forming a Partnership Joseph Stevens and Earl Foster agree to combine their hardware businesses in a partnership. They agree that the partnership is to assume the liabilities of the separate businesses. Stevens’ Transfer of Assets, Liability, and Equity Apr. 1 Cash Accounts Receivable Merchandise Inventory Store Equipment Office Equipment Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts Payable Joseph Stevens, Capital
7 200 16 300 28 700 5 400 1 500
00 00 00 00 00 1 500 00 2 600 00 55 000 00
Forming a Partnership A similar entry would be made for the assets, liabilities, and equity of Earl Foster.
Forming a Partnership Assume that instead of forming a partnership, the two men formed a limited liability corporation. Stevens’ Transfer of Assets, Liability, and Equity Apr. 1 Cash Accounts Receivable Merchandise Inventory Store Equipment Office Equipment Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts Payable Joseph Stevens, Member Equity
7 200 16 300 28 700 5 400 1 500
00 00 00 00 00 1 500 00 2 600 00 55 000 00
Dividing Income Services of Partners Formula pembagian Laba-rugi Partnership dari Stone dan Mills adalah sbb: 1. Annual salary allowance of $30,000 to Tn A and Tn B is to receive $24,000. 2. Any net income is to be divided equally. Apabila diketahui Net Income th berjalan $75,000. Salary allowance Remaining income Division of net income
J. Stone $30,000 10,500 $40,500
C. Mills Total $24,000 $54,000 10,500 21,000 $34,500 $75,000
Dividing Income Services of Partners Dec. 31 Income Summary
75 000 00
Jennifer Stone, Capital
40 500 00
Crystal Mills, Capital
34 500 00
Dividing Income LLC Alternative Dec. 31 Income Summary
75 000 00
Jennifer Stone, Member Equity
40 500 00
Crystal Mills, Member Equity
34 500 00
Dividing Income Services of Partners Formula pembagian Laba-rugi Partnership dari Tn Stone dan Mills adalah sbb: 1. Annual salary allowance of $30,000 Tn Stone and Tn Mills to receive $24,000. 2. Diberikan bunga 12% atas Saldo Modal masing2 3. Sisa Lebih/Kurang dibagi sama rata Apabila diketahui Net Income th berjalan $75,000.
Dividing Income Services of Partners and Investments Salary allowance Interest allowance Remaining income Division of net income
J. Stone $30,000 9,600 2,100 $41,700 $80,000 x 12%
C. Mills Total $24,000 $54,000 7,200 16,800 2,100 4,200 $33,300 x $75,000 $60,000 12%
Dividing Income Services of Partners Dec. 31 Income Summary
75 000 00
Jennifer Stone, Capital
41 700 00
Crystal Mills, Capital
33 300 00
Dividing Income LLC Alternative Dec. 31 Income Summary
75 000 00
Jennifer Stone, Member Equity
41 700 00
Crystal Mills, Member Equity
33 300 00
Dividing Income Allowances Exceed Net Income
Assume the same facts as before except that the net income is only $50,000. Salary allowance Interest allowance Total Deduct excess equally Division of net income
J. Stone $30,000 9,600 $39,600 10,400 $29,200
C. Mills Total $24,000 $54,000 7,200 16,800 $31,200 $70,800 10,400 20,800 $20,800 $50,000
Dividing Income Services of Partners Dec. 31 Income Summary
50 000 00
Jennifer Stone, Capital
29 200 00
Crystal Mills, Capital
20 800 00
Dividing Income Allowances Exceed Net Income
Assume the same facts as before except that the net LOSS is $10,000. Salary allowance Interest allowance Total Deduct excess equally Division of net income
J. Stone $30,000 9,600 $39,600 40,400 ($800)
C. Mills Total $24,000 $54,000 7,200 16,800 $31,200 $70,800 40,400 80,800 ($9,200) ($10,000)
Dividing Income Services of Partners Dec. 31 Jennifer Stone, Capital Crystal Mills, Capital Income Summary
800 9 200 10 000
Partnership Dissolution Dissolution terjadi apabila ada perubahan anggota Partners. Masuknya partner baru atau keluarnya partner lama
Sebelum dissolution perusahaan harus melakukan Revaluasi atas assetnya Revaluasi adalah menilai kembali seluruh assetnya berdasar nilai wajar pada saat itu
Partnership Dissolution Revaluation of Assets Partners Donald Lewis and Gerald Morton mempunyai saldo modal masing-masing $35,000 and $25,000. Hasil revaluasi terdapat kenaikan nilai atas Merchandise Inventory dari $14,000 menjadi $17,000. Laba-Rugi dibagi sama rata
Partnership Dissolution Revaluation of Assets June 1 Merchandise Inventory
3 000 00
Donald Lewis, Capital
1 500 00
Gerald Morton, Capital
1 500 00
Partnership Dissolution Admitting a Partner Masuknya Anggota baru dalam Partnership ada dua cara: 1. Purchasing an interest from one or more of the current partners. Membeli kepemilikan modal dari partner yang lama. 2. Contributing assets to the partnership. Menyetor asset ke perusahaan
Partnership Dissolution Purchasing an Interest in a Partnership Partners Andrews and Bell mempunyai saldo modal masing2 $50,000. tgl 1 June Joe bergabung dengan membeli 1/5 kepemilikan Modal masing2 partner lama.
Partnership Dissolution Purchasing an Interest in a Partnership June 1 Tom Andrews, Capital Nathan Bell, Capital Joe Canter, Capital
10 000 00 10 000 00 20 000 00
For a LLC, members’ equity accounts would have been used rather than capital accounts.
Partnership Dissolution Contributing Assets to a Partnership Partners Donald Lewis and Gerald Morton mempunyai saldo modal masing2 $35,000 and $25,000. On June 1, Sharon Nelson bergabung ke partnership dengan menyetor kas $20,000
Partnership Dissolution Contributing Assets to a Partnership June 1 Cash Sharon Nelson, Capital
20 000 00 20 000 00
For a LLC, Sharon Nelson, Member Equity would have been credited.
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses On March 1, partnership milik Marsha Jenkins dan Helen Kramer admit Alex Diaz as a new partner. Setelah revaluasi saldo modal dari masing2 partner adalah $20,000 and $24,000.
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses Jenkins and Kramer setuju Diaz masuk menjadi Partner baru dengan menyetor Cash $31,000. Diaz akan memperoleh 1/3 kepemilikan Modal partnership yang baru.
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses from New Partner Equity of Jenkins Equity of Kramer Diaz’s Contribution Total equity after admitting Diaz Diaz’s interest (1/3 x $75,000)
$20,000 24,000 31,000 $75,000 $25,000
Diaz’s contribution Diaz’s equity after admission Bonus paid to Jenkins and Kramer
$31,000 25,000 $ 6,000
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses Mar. 1 Cash Alex Diaz, Capital
31 000 00 25 000 00
Marsha Jenkins, Capital
3 000 00
Helen Kramer, Capital
3 000 00
$6000 ÷ 2
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses Setelah revaluasi saldo modal Janice Cowen adl $80,000 dan Steve Dodd sebesar $40,000. Ellen Chua masuk menjadi partner baru dengan menyetor kas $30,000 untuk memperoleh ¼ Kepemilikan modal partnership. Pembagian laba-rugi antara Cowen and Dodd adalah dengan ratio 2:1
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses to New Partner Equity of Cowen Equity of Dodd Chua’s Contribution Total equity after admitting Chua Chua’s interest (1/4 x $150,000) Chua’s contribution Chua’s equity after admission Bonus paid to Chua
$ 80,000 40,000 30,000 $150,000 $ 37,500 $30,000 37,500 $ 7,500
Partnership Dissolution Partner Bonuses Mar. 1 Cash Janice Cowen, Capital Steve Dodd, Capital Ellen Chua, Capital
2/3 x $7,50 1/3 x 0 $7,50 0
30 000 00 5 000 00 2 500 00 37 500 00
Liquidating Partnerships When a partnership goes out of business, the winding-up process is called the liquidation of a partnership.
Langkah2 proses Likuidasi 1.Realisasi Non Cash Asset 2.Pembagian Laba/Rugi Realisasi 3.Pelunasan Hutang 4.Pembagian Sisa Kas kepada Partner
Liquidating Partnerships Farley, Greene, and Hall share income and losses in a ratio of 5:3:2. On April 9, after discontinuing operations, the firm had the following trial balance. Cash Noncash Assets Liabilities Jean Farley, Capital Brad Greene, Capital Alice Hall, Capital Total
$11,000 64,000
$75,000
$ 9,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 $75,000
Liquidating Partnerships Gain on Realization Between April 10 and April 30, 2006, Farley, Greene, and Hall sell all noncash assets for $72,000.
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain +72,000
-64,000
Left side of statement
—
Liquidating Partnerships Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain
Farley Capital $22,000
Greene Hall Capital Capital $22,000 $22,000
+4,000
+2,400
+1,600
$8,000 $8,000 $8,000 gain x .50 gain x .30 gain x .20
Right side of statement
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain +72,000 –64,000 Balance after realization $83,000 $0
Left side of statement
— $9,000
Liquidating Partnerships Farley Capital $22,000
Greene Hall Capital Capital $22,000 $22,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain +4,000 +2,400 +1,600 Balance after realization $26,000 $24,400 $23,600
Right side of statement
Liquidating Partnerships Gain on Realization The partnership’s liabilities are paid, $9,000.
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain +72,000 –64,000 Balance after realization $83,000 $ 0 Payment of liabilities –9,000 —
Left side of statement
— $9,000 –9,000
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain +72,000 –64,000 Balance after realization $83,000 $ 0 Payment of liabilities –9,000 — Balance after payment $74,000 $ 0
Left side of statement
— $9,000 –9,000 $ 0
Liquidating Partnerships Gain on Realization The remaining cash, $74,000, is paid to each partner in accordance with the partner’s capital balance.
Liquidating Partnerships Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain Balance after realization Payment of liabilities Balance after payment Partners’ cash distributed Final balances
Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000 +72,000 $83,000 –9,000 $74,000 –74,000 $ 0
–64,000 $ 0 — $ 0 — $ 0
Left side of statement
— $9,000 –9,000 $ 0 — $ 0
Liquidating Partnerships Farley Capital $22,000
Greene Hall Capital Capital $22,000 $22,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of gain +4,000 +2,400 +1,600 Balance after realization $26,000 $24,400 $23,600 Payment of liabilities — — — Balance after payment $26,000 $24,400 $23,600 Partners’ cash distributed –26,000 –24,400 –23,600 Final balances $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Right side of statement
Liquidating Partnerships Sale of Assets Apr. 30 Cash Noncash Assets Gain on Realization
72 000 00 64 000 00 8 000 00
Liquidating Partnerships Division of Gain Apr. 30 Gain on Realization
8 000 00
Jean Farley, Capital
4 000 00
Brad Greene, Capital
2 400 00
Alice Hall, Capital
1 600 00
Liquidating Partnerships Payment of Liabilities Apr. 30 Liabilities Cash
9 000 00 9 000 00
Liquidating Partnerships Distribution of Cash to Partners Apr. 30 Jean Farley, Capital
26 000 00
Brad Greene, Capital
24 400 00
Alice Hall, Capital
23 600 00
Cash
74 000 00
Liquidating Partnerships Loss on Realization Between April 10 and April 30, 2006, Farley, Greene, and Hall sell all noncash assets for $44,000.
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss +44,000 –64,000
Left side of statement
—
Liquidating Partnerships Farley Capital $22,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss –10,000
Greene Hall Capital Capital $22,000 $22,000 –6,000
–4,000
$20,000 $20,000 $20,000 loss x .50 loss x .30 loss x .20
Right side of statement
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss +44,000 –64,000 Balance after realization $55,000 $0
Left side of statement
— $9,000
Liquidating Partnerships Farley Capital $22,000
Greene Hall Capital Capital $22,000 $22,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss –10,000 –6,000 –4,000 Balance after realization $12,000 $16,000 $18,000
Right side of statement
Liquidating Partnerships Loss on Realization The liabilities of the partnership are paid, $9,000.
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss +44,000 –64,000 Balance after realization $55,000 $ 0 Payment of liabilities –9,000 —
Left side of statement
— $9,000 –9,000
Liquidating Partnerships Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000
Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss +44,000 –64,000 Balance after realization $55,000 $ 0 Payment of liabilities –9,000 — Balance after payment $46,000 $ 0
Left side of statement
— $9,000 –9,000 $ 0
Liquidating Partnerships Loss on Realization The remaining cash, $46,000, is paid to each partner in accordance with the partner’s capital balance.
Liquidating Partnerships Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss Balance after realization Payment of liabilities Balance after payment Partners’ cash distributed Final balances
Noncash Cash Assets Liabilities $11,000 $64,000 $9,000 +44,000 $55,000 –9,000 $46,000 –46,000 $ 0
–64,000 $ 0 — $ 0 — $ 0
Left side of statement
— $9,000 –9,000 $ 0 — $ 0
Liquidating Partnerships Balance before realization Sale of assets and division of loss Balance after realization Payment of liabilities Balance after payment Partners’ cash distributed Final balances
Farley Capital $22,000
Greene Hall Capital Capital $22,000 $22,000
–10,000 $12,000 — $12,000 –12,000 $ 0
–6,000 $16,000 — $16,000 –16,000 $ 0
Right side of statement
–4,000 $18,000 — $18,000 –18,000 $ 0
Liquidating Partnerships Sale of Assets Apr. 30 Cash Loss on Realization
Noncash Assets
44 000 00 20 000 00
64 000 00
Liquidating Partnerships Division of Loss Apr. 30 Jean Farley, Capital
10 000 00
Brad Greene, Capital
6 000 00
Alice Hall, Capital
4 000 00
Loss on Realization
20 000 00
Liquidating Partnerships Payment of Liabilities Apr. 30 Liabilities Cash
9 000 00 9 000 00
Liquidating Partnerships Distribution to Partners Apr. 30 Jean Farley, Capital
12 000 00
Brad Greene, Capital
16 000 00
Alice Hall, Capital
18 000 00
Cash
46 000 00
Lifecycle of a Business Business Stage
Principal Advantage Form easily: Jacobi forms a Della’s Delights, business by obtaining a Proprietorship local business license and Jeff Jacobi, Proprietor opening a bank account. Della’s Delights, Partnership Jacobi and Lange, Partners
Expand capital and expertise: Jacobi admits a new partner that contributes capital and expertise. Continued
Lifecycle of a Business Business Stage
Principal Advantage
Della’s Delights, LLC
Limit legal liability: The partnership is changed to an LLC to limit legal liability of owners.
Della’s Delights, Inc.
Simplify raising capital: The LLC is changed to a corporation to raise capital from the public.
Continued
Lifecycle of a Business Business Stage
Principal Advantage
Della’s Delights, Inc. a Provide exit: The company division of International is sold for cash. Foods, Inc.
A venture capitalist is an individual or firm that provides equity financing for a new company.
Chapter 13
`
The End
Chapter 13 Corporations: Organization, Capital Stock Transactions, and Dividends Accounting, 21st Edition Warren Reeve Fess
PowerPoint Presentation by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University
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Objectives 1. Describe the nature of the corporate After studying this form of organization. chapter, you should 2. List the two main sources of be able to: stockholders’ equity. 3. List the major sources of paid-in capital, including the various classes of stock. 4. Journalize the entries for issuing stock. 5. Journalize the entries for treasury stock transactions.
Objectives 6. State the effect of stock splits on corporate financial statements. 7. Journalize the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends. 8. Describe and illustrate the reporting of stockholders’ equity. 9. Compute and interpret the dividend yield on common stock.
Organizational Structure of a Corporation Stockholders (owners of corporation stock) Board of Directors (elected by stockholders) Officers (selected by board of directors) Employees
Forming a Corporation First step is to file an application of incorporation with the state.
Because state laws differ, corporations often organize in states with more favorable laws. More than half of the largest companies are incorporated in Delaware. State grants a charter or articles of incorporation which formally create the corporation.
Management and board of directors prepare bylaws which are operation rules and procedures.
Forming a Corporation On January 5, the firm paid the organization costs of $8,500. This amount includes legal fees, taxes and licenses, promotion costs, etc. Jan. 5 Organization Expense Cash Paid cost of organizing the corporation.
8 500 00 8 500 00
Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Assets
Stockholders’ Stockholders’ Equity Equity
Stockholders’ Equity = Assets – Liabilities Represents the stockholders’ share of the total assets.
Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities
There Assets are two sources Stockholders’ of stockholders’Stockholders’ Equity Equity equity.
Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Assets
Stockholders’ Stockholders’ Equity Equity 1
Stockholders’ Equity: Paid-in capital:
Common stock
$xxxxx
Retained earnings
xxxx
Total
$xxxxx
Stockholder investments
Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Assets
Stockholders’ Stockholders’ Equity Equity
Stockholders’ Equity: Paid-in capital:
Common stock
$xxxxx
Retained earnings
xxxx
Total
$xxxxx
2 Reinvested earnings
Sources of Paid-In Capital Authorized Issued Outstanding
Number of Shares
Sources of Paid-In Capital Major Rights that Accompany Ownership of a Share of Stock 1. The right to vote in matters concerning the corporation. 2. The right to share in distribution of earnings. 3. The right to share in assets on liquidation.
Classes of Stockholders The two primary classes of paid-in capital are common stock and preferred stock. The primary attractiveness of preferred stocks is that they are preferred over common as to dividends.
Money available for dividends
Preferred Stockholders
Common Stockholders
Classes of Stockholders Common Stock—the basic ownership of stock with rights to vote in election of directors, share in distribution of earnings, and purchase additional shares. Preferred Stock—A class of stock with preferential rights over common stock in payment of dividends and company liquidation.
Nonparticipating Preferred Stock A nonparticipating preferred stock is limited to a certain amount. Assume 1,000 shares of $4 nonparticipating preferred stock and 4,000 shares of common stock and the following: 2005
Net income Amount retained Amount distributed
2006
2007
$20,000 $55,000 $62,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 $10,000 $35,000 $22,000
Nonparticipating Preferred Stock Amount distributed $10,000 $35,000 $22,000 Preferred dividend (1,000 shares) 4,000 4,000 4,000 Common dividend (4,000 shares) $6,000 $31,000 $18,000 Dividends per share: Preferred $ 4.00 $ 4.00 $ 4.00 Common $ 1.50 $ 7.75 $ 4.50
Cumulative Preferred Stock So, preferred dividends are two years in arrears. Assume 1,000 shares of $4 cumulative preferred stock and 4,000 shares of common stock. No dividends were paid in 2005 and 2006.
Cumulative Preferred Stock On March 7, 2007, the board of directors declares dividends of $22,000.
Cumulative Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Dividends
Dividends Paid in 2007 Total dividends paid, $22,000
$4,000 2005 (In arrears)
$4,000 $4,000
2006 (In arrears)
$4,000 $4,000
$4,000
2007
Preferred Stock
(Current dividend)
$10,000
Common Stock
Other Sources of Paid-in Capital On April 20 the city of Moraine donated land to Merrick Corporation as an incentive to relocate its headquarters to Moraine. The land was valued at $500,000. Apr. 20 Land
500 000 00
Donated Capital Recorded land donated by the
city of Moraine.
500 000 00
ISSUING STOCK Penerbitan /Penjualan Saham • • • •
Dijual tunai Dijual dengan pembayaran bertahap Ditukar dengan Aktiva non cash Ditukar dengan perusahaan ( dalam penggabungan usaha
Penerbitan Saham
PT ABC Saham
Pada tanggal 1 April 2002 PT. A menjual 4.000 lembar saham nominal $1/lb dengan harga $45,000
PT A Saham $1
$45,000
Kas bertambah Saham yang beredar bertambah Agio Saham bertambah
Tgl
Account
April 1 Cash
$ 45,000 $ 4,000 $ 41,000
Debit
Kredit
$ 45,000
Common Stock
$ 4,000
Paid In Capital - C/S
$ 41,000
Pada tanggal 1 April 2002 PT. A menjual 4.000 lembar saham nominal $1/lb dengan harga $4,000
PT A Saham $1
$4,000
Kas bertambah Saham yang beredar bertambah
Tgl
Account
April 1 Cash Common Stock
$ 4,000 $ 4,000
Debit
Kredit
$ 4,000 $ 4,000
Pada tanggal 1 April 2002 PT. A menjual 4.000 lembar saham nominal $1/lb dengan harga $3,600
PT A Saham $1
$3,600
Kas bertambah Memberi discount Saham yang beredar bertambah
Tgl
Account
April 1 Cash PIC-C/S or R/E Common Stock
$ 3,600 $ 400 $ 4,000
Debit
Kredit
$ 3,600 $ 400
$ 4,000
Pada tanggal 1 April 2002 PT. A menjual 4.000 lembar saham tanpa nominal dengan harga $45,000
PT A Saham
$45,000
Kas bertambah
$ 45,000
Saham yang beredar bertambah
$ ?
Tgl
Account
April 1 Cash Common Stock
Debit
Kredit
$ 45,000 $ 45,000
Pada tanggal 1 November 2002 PT. A menerima order / pesanan 5.000 lembar saham nominal $1 per lembar dengan harga $12.5/lembar. Saat itu diterima down Payment 50 %.
Tgl
Account
Debit
Kredit
2002 Nov.1 Stock Subcription Rec
$62,500
Common Stock Subscribed PIC Cash
5,000 57,500 31,250
Stock SubcriptionReceivable
31,250
Pada tanggal 1 Desember 2002 PT. A menerima sisa harga untuk 2.500 lembar. Selanjutnya diserahkan 2,500 lembar saham ke pemesan.
Tgl 2002 Des. 1
Account Cash Stock Subscription Rec. Common Stock Subscribed Common stock
Debit
Kredit
15,625 15,625 2,500 2,500
Bagaimana jika ada yang gagal membayar
1. Seluruh uang yang diterima dikembalikan 2. Seluruh uang yang diterima tidak dikembalikan, melainkan dianggap kedaluarsa 3. Uang yang diterima dikembalikan setelah dikurangi dengan jumlah tertentu 4. Pemesan saham diberikan saham sesuai dengan yang telah dibayar.
200 lembar saham biasa nominal $0.5/lembar ditukar dengan tanah. Saham perusahaan diperdagangkan di bursa dengan harga $50 Saham (200 lb, $0.5/lb, Hg pasar $50/lb) Perusahaan
Tgl
Tanah
Account
Debit
Kredit
2002
Land Common Stock PIC-C/S
10,000 100
9,900
200 lembar saham biasa nominal $0.5/lembar ditukar dengan tanah. Saham perusahaan tidak diperdagangkan di bursa sementara itu harga pasar tanah lebih dapat dipercaya yaitu $12,000
Saham (200 lb, $.5/lb) Perusahaan
Tgl
Tanah =$12,000
Account
Debit
Kredit
2002 Land Common Stock PIC-C/S
12,000 100 11,900
100 lembar saham biasa nominal $.5/lembar diserahkan ke salah satu karyawan sebagai pembayaran gaji. Saham perusahaan diperdagangkan di bursa dengan harga $50/lembar.
Tgl
Account
Debit
Kredit
2002
Salaries Expense Common Stock PIC-C/S
5,000 50
4,950
Issuing Stock at No-Par Some states require that the entire proceeds from the sale of no-par stock be treated as legal capital.
Issuing Stock at No-Par Also, no-par stock may be assigned a stated value per share. The stated value is recorded similar to a par value.
Issuing Stock with a Stated Value On March 30, issued 1,000 shares of no-par common stock at $40; stated value, $25. Mar. 30 Cash
40 000 00
Common Stock
25 000 00
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value
Issued 1,000 shares of no-par common stock at $36; stated value, $25.
15 000 00
Treasury Stock Saham Perusahaan yang pernah diterbitkan dan sekarang dibeli kembali oleh perusaaan PT. ABC
Pemegang saham PT ABC Saham
PT ABC Saham
PT. ABC
Pemegang saham PT ABC Saham
PT ABC Saham
PTABC ABC PT PT ABC Saham Saham Saham
PT ABC Saham
AKM-2 Ekuitas
Metode Pencatatan
METODE COST
METODE NILAI NOMINAL
Margono
III-207
METODE COST 1. Pada saat dibeli, treasury stock dicatat sebesar cost 2. Pada saat treasury stock dijual bandingkan antara harga jual dengan costnya
A. Harga jual = cost B. Harga jual > cost
Selisihnya dicatat sebagai Agio/Paid In Capital
B. Harga jual < cost
Selisihnya mengurangi Agio dan laba ditahan
PT. ABC menerbitkan 10,000 lembar saham nominal $1 dengan harga jual $15 per lembar
Kas bertambah 10.000x $15 = $150,000 Modal saham bertambah 10.000x$1 = $10.000 Timbul agio 10.000x ($15-$1) = $140,000
Account Cash
Debit
Kredit
$150,000
Common Stock
$ 10,000
Paid In Capital in Exess of Par
$140,000
Agio/Premium= Paid In Capital in Exess of Par
PT. ABC membeli kembali 1,000 lembar saham dengan harga beli $40 per lembar Treasury stock bertambah 1.000x $40 = $40,000 Kas berkurang = $40.000
Account Treasury Stock
Debit $ 40,000
Kas Treasury Stok 40,000
Kredit $ 40,000
Cash 40,000
PT. ABC menjual 200 lembar Treasury Stock dengan harga jual $50 per lembar
Account
Debit
Cash
Kredit
10,000
Treasury Stock
8,000
Paid In capital From T/S
2,000
Cost
PT. ABC menjual 500 lembar Treasury Stock dengan harga $34 /lb Kas bertambah = $17.000 Treasury stock berkurang 500 lembar $ 40 =$20,000 Menerima uang dari pemegang saham $3,000 lebih kecil
Account
Debit
Kas
Kredit
$ 17,000
Paid In Capital- T/S
$ 2,000
Retained earning Treasury stock
$ 1,000 $ 20,000
Treasury Stok 40,000 $ 8,000
Cash $ 10,000
PIC-T/S $ 2,000
40,000
PT. ABC menjual 500 lembar Treasury Stock dengan harga jual $34 per lembar
Account Cash
Debit 17,000
Paid In capital From T. Stock
2,000
Retained Earning
1,000
Treasury Stock
Kredit
20,000
PT. ABC membatalkan 300 lembar Treasury Stock
Account Common Stock
Debit 300
Paid In capital in Excess of Par
4,200
Retained Earning
7,500
Treasury Stock
Kredit
12,000
PT. ABC membatalkan 300 lembar Treasury Stock
Account
Debit
Common Stock
PIC in Excess of Par-C/S
Kredit
300
11,700
Treasury Stock
12,000
Cost
Stock Splits A corporation sometimes reduces the par or stated value of their common stock and issues a proportionate number of additional shares. This is called a stock split.
Stock Splits BEFORE STOCK SPLIT
AFTER 5-1 STOCK SPLIT
4 shares, $100 par
20 shares, $20 par
$400 total par value
$400 total par value
Stock Splits A stock split does not change the balance of any corporation accounts. However, it can make the stock more attractive to investors by reducing the price of a share,
Accounting for Dividends Dividends are distributions of retained earnings to stockholders.
Dividends may be paid in cash, stock, or property. Dividends, even on cumulative preferred stock, are never required, but once declared become a legal liability of the corporation.
Accounting for Cash Dividends Corporations generally declare and pay cash dividends on shares outstanding when three conditions exist: 1. Sufficient retained earnings 2. Sufficient cash 3. Formal action by the board of directors Retained Earnings 50,000
Accounting for Cash Dividends There are three important dates relating the dividends.
Accounting for Cash Dividends First is the date of declaration. Assume that on December 1, Hiber Corporation declares a $42,500 dividend.
Accounting for Cash Dividends Date of Declaration Dec. 1 Cash Dividends Cash Dividend Payable Declared cash dividend.
42 500 00 42 500 00
Accounting for Cash Dividends The second important date is the date of record. For Hiber Corporation this would be December 11.
Accounting for Cash Dividends The third important date is the date of payment. On January 2, Hiber issues dividend checks.
Accounting for Cash Dividends Date of Payment Jan. 2 Cash Dividends Payable Cash Paid cash dividends.
42 500 00 42 500 00
Accounting for Stock Dividends A distribution of dividends to stockholders in the form of the firm’s own shares is called a stock dividend.
Accounting for Stock Dividends Stock dividends transfer pro rata shares of stock to stockholders. Assume Hendrix Corporation issues a 5% stock dividend on common stock, $20 par, 2,000,000 shares issued.diketahui harga pasar saat ini adalah $31
Accounting for Stock Dividends Hendrix Corporation, December 15 (before dividend) Common Stock, $20 par $40,000,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par--Common Stock 9,000,000 Retained Earnings 26,600,000 Dec. 15 Stock Dividends Stock Dividends Distributable
3,100 000 00 2,000000 00
Paid-in Capital in Excess of
Par—Common Stock Declared stock dividend.
1,100000 00
Accounting for Stock Dividends On January 10, Hendix Corporation issues the stock. This action increases the number of shares outstanding by 100,000. Jan. 10 Stock Dividends Distributable Common Stock Issued stocks for the stock dividend.
2,000 000 00 2,000000 00
Accounting for Stock Dividends Hendrix Corporation, December 15 (before dividend) Common Stock, $20 par $40,000,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par--Common Stock 9,000,000 Retained Earnings 26,600,000 $75,600,000 Hendrix Corporation, January 10 (after dividend) Common Stock, $20 par Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par--Common Stock Retained Earnings
$42,000,000 10,100,000 23,500,000 $75,600,000
Financial Analysis and Interpretation Use: To Yield indicate the rate of return to common Dividend stockholders in terms of dividends Dividends per share of common Market price per share of common
2004 $ 0.80 $20.50
2003 $ 0.60 $13.50
Dividends per Share of Common Stock Dividend Yield Market Price per Share of Common Stock $.60 Dividend Yield, 2006 $13.50 = 4.4% $.80 Dividend Yield, 2007 = 3.9% $20.50
There are two ways to report stockholders’ equity in the balance sheet. In Slide 58, each class of stock is listed first, followed by its related paid-in capital accounts.
Stockholders’ Equity Paid-in capital: Preferred 10% stock, $50 par, cumulative (2,000 shares authorized and issued) $100,000 Excess of issue price over par(PIC-P/S) 10,000 $ 110,000 Common stock, $20 par (50,000 shares authorized, 45,000 issued) $900,000 Excess of issue price over par(PIC C/S) 190,000 1,090,000 From sale of treasury stock 2,000 Total paid-in capital $1,202,000 Retained earnings 350,000 Total $1,552,000 Deduct treasury stock (600 shares at cost) 27,000 Total stockholders’ equity $1,525,000
61
Slide 60 shows the second method. Note that the stock accounts are listed first. The other paid-in capital accounts are listed as a single item described as Additional paidin capital.
Stockholders’ Equity •Contributed capital: #Preferred 10% stock, cumulative $50 par (2,000 shares authorized and issued) #Common stock, $20 par (50,000 shares authorized, 45,000 issued) #Additional paid-in capital - PIC P/S - PIC C/S - PIC T/S Total contributed capital •Retained earnings Total •Deduct treasury stock (600 shares at cost) Total stockholders’ equity
$100,000
900,000 10,000 190,000 2,000
202,000 $1,202,000 350,000 $1,552,000 27,000 $1,525,000
Chapter 12
The End
Stock Right, Warrant and Option Right
Hak yang diberikan ke para pemegang saham untuk membeli saham baru
Warrant
Surat berharga yang dijual oleh perusahaan /yang melekat pada surat berharga lain yang memberi hak untuk membeli saham
Opsi
Opsi untuk membeli saham perusahaan dengan harga tertentu yang diberikan ke officer atau karyawan
Stock Right
Tak perlu ada jurnal
Stock Warrant
Detachable Warrant
Warrant yang dapat dipisahkan dengan surat berharga lainnya
Warrant dicatat tersendiri
Non detachable Warrant
Warrant yang tak dapat dipisahkan dengan surat berharga lainnya
Warrant tak dicatat tersendiri
DetachableStock Warrant PT. B menjual 1.000 saham prefent nominal $50/lembar dengan harga $58/lembar. Pemegang saham Preferrent diberikan warrant untuk membeli 1,000 lembar saham biasa nominal $2/ lembar dengan harga $25/lembar. Segera setelah itu harga pasar Saham Preferrent tanpa warrant $57/lembar, sementara itu warrant diperjualbelikan dengan harga $3/lembar.
Warrant S.P $50 Harg a Jual $58
$58
Harga saham Dialokasikan
Perbandingan Harga pasar saham dan warrant
Harga warrant
Alokasi Harga Jual dan Jurnal Warrant= ( 3:60) x $58 = $2,900 Nominal =$ 50,000
Saham = ( 57:60) x $58 = $55,100 Agio
Account Cash Preferreed Stock PIC in Excess of Par -PS Stock Warrant
Debit
= $ 5,100
Kredit
58,000 50,000 5,100 2,900
Jika warrant diexercise=1.000 lembar $25, par $2/lembar
Account Cash Common Stock Warrant Common Stock PIC In Exess of Par
Debit
Kredit
25,000 2,900
2,000 25,900
Jika warrant tak diexercise
Account Stock Warrant PIC From Expired Warrant
Debit
Kredit
2,900 2,900
Stock Option Opsi untuk membeli saham perusahaan dengan harga tertentu yang diberikan ke officer atau karyawan Jumlah opsiTetap Stock Option
Jumlah opsi dapat berubah
Cara pencatatan Metode nilai intrinsik
Harga Opsi = selisih antara harga pasar saham dengan harga excercise
Metode Fair Value
Harga Opsi = ditentukan dengan formula tertentu
Fixed Option
( Metode nilai intrinsik)
Selisih antara Harga pasar saham saat pemberian opsi dengan harga beli saham (exercise)
PT. A pada tanggal 1 Januari 2000 memberikan hak opsi untuk membeli 10.000 lembar saham PT. A dengan harga $50 per lembar ke pegawai yang tetap bekerja tiga tahun mulai 1 Januari 2000 s.d. 31 Desember 2002. Harga Pasar saham pada waktu itu $50.00 per lembar.
Harga opsi = 10.000 x (50-50 = 0
Tidak ada jurnal
Metode Fair Value
PT. A pada tanggal 1 Januari 2000 memberikan hak opsi untuk memberli 10.000 lembar saham PT. A dengan harga $50 per lembar ke pegawai yang tetap bekerja tiga tahun mulai 1 Januari 2000 s.d. 31 Desember 2002. Opsi ini memiliki fair value $10 per lembar Opsi
Perusahaan
Karyawan Jasa
Nilai opsi/Jasa = 10.000 x $10 = $ 100,000
Nilai opsi = Menunjukkan besarnya nilai jasa karyawan selama 3 tahun karena mereka harus kerja 3 tahun untuk mendapatkan opsi ini
Nilai opsi/Jasa = 10.000 x $10 = $ 100,000
1. Timbul Expense selama 3 tahun 2. Timbulan setoran calon pemodal dalam bentuk jasa
Account
Compensation Expense Paid In Capital From Stock Option
Debit
Kredit
33,333 3,333
Opsi yang berubah • Lihat slide stock based compensation
Konversi Saham Preferent ke Saham Biasa
Harga jual Prefered Stock Dulu dianggap harga pasar dari Saham biasa yang sekarang diserahkan
Saham Biasa PT. A Saham Prefrerent
Pemegang Saham PT. A
Konversi Saham Preferent ke Saham Biasa
Harga jual Prefered Stock Dulu dianggap harga pasar dari Saham biasa yang sekarang diserahkan
Harga jual SP > Nominal SB
Selisihnya dianggap agio
Harga jual SP < Nominal SB
Selisihnya dibebankan Ke Retained earning
Convertible Preferred Stock
Account
Debit
Kredit
INVESTMENT IN STOCK
Investasi
1. Disimpan di Bank 2. Beli securitas : saham atau obligasi
Untuk apa, jika kita punya uang banyak/berlebih ? 1. Untuk beli makanan dan pakaian 2. Untuk Piknik/Traktir temen
Konsumsi
Menurut pandangan Investor Penanaman Modal Pada saham dan obligasi disebut Investasi
PT B (Investee)
PT A (Investor)
PT B Saham
PT C (Investee) PT C Obligasi
Pada tanggal 1 April 2002 PT. ABC membeli 4.000 lembar saham PT A nominal $1/lb dengan harga $45,000 langsung dari PT. A
PT A (Investee)
PT. ABC (Investor)
PT A Saham $1
$45,000
Kas bertambah Saham beredar +
$ 45,000 $ 4,000
Agio Saham
$ 41,000
+
Investasi bertambah Kas berkurang
$ 45,000 $ 45,000
Pada tanggal 1 April 2002 PT. ABC membeli 4.000 lembar saham PT A nominal $1/lb dengan harga $45,000 langsung dari PT. A
PT A Saham $1
$45,000
Kas bertambah Saham yang beredar bertambah Agio Saham bertambah
Tangg Account al Kas April 1 Common Stock Premium on Common Stock
$ 45,000 $ 4,000 $ 41,000
Debit Kredit $ 45,000 $ 4,000
$ 41,000
DILIHAT DARI TUJUAN INVESTASI: JENIS SURAT BERHARGA Trading Securities
Surat Berharga yang diperdagangkan Saham Obligasi
Availlable For Sale Securities
Held to Maturity Securities
Surat Berharga yang tersedia untuk dijual
Surat Berharga yang dimiliki sampai jatuh tempo
Saham Obligasi
Obligasi
INVESTMENS IN STOCK • TEMPORARY INVESTMENT – TRADING SECURITIES – AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES
• LONG-TERM INVESTMENT/Investasi jangka Panjang – Cost method – Available for sales – Equity Method - Significant Influence
Saham
Temporary Investment Trading Securities & Available For Sale
Marketable Securities
Long-term Investment
Available For Sale Securities
< 20%
COST METHOD
Significant Influence ≥ 20%
EQUITY METHOD
Investment In Stock
Temporary Investment • Saat Pembelian Marketable Securities Cash
xxxx xxxx
Harga Perolehan
• Saat menerima Dividend Cash/Assets xxxx Dividend Revenue xxxx
• Saat Penjualan kembali Cash
xxx Marketable Securities xxx Gain on Sales on M/S xxx Or Cash xxx Loss on sales of M/S xxx Marketable Securities xxx
Harga Jual > Nilai buku
Harga Jual < Nilai buku
COST METHOD • Saat Pembelian Investment in Stock xxxx Cash
Harga Perolehan
xxxx
• Saat Penerimaan Dividend – Cash/Property Dividend Cash/Assets Dividend Revenue
xx xx
- Stock Dividend No Entry •
Saat Penjualan kembali Cash
xxx Investment In Stock Gain on Sales on M/S Or Cash xxx Loss on sales of M/S xxx Investment In Stock
xxx xxx
Harga Jual > Nilai buku
Harga Jual < Nilai buku
xxx
Cara menghitung Nilai Buku • Hitung saldo Investment in Stock • Hitung jumlah lembar saham yang dimiliki • Nilai buku per- lembar = Investment In Stock Jml Lembar saham
EQUITY METHOD • Saat Pembelian Investment in Stock xxx Cash xxx
Harga Perolehan
• Saat Investee Mengumumkan Net Income Investment in stock xxx Income from-PT xxx
• Saat menerima dividend • Cash/Property Dividend Cash/Assets xxx Investment In Stock
• Stock Div
Tidak Dijurnal
% Kepemilikan X Net Income
xxx
IKHTISAR PENCATATAN INVESTASI DLM SAHAM Transaksi
Trading
Metode cost
Metode Equity
Memperoleh/ Membeli Saham
Marketable Securities Investment In Stock Investment In Stock Cash Cash Cash
Investee Mengumumkan Laba/Rugi
Tak dijurnal
Menerima Cash Devidend
Cash Cash Cash Divident Revenue Dividend Revenue Investment In S
Menerima Stock Deviden
No Entry
No Entry
No Entry
Investment In Stock Income from -PT
No Entry
M/S dan Investment In Stock (Available for sale) disajikan di Balance Sheet sebesar Fair Market Value
Nilai yang relevan diisajikan di neraca Trading Securities
Available For Sales Securities
Harga Pasar 1. Bandingkan nilai buku dengan nilai pasar per akhir tahun 2. Jika berbeda buat jurnal Investment In Stock Marketable Securities
Gain/loss
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Pada akhir tahun 2002
Jenis Sec.
Cost
TS
$ 8,000 $ 3,000
TS
$ 11,000
MV (31-1202) $ 7,000 $ 3,500
MV (31-1203) $ 7,700 $ 3,600
$ 10,500
Marketable Securities
$ 11,000 $ 500
Terjadi penurunan nilai timbul loss
Loss On Declining MS
$ 500
Loss of Declining MS Marketable Securities
$500 $ 500
Pada akhir tahun 2002 Jenis Sec. TS
TS
Cost $ 8,000 $ 3,000
MV (31-1202) $ 7,000 $ 3,500
$ 11,000
$ 10,500
MV (31-1203) $ 7,700 $ 3,600
PT. ABC NERACA PER 31-12-2002 Kas Marketable Securities
xxxxx $ 10.500
Loss on declining MS
$ 500
Dilaporkan di L/R
Pada akhir tahun 2002
Jenis Sec.
Cost
$ 8,000 $ 3,000
AFS
AFS
$ 11,000
MV (31-1202) $ 7,000 $ 3,500
MV (31-1203) $ 7,700 $ 3,600
$ 10,500
Investment In Stock
$ 11,000 $ 500
Terjadi penurunan nilai timbul loss
Unrealized Loss/Equity
$ 500
Unrealized Loss on AFS Investment In Stock
$500 $ 500
Pada akhir tahun 2002 Jenis Sec. TS
TS
Cost $ 8,000 $ 3,000
MV (31-1202) $ 7,000 $ 3,500
$ 11,000
$ 10,500
MV (31-1203) $ 7,700 $ 3,600
PT. ABC NERACA PER 31-12-2002 Kas Investment In Stock Loss on declining MS
$ 500
Dilaporkan di EQUITY
xxxxx 10.500
Perubahan Metode
Metode Cost
Metode equity
Metode Equity
Metode Cost
Metode Equity vs Metode Cost Item
Metode cost
Menerima Income Statement Investee
Tak dijurnal
Menerima Divident dari Investee
Cash Divident Revenue
Account Investment belum dipengaruhi oleh bagian laba dan dividend dari investee
Metode Equity
Investment In Stock Income from -PT
Cash Investment In St
Account Investment telah dipengaruhi oleh bagian laba dan divident dari investee
Metode Equity
Metode cost
Tak perlu jurnal
Perubahan metode Cost to Equity Metode yang baru seolah-olah digunakan sejak awal
Rekening Investment In AFSS dan Retained Earning harus disesuaikan sehingga kedua account tersebut bersaldo seperti metode equity diterapkan sejak tgl pembelian
Bagaimana mencatat perubahan metode ?
Metode Cost
Metode Equity
Menunjukkan Cost Investment In AFSS xxxx Dari tanggal beli s.d. saat perubahan
1. Investment didebit bagian laba/ dikredit bagian kerugian investee 2. Investment dikredit dividend yang diterima dari investee 3. Account lawannya ―Retained Earning‖
Contoh % Tahun Ownership
Harga beli
PT. E (investee) Dividen dibayar
Laba
2000
10 %
$ 50,000
$ 100,000
$ 200,000
2001
5%
$ 30,000
$ 120,000
$ 300,000
2002
15 %
$ 117,000
$ 180,000
$ 300,000
Tahun 2000 % Tahun Ownership 2000
10 %
Harga beli $ 50,000
Dividen dibayar
$ 100,000
Laba $ 200,000
No Entry
Metode Cost
Investment In AFSS $50,000
Investment In AFFS $50,000
Cash
PT. E (investee)
$50,000
Cash $10,000 Divident Revenue $10,000
Divident Revenue $10,000
Tahun 2001 % Tahun Ownership 2001
5%
Harga beli $ 30,000
Dividen dibayar
$ 120,000
Laba $ 400,000
No Entry
Total 15 % Metode Cost
Investment In AFSS $50,000 $30,000
Investment In AFFS $30,000
Cash
PT. E (investee)
$30,000
Cash $18,000 Divident Revenue $18,000
Divident Revenue $18,000
2000 Beli 2000 Laba 2000 Divident 2001 Beli 2001 Laba 2001 Divident
Investment In AFSS $50,000 $10,000 $20,000 $18,000 $30,000 $45,000
Bag. Laba PT. E $20,000 $20,000 $45,000 $45,000
Investment In AFSS $50,000 $30,000
Retained Earning $20,000 $45,000
2000
2001
Investment In AFFS $50,000 $30,000 Cash $50,000 $30,000 Cash $10,000 $18,000 Divident Revenue $10,000 $18,000
Divident Revenue $10,000 $10,000 $18,000 $18,000 Retained Earning
$10,000 $18,000
Investment In AFSS $50,000 $10,000 $20,000 $18,000 $30,000 $45,000
Bag. Laba PT. E $20,000 $20,000 $45,000 $45,000
Investment In AFSS $50,000 $30,000
Retained Earning $20,000 $45,000
Metode Equity Investment In AFSS Retained Earning
Metode Cost
$117,000
$80,000
$65,000
$28,000
Divident Revenue $10,000 $10,000 $18,000 $18,000 Retained Earning
$10,000 $18,000
Perubahan metode Metode yang baru seolah-olah digunakan sejak awal
Rekening Investment In AFSS dan Retained Earning harus disesuaiakan sehingga kedua account tersebut bersaldo seperti metode equity diterapkan sejak tahun 2000
Account Investment in AFSS
Retained earning
Debit
Kredit
37,000
37,000
Chapter 14
The End
Chapter 15 Bonds Payable and Investments in Bonds Accounting, 21st Edition Warren Reeve Fess
PowerPoint Presentation by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University
© Copyright 2004 South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this electronic presentation is used with the permission of NVTech Inc.
Tujuan Pembelajaran 1. Menghitung Dampak Hutang Obligasi terhadap Laba per Lembar saham (EPS) 2. Menjelaskan karakteristik Obligasi 3. Menghitung Present Value atas Obligasi 4. Membuat jurnal Pencatatan Penerbitan Obligasi 5. Jurnal Pembayaran Bunga, Amortisasi Discount dan Premium
Sumber Pembiayaan
Liabilities Debt Financing: Bondholders Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Equity Financing: Stockholders
Two Methods of Long-Term Financing Bondholders Interest
Stockholders Dividend
Alternative Financing Plans – $800,000 Earnings 12 % bonds Preferred 9% stock, $50 par Common stock, $10 par Total Earnings before interest and income tax Deduct interest on bonds Income before income tax Deduct income tax Net income Dividends on preferred stock Available for dividends Shares of common stock Earnings per share
Plan 1 — — $4,000,000 $4,000,000
Plan 2 — $2,000,000 2,000,000 $4,000,000
Plan 3 $2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 $4,000,000
$ 800,000 — $ 800,000 320,000 $ 480,000 — $ 480,000 ÷400,000 $ 1.20
$ 800,000 — $ 800,000 320,000 $ 480,000 180,000 $ 300,000 ÷200,000 $ 1.50
$ 800,000 240,000 $ 560,000 224,000 $ 336,000 90,000 $ 246,000 ÷100,000 $ 2.46
Alternative Financing Plans – $440,000 Earnings 12 % bonds Preferred 9% stock, $50 par Common stock, $10 par Total Earnings before interest and income tax Deduct interest on bonds Income before income tax Deduct income tax Net income Dividends on preferred stock Available for dividends Shares of common stock Earnings per share
Plan 1 — — $4,000,000 $4,000,000
Plan 2 — $2,000,000 2,000,000 $4,000,000
Plan 3 $2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 $4,000,000
$ 440,000 — $ 440,000 176,000 $ 264,000 — $ 264,000 ÷400,000 $ 0.66
$ 440,000 — $ 440,000 176,000 $ 264,000 180,000 $ 84,000 ÷200,000 $ 0.42
$ 440,000 240,000 $ 200,000 80,000 $ 120,000 90,000 $ 30,000 ÷100,000 $ 0.30
Characteristics of Bonds Payable Termasuk kategori Long-Term Debt/ hutang jangka panjang Mempunyai Nilai Nominal (Face Ammount) yaitu nilai yang harus dibayarkan pada tgl jatuh tempo Tingkat Bunga (contact rate) yang tetap per-tahun Jenis Bond bermacam-macam al: Term Bonds, serial Bonds, Callable Bond, Convertible Bond dll.
The Present-Value Concept and Bonds Payable
When all bonds of an issue mature at the same time, they are called term bonds. If the maturity dates are spread over several dates, they are called serial bonds. Bonds that may be exchanged for other securities are called convertible bonds. Bonds that a corporation reserves the right to redeem before maturity are callable bonds. Bonds issued on the basis of the general credit of the corporations are debenture bonds.
The Present-Value Concept and Bonds Payable MARKET RATE = CONTRACT RATE
Sell price of bond = $1,000
$1,000 10% payable annually
The Present-Value Concept and Bonds Payable MARKET RATE > CONTRACT RATE
Sell price of bond < $1,000
$1,000 10% payable annually
– Discount
The Present-Value Concept and Bonds Payable MARKET < CONTRACT RATE
Sell price of bond > $1,000
$1,000 10% payable annually
+ Premium
A $1,000, 10% bond is purchased. It pays interest annually and will mature in two years. $100
Today
Interest payment
Interest 10% payable payment annually
End of Year 1
End of Year 2
$90.91
$100 x 0.90909
$82.65
$100 x 0.82645
$826.45
$1,000 x 0.82645
$1,000.00 (rounded)
$100 $1,000
The Present-Value Concept and Bonds Payable OR Present value of face value of $1,000 due in 2 years at 10% compounded annually: $1,000 x 0.82645 $ 826.45 Present value of 2 annual interest payments of 10% compounded annually: $100 x 1.73554 (PV of annuity of $1 for 2 years at 10%) 173.55 Total present value of bonds $1,000.00
Kapan Amortisasi dilakukan
Bersamaan dengan pembayaran bunga
Pada akhir tahun
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at Face Amount On January 1, 2005, a corporation issues for cash $100,000 of 12%, five-year bonds; interest payable semiannually. The market rate of interest is 12%. Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 12% compounded annually: $100,000 x 0.55840 Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000 compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.3609 (PV of annuity of $1 for 10 periods at 6%) Total present value of bonds
$ 55,840 44,160 $100,000
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at Face Amount On January 1, 2005, a corporation issues for cash $100,000 of 12%, five-year bonds; interest payable semiannual. The market rate of interest is 12%. 2005
Jan. 1 Cash
100 000 00
Bonds Payable Issued $100,000 bonds payable at face amount.
100 000 00
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at Face Amount On June 30, an interest payment of $6,000 is made ($100,000 x .12 x 6/12). June 30 Interest Expense Cash Paid six months’ interest on bonds.
6 000 00 6 000 00
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at Face Amount The bond matured on December 31, 2009. At this time, the corporation paid the face amount to the bondholder. 2009
Dec. 31 Bonds Payable Cash
100 000 00 100 000 00
Paid bond principal at maturity date.
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at a Discount Assume that the market rate of interest is 13% on the $100,000 bond rather than 12%. Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 13% compounded semiannually: $100,000 x 0.53273 (PV of $1 for 10 periods at 6½%) Present value of 10 semiannual interest payments of $6,000 compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.18883 (PV of annuity of $1 for 10 periods at 6½%) Total present value of bonds
$53,273
43,133 $96,406
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at a Discount
On January 1, 2005, the firm issued $100,000 bonds for $96,406 (a discount of $3,594). 2005
Jan. 1 Cash
96 406 00
Discount on Bonds Payable Bonds Payable Issued $100,000 bonds at discount.
3 594 00 100 000 00
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at a Discount On June 30, 2005, six-months’ interest is paid and the bond discount is amortized using the straight-line method. 2005
June 30 Interest Expense Discount on Bonds Payable Cash
6 359 40 359 40 6 000 00
Paid semiannual interest and amortized 1/10 of discount.
$3,594 ÷ 10
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at a Premium If the market rate of interest is 11% and the contract rate is 12%, the bond would sell for $103,769. Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 11% compounded annually: $100,000 x 0.58543 (PV of $1 for 10 periods at 5½%) $ 58,543 Present value of 10 semiannual interest payments of $6,000 at 11%compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.53763 (PV of annuity of $1 for 10 periods at 5½%) 45,226 Total present value of bonds $103,769
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at a Premium Sold $100,000 of bonds for $103,769 (a premium of $3,769). 2005
Jan. 1 Cash
103 769 00
Bonds Payable Premium on Bonds Payable Issued $100,000 bonds at a premium.
100 000 00 3 769 00
Accounting for Bonds Payable Bonds Issued at a Premium
On June 30, paid the semiannual interest and amortized the premium. 2005
June 30 Interest Expense Premium on Bonds Payable
5 623 10 376 90
Cash Paid semiannual interest and amortized 1/10 of bond premium.
6 000 00
$3,769 x 1/10
Accounting for Bonds Payable Zero-Coupon Bonds
Zero-coupon bonds do not provide for interest payments. Only the face amount is paid at maturity. Assume market rate is 13% at date of issue. Present value of $100,000 due in 5 years at 13% compounded semi annually: $100,000 x 0.53273 (PV of $1 for 10 periods at 6½%)
$53,273
Accounting for Bonds Payable Zero-Coupon Bonds
On January 1, 2005, Issue 5-year, $100,000 zero-coupon bonds when the market rate of interest is 13%. 2005
Jan. 1 Cash
53 273 00
Discount on Bonds Payable Bonds Payable Issued $100,000 zerocoupon bonds.
46 727 00 100 000 00
The bond indenture may require that a fund for the payments of the face value of the bonds at maturity be set aside over the life of the bonds. This special fund is called a bond sinking fund.
Bond Redemption Langkah-langkah Penarikan: 1. Hitung dan Jurnal besarnya Amortisasi Premium/Discount (tgl Bunga terakhir s.d. tgl Penarikan) 2. Hitung Nilai Buku/Book Value Bonds: BV = Face Ammount + Unamortization Premium or BV = Face Ammount - Unamortization Discount
Bond Redemption Langkah-langkah Penarikan: 3. Bandingkan BV vs Harga Penarikan 4. JURNAL PENARIKAN a. BV = Hg. Penarikan no Gain/Loss b. BV < Hg. Penarikan Loss c. BV > Hg. Penarikan Gain
Bond Redemption On June 30, a corporation has a bond issue of $100,000 outstanding on which there is an unamortized premium of $4,000. The corporation purchases one-fourth of the bonds for $24,000. 2005
June 30 Bonds Payable Premium on Bonds Payable
Cash Gain on redemption of Bonds Retired bonds for $24,000.
25 000 00 1 000 00
24 000 00 2 000 00
Bond Redemption Perusahaan melunasi Bondsnya dengan harga penarikan$105,000. 2005
June 30 Bonds Payable
100 000 00
Premium on Bonds Payable
4 000 00
Loss on Redemption of Bonds
1 000 00
Cash Retired bonds for $105,000.
105 000 00
Investments in Bonds Bonds dapat dibeli langsung dari perusahaan penerbit atau dari pasar modal. Harga Bonds biasanya ditentukan dalam prosentase/ percentage dari Nilai Nominal/face amount. Premium /Discount langsung ditambahkan/dikurangkan dalam Akun ―Investment In Bonds‖ dan diamortisasi sepanjang sisa umur Bonds
Investments in Bonds On April 2, 2005, Purchased a $1,000 Lewis Company bond at 102 plus a brokerage fee of $5.30 and accrued interest of $10.20. 2005
Apr. 2 Investment in Lewis Co. Bonds. Interest Revenue Cash
1 025 30 10 20 1 035 50
Invested in a Lewis Company bond.
Note that the brokerage fee is added to the cost of the investment.
Investments in Bonds
Contoh Lengkap
Investments in Bonds On July 1, 2005, Crenshaw Inc. purchases $50,000 of 8% bonds of Deitz Corporation due in 8 3/4 years. The effective interest rate is 11%. The purchase price is $41,706 plus interest of $1,000 accrued from April 1, 2005. 2005
July 1 Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds. Interest Revenue Cash Purchased investment in bonds, plus accrued interest.
41 706 00 1 000 00 42 706 00
$50,000 x 8% x 3/12
Investments in Bonds Received semiannual interest for April 1 to October 1 ($50,000 x 8% x 6/12). Oct. 1 Cash
2 000 00
Interest Revenue Received semiannual interest for April 1 to October 1.
2 000 00
Investments in Bonds Adjusting entry for interest accrued from October 1 to December 31 ($50,000 x 8% x 3/12). Dec. 31 Interest Receivable Interest Revenue Adjusting entry for interest
accrued from October 1 to December 31.
1 000 00 1 000 00
Investments in Bonds Adjusting entry for amortization of discount for July 1 to December 31: ($50,000 –$41,706)/105 x 6 months. Dec. 31 Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds Interest Revenue Adjusting entry for amortization of discount from July 1 to December 31.
474 00 474 00
Rounded to nearest dollar ($79 a month)
Investments in Bonds Investment Revenue July 1
1,000
Oct. 1 Dec. 31 31 Bal. 2,474
2,000 1,000 474 3,474
Investments in Bonds The Deitz bonds are sold on June 30, 2012 for $47,350 plus accrued interest. It has been six months since the last amortization entry, so amortization for the current year must be recorded (6 months). 2012
June 30 Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds
474 00
Interest Revenue Amortized discount for current year.
474 00
$79 x 6
Investments in Bonds Investment in Deitz Corporation Bonds 2005
July 1 Dec. 31 2006 Dec. 31 2007 Dec. 31 2008 Dec. 31 2009 Dec. 31 2010 Dec. 31 2011 Dec. 31 2012 June 30
41,706 474 948 948 948 948 948 948 474 48,342
The investment $79 x 6 account after all $79 x 12 amortization entries have been made, including the June 30, 2012 adjusting entry.
Investments in Bonds This investment was sold on June 30, 2009 for $47,350 plus accrued interest. It has been six months since the last amortization entry, so amortization for the current year $50,000 must be recorded (6 months). x 8% x 3/12
2012
June 30 Cash Loss on Sale of Investment
Interest Revenue Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds
48 350 00 992 00
1 000 00 48 342 00
Financial Analysis and Interpretation Number of Times Interest Charges Earned
Solvency Measures—The Long-Term Creditor Number of Times Interest Charges Earned Income before income tax Add interest expense Amount available for interest
2006 2005 $ 900,000 $ 800,000 300,000 250,000 $1,200,000 $1,050,000
Income before income tax + Interest expense Interest Expense 2005 $800,000 + $250,000 = 4.2 times $250,000
Solvency Measures—The Long-Term Creditor Number of Times Interest Charges Earned Income before income tax Add interest expense Amount available for interest
2006 2005 $ 900,000 $ 800,000 300,000 250,000 $1,200,000 $1,050,000
Income before income tax + Interest expense Interest Expense 2006 $900,000 + $300,000 = 4.0 times $300,000
The purpose of the ratio is to assess the risk to debtholders in terms of number of times interest charges were earned.
Chapter 16
Chapter 16 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW LAPORAN YANG MEMUAT INFORMASI : ARUS KAS MASUK DAN ARUS KAS KELUAR SUATU ENTITAS selama satu periode
STATEMENT of Cash Flows Melaporkan Arus kas dari 3 Jenis Kegiatan:
1. Cash flows from operating activities transaksi yang mempengaruhi net income. (Current Asset +Current Liabilities) 2. Cash flows from investing activities Transaksi yang mempengaruhi noncurrent assets (Aktiva Tetap & Investasi). 3. Cash flows from financing activities transaksi yg mempengaruhi equity and longterm deb
Reporting Cash Flows Increases in Cash / Cash Inflow
Operasional (Kas Masuk dari Revenue)
Investasi (Kas masuk dari penjualan Aktiva Tetap dan Investasi)
Financing (Kas Masuk dari hasil penerbitan Saham dan Obligasi)
Decreases in Cash Cash Outflow
Operasional (Kas keluar untuk membayar Beban)
Investasi
(Kas keluar untuk memperoleh Aktiva Tetap dan Investasi)
Pembiayaan (kas keluar untuk membeli Treasury Stock, melunasi hutang jk Panjang & membayar dividen
BENTUK LAPORAN METODE TIDAK LANGSUNG
ARUS KAS DARI OPERASIONAL Dihitung berdasar Net Income/Loss yang disesuaikan
METODE LANGSUNG
ARUS KAS DARI OPERASIONAL Dihitung langsung berdasarkan tiap jenis kegiatan operasional
ARUS KAS DARI KEGIATAN INVESTASI DAN KEGIATAN PENDANAAN DILAPORKAN SAMA
Kenaikan hutang jangka pendek Kenaikan hutang biaya
Rp. 16.800,00 Rp. 1.200,00 + Rp.134.500,00
Dikurangi : Kenaikan biaya dibayar dimuka Kenaikan piutang usaha Penurunan hutang pajak Laba penjualan aktiva tetap
Rp. 1.000,00 Rp 9.000,00 Rp. 1.500,00 Rp. 30.000,00 Rp. 41.500,00
Arus kas bersih dari kegiatan operasi
Rp. 93
Arus Kas yang berasal dari kegiatan investasi : Kas masuk yang berasal dari penjualan investasi Kas keluar untuk membeli peralatan Arus kas keluar neto untuk kegiatan investasi Arus Kas dari kegiatan Keuangan : Kas yang diterima dari penjualan saham Dikurangi : Kas untuk membayar dividen Kas untuk membayar obligasi
Rp. 75.000,00 Rp.157.000,00
Rp.160.000,00 Rp. 23.000,00 Rp.125.000,00
Rp.148.000.00 Arus kas masuk neto dari kegiatan keuangan Kenaikan kas Saldo Kas pada awal tahun Saldo kas pada akhir tahun
Rp. 12 Rp. 23 Rp. 26 Rp. 4 ===
DATA APA YANG DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MENYUSUN LAPORAN ARUS KAS ?
DATA YANG DIGUNAKAN 1. LAPORAN LABA RUGI
2. NERACA AWAL DAN AKHIR TAHUN/ NERACA PERBANDINGA
3. DATA TAMBAHAN
LAPORAN ARUS KAS METODE TIDAK LANGSUNG
LANGKAH-LANGKAH 1
HITUNG PERUBAHAN KAS
2
KONVERSIKAN INCOME STATEMENT KE CASH BASIS
3
ANALISIS LONG TERM ASSET ACCOUNT
4
ANALISIS ACCOUNT HUTANG JP DAN MODAL
5
SUSUN LAPORAN ARUS KAS
6
UNGKAP TRANSAKSI NONCASH YANG PENTING
CARA PENYESUAIAN Disesuaikan dengan
1. Beban penyusutan/ depresiasi N E T
2. Kenaikan/penurunan harta lancar 3. Kenaikan/penurunan hutang lancar
I N C O M E
4. Gain/loss penjualan investasi JP
5. Gain/loss penjualan Aktiva tetap
N E T C A S H F L O W
BEBAN PENYUSUTAN
DITAMBAHKAN KE NET INCOME
KENAPA ?
Penjualan
Income Statement $1,000
Biaya tunai
($100)
Biaya depresiasi Net income
($200) $ 700
Net income
PENERIMAAN KAS NET INCOME > NET CASHFLOW
Saldo piutang awal $1,000. Penjualan setahun $10,000. Penerimaan piutang setahun $9,500. Pembayaran biaya $2,000 Penjualan 10,000
Piutang
Kas
1,0009,500 10,000
9,500
Biaya-biaya
2,000
2,000
Laporan Laba Rugi
Penjualan Biaya-biaya Net Income
Cash flow
10,000 2,000 8,000
9,500 2,000 7,500
Penerimaan Kas Pengeluaran Kas Net Cash inflow
Selisihnya = kenaikan piutang Net Income
-
Kenaikan piutang
=
Net Cash inflow
PENURUNAN PIUTANG NET INCOME DITAMBAH PENURUNAN PIUTANG
KENAPA ?
PIUTANG SALDONYA TURUN INDIKASI SALES < PENERIMAAN KAS NET INCOME < NET CASHFLOW
HARTA LANCAR LAINNYA
GENERALISIR DARI KENAIKAN /PENURUNAN PIUTANG
KENAIKAN / PENURUNAN HARTA LANCAR NET INCOME DIKURANGI KENAIKAN HARTA LANCAR
DAN NET INCOME DITAMBAH PENURUNAN HARTA LANCAR
BAGAIMANA DENGAN PERUBAHAN SALDO HUTANG LANCAR SELAIN HUTANG DIVIDEN ? HUTANG ADALAH KEBALIKAN HARTA SEHINGGA PENGARUHNYA HUTANG KEBALIKAN HARTA
OPERATING ACTIVITY: • NET INCOME • Add: - Beban Penyusutan - Penurunan Aktiva Lancar - Kenaikan Hutang lancar - Rugi penjualan AT & Investasi • Deduct: - Kenaikan Aktiva Lancar - Penurunan Hutang lancar - Laba Penjualan AT & Investasi
xxx xx xx xx xx
xxx
xx xx xx
xxx
Arus kas dari /untukkegiatan Operasi
xxx
ARUS KAS DARI KEGIATAN INVESTASI ARUS KAS MASUK DARI PENJUALAN AKTIVA TETAP DAN INVESTASI
ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK : PEMBELIAN AKTIVA TETAP DAN INVESTASI
INFORMASI APA YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN ? SALDO AWAL DAN AKHIR REKENING INVESTASI JP DAN REKENING AKTIVA TETAP
DAN DATA TAMBAHAN
INVESTING ACTIVITY: • CASH INFLOW: - Penjualan Aktiva Tetap xx - Penjualan Investasi xx • CASH OUTFLOW: - Perolehan Aktiva Tetap xx - Pembelian Investasi xx Arus kas dari /untuk kegiatan Investasi
xxx
xxx xxx
ARUS KAS DARI KEGIATAN PENDANAAN ARUS KAS MASUK: MENARIK DANA DARI PEMILIK DAN KREDITOR
ARUS KAS KELUAR: MENGEMBALIKAN DANA KE PEMILIK DAN KREDITO
INFORMASI APA YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN ? SALDO AWAL DAN AKHIR MODAL DAN HUTANG JANGKA PANJANG
DAN DATA TAMBAHAN
BERDASARKAN IKHTISAR TRANSAKSI KAS
SUSUN LAPORAN ARUS KAS
FINANCING ACTIVITY: • CASH INFLOW: - P enerbitan Saham xx - Penerbitan obligasi xx • CASH OUTFLOW: - Pembelian Treasury Stock xx - Pelunasan obligasi xx - Pembayaran Dividend xx Arus kas dari /untuk kegiatan Pendanaan xxx
xxx
xxx
LAPORAN ARUS KAS METODE LANGSUNG
PT. ABC Laporan Arus Kas Untuk tahun yang berakhir 31 Desember 2000 Aliran kas yang berasal dari kegiatan operasi : Kas yang diterima dari pelanggan Rp.951.000,00 Dikurangi : Kas untuk membeli persediaan Rp.555.200,00 Kas untuk membayar biaya operasi Rp.259.800,00 Kas untuk membayar bunga Rp. 14.000,00 Kas untuk membayar pajak Rp. 29.000,00 Rp.858.000,00 Aliran kas masuk bersih dari kegiatan operasi Rp. 93.000,00 Aliran Kas yang berasal dari kegiatan investasi : Kas masuk yang berasal dari penjualan investasi Rp. 75.000,00 Kas keluar untuk membeli peralatan Rp.157.000,00 Aliran kas keluar neto untuk kegiatan investasi (Rp. 82.000,00) Aliran Kas dari kegiatan Keuangan : Kas yang diterima dari penjualan saham Rp.160.000,00 Dikurangi : Kas untuk membayar dividen Rp. 23.000,00 Kas untuk membayar hutang obligasi Rp.125.000,00 Rp.148.000,00 Aliran kas masuk neto dari kegiatan keuangan Rp. Kenaikan kas Rp. Saldo Kas pada awal tahun Rp.
12.000,00 23.000,00 26.000,00
ARUS KAS DIRINCI MENURUT KEGIATAN a. Kegiatan operasional
Menjual barang/jasa Membeli barang
b. Kegiatan investasi
Membayar beban gaji dst. Membeli aktiva tetap Membeli investasi Menjual AT/ investasi dst.
c. Kegiatan pendanaan
Menerbitkan saham Menerbitkan obligasi Membayar divident
ARUS KAS DARI KEGIATAN OPERASIONAL
ARUS KAS MASUK DARI : 1. Penjualan barang atau jasa 2. Penjualan Trading Securities 3. Pendapatan bunga dan divident
ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK : 1. PEMBELIAN BARANG DAGANGAN dan TS 2. PEMBAYARAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL 3. PEMBAYARAN PAJAK
Arus Kas masuk dari penjualan
Kas
Arus Kas keluar untuk biaya-biaya
Laporan Laba rugi
Disusun dengan dasar akrual Ada Penjualan yang belum diterima uangnya dan ada biaya belum dibayar tapi sudah dilaporkan di
Pendapatan dan biaya yang di income statement /Lap Laba rugi perlu disesuaiakan
ARUS KAS MASUK DARI : PENJUALAN BARANG ATAU JASA PENJUALAN YANG DILAPORKAN DI LAPORAN LABA RUGI DIKOREKSI DENGAN PERUBAHAN SALDO PIUTANG DAGANG/USAHA KARENA PENJUALAN DI LAPORAN LABA RUGI DISUSUN DENGAN DASAR ACCRUAL
PENJUALAN TIDAK SELALU SAMA DENGAN ARUS KAS MASUK
BAGAIMANA CARA MENGOREKSI ? Penjualan + Piutang awal - Piutang akhir = Arus kas masuk dari pelanggan
atau
Penjualan - Kenaikan Piutang atau Ditambah penurunan piutang
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2001 Kas Piutang
PT. ABC Laporan laba rugi Tahun 2002 XX 1,000
Penjualan HPP Laba Kotor
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2002
100,000Kas 70,000Piutang 30,000
Penjualan Piutang 31-12-2001 Piutang 31-12-2002 Arus Kas masuk dari pelanggan
100,000 1,000 + 101,000 900 100,100
Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2002 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas masuk dari pelanggan
$ 100,100
XX 900
ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK KEGIATAN OPERASIONAL 1. PEMBELIAN BARANG DAGANGAN 2. PEMBELIAN TRADING SECURITIES
3. PEMBAYARAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL 4. PEMBAYARAN PAJAK
Arus kas keluar untuk pembelian barang Dibeli
Disimpan
Timbul Hutang baru dibayar
Timbul persediaan
Kas keluar ditentukan dengan memperhatikan
Dijual
Timbul Harga Pokok penjualan
ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK : PEMBELIAN BARANG DAGANGAN
Ada 3 kemungkinan
Tak ada saldo Persediaan dan hutang ( awal dan akhir tahun)
saldo Persediaan dan hutang (awal sama dengan akhir tahun)
saldo Persediaan dan hutang (awal tak sama dengan saldo akhir tahun)
TIDAK ADA PERSEDIAAN DAN HUTANG
SEMUA BARANG YANG BELI TELAH DIBAYAR DAN BARANGNYA TELAH DIJUAL SEMUA
MAKA HARGA POKOK PENJUALAN SAMA DENGAN ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK PEMBELIAN BARANG
ADA PERSEDIAAN DAN HUTANG TAPI SALDONYA TIDAK BERUBAH
SEMUA BARANG YANG BELI TELAH DIBAYAR DAN BARANGNYA TELAH DIJUAL SEMUA
MAKA HARGA POKOK PENJUALAN SAMA DENGAN ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK PEMBELIAN BARANG
ADA PERSEDIAAN DAN HUTANG TAPI SALDONYA BERUBAH
TIDAK SEMUA PEMBELIAN TELAH DIBAYAR DAN TIDAK SEMUA BARANG YANG DIBELI TELAH DIJUAL
MAKA HARGA POKOK PENJUALAN TIDAK SAMA DENGAN ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK PEMBELIAN BARANG
BAGAIMANA CARA MENGOREKSI ? HPP +Persediaan - Persediaan + Hutang - Hutang akhir akhir awal awal = Arus kas keluar ke pemasok/pembelian barang
atau
HPP + Kenaikan persediaan dan dikurangi kenaikan hutang
ARUS KAS UNTUK PEMBAYARAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL
Perhatikan Biaya yang dilaporkan di Laporan Laba rugi
Tak mempenga ruhi arus kas tahun ini
Biaya depresiasi
Terkait dengan hutang biaya
Terkait dengan Prepaid Expense
Tak Terkait dengan Prepaid Expense dan hutang biaya
Biaya iklan
Lap LabaRugi
Biaya gaji
Biaya sewa
Neraca
Hutang gaji
Sewa dibayar dimuka
BIAYA YANG TIDAK MEMPENGARUHI ARUS KAS
CONTOH BIAYA DEPRESIASI DAN AMORTISASI
TIDAK DILAPORKAN DALAM LAPORAN ARUS KAS METODE LANGSUNG
BIAYA YANG TERKAIT DENGAN HUTANG BIAYA
DI LAPORAN LABA RUGI TERDAPAT BIAYA GAJI DAN DI NERACA ADA HUTANG GAJI
Arus kas keluar untuk membayar gaji = Biaya gaji + Hutang gaji awal -Hutang gaji akhir
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-1999 Hutang dan modal Hutang gaji
PT. ABC Laporan laba rugi Tahun 2000 Penjualan 200 HPP Laba Kotor Biaya gaji
Biaya gaji Hutang gaji 31-12-1999 Hutang gaji 31-12-2000 Arus Kas keluar untuk gaji
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2000
100,000Hutang dan modal : 70,000Hutang gaji 30,000 20,000 20,000 200 + 20,200 300 19,900
Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2000 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas keluar untuk gaji $ 19,900
300
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-1999
PT. ABC Laporan laba rugi Tahun 2000
Hutang dan modal Penjualan Hutang Beban Umum 400.000 HPP Laba Kotor Biaya umum
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2000
100,000Hutang dan modal : 70,000Hutang Beban Umum 80.000 30,000 580.000
580.000 Biaya umum Hutang lancar lainnya 31-12-1999 400.000 + 980.000 Hutang lancar lainnya 31-12-2000 80.000 Arus Kas keluar untuk biaya umum 900.000 Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 1999 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas keluar untuk biaya umum
Rp.900.000
PT. ABC PT. ABC PT. ABC Neraca Laporan laba rugi Neraca Per 31-12-1999 Tahun 2000 Per 31-12-2000 Hutang dan modal B. Umum 580,000Hutang dan modal : Hutang B Umum 400.000 Biaya lain-lain 45.000Hut. B Umum 80.000 900.000Hut. B Lain lain 20.000 Hut. B Lain lain 100.000 Biaya Pajak 200.000 Hut. B Pajak 300.000 B. Pemeliharaan 4.000.000Hut. B Pajak Hut. B Pemel. 300.000 Hut. B Pemel. 600.000 Biaya Umum Biaya Lain-lainBiaya Pajak Biaya Peml. 580.000 45.000 900.000 4.000.000 Dari Rugi/Laba 100.000 + 300.000 + 600.000 + Hutang biaya 31-12-1999 400.000 + 980.000 145.000 1.200.000 4.600.000 20.000 200.000 300.000 Hutang biaya 31-12-2000 80.000 900.000 125.000 1.000.000 4.300.000 Arus Kas keluar Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2000 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas keluar untuk : - Biaya umum - Biaya lain-lain - Biaya Pajak - Biaya Pemeliharaan
Rp. 900.000 Rp. 125.000 Rp.1.000.000 Rp.4.300.000
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-1999 Harta : Investasi JP 2.000.000 Bangunan 8.000.000
PT. ABC Tak ada Data lain Neraca Per 31-12-2000 Harta : Investasi JP 3.000.000 Bangunan 18.000.000
31-12-1999
31-12-2000
2.000.000
3.000.000
Investasi JP
Ada kenaikan Rp.1.000.000, tak ada keterangan penyebabnya
PT. ABC Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2000 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Investasi : Arus Kas keluar untuk :
Ada pembelian tunai Rp.1.000.000 Pembelian investasi JP
Ada arus kas keluar untuk kegiatan investasi
Rp.1.000.000
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-1999 Harta : Investasi JP 2.000.000 Bangunan 8.000.000
PT. ABC Tak ada Data lain Neraca Per 31-12-2000 Harta : Investasi JP 3.000.000 Bangunan 18.000.000
31-12-1999
31-12-1999
8.000.000
18.000.000
Bangunan
Ada kenaikan Rp.10.000.000, tak ada keterangan penyebabnya
PT. ABC Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2000 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Investasi : Arus Kas keluar untuk :
Ada pembelian bangunan Rp.10.000.000 Pembelian investasi JP Rp. 1.000.000 Pembelian Bangunan Rp.10.000.000 Ada arus kas keluar untuk kegiatan investasi
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-1999 Harta : Investasi JP 2.000.000 Bangunan 8.000.000
PT. ABC Data lain : Neraca Bangunan dijual Per 31-12-2000 dengan harga Harta : Investasi JP 3.000.000Rp.4.500.000,00 Bangunan 6.000.000
31-12-1999
31-12-1999
8.000.000
6.000.000
Bangunan
Ada penurunan Rp.2.000.000
Ada penjualan bangunan
Ada arus kas masuk dari penjualan bangunan sebesar 2 juta + laba
PT. ABC Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2000 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Investasi : Arus Kas masuk dari :
Penjualan Bangunan Rp. 4.500.000 Arus Kas keluar untuk : Pembelian investasi JP Rp. 1.000.000
Bagaimana jika tidak ada perubahan saldo ?
Saldo Saldo Rekening awal akhir 15,000,0 15,000,0 Tanah 00 00 11,000,0 11,000,0 Gedung-Gedung 00 00 Alat-Alat Perhubungan 9,000,00 9,000,00 Udara 0 0 Peralatan Ground 8,000,00 8,000,00 Handling 0 0 2,000,00 2,000,00 Peralatan Lain-lain 0 0 2,000,00 2,000,00 Aktiva tetap lain-lain 0 0 Akumulasi Aktiva 4,000,00 7,000,00 Tetap 0 0 Perhatikan apa ada data tambahan ? 1,000,00 1,000,00 Aktiva tidak produktif 0 0
Tak ada keterangan
Tak ada pembelian atau penjualan
BIAYA YANG TERKAIT DENGAN BIAYA DIBAYAR DIMUKA ( PREPAID EXPENSE)
DI LAPORAN LABA RUGI TERDAPAT BIAYA ASURANSI DAN NERACA ADA ASURANSI DIBAYAR DIMUKA
Arus kas keluar untuk membayar asuransi = Biaya asuransi +Prepaid insurance akhir Prepaid insurance awal
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2001 Kas Sewa DD
PT. ABC Laporan laba rugi Tahun 2002
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2002
XX Penjualan 100.000.000Kas 500,000 HPP 70.000.000Sewa DD Laba Kotor 30.000.000 Biaya sewa 2.000.000 Biaya sewa Asuransi DD 31-12-2001 Asuransi DD 31-12-2002 Arus Kas kelua u beban sewa
2.000.000 500.000 1.500.000 4.500.000 6.000.000
Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2002 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas keluar untuk sewa
Rp.6.000.000
XX 4.500.000
BIAYA YANG TIDAK TERKAIT DENGAN HUTANG BIAYA &PREPAID EXPENSE
CONTOH ADA BIAYA IKLAN DI LAPORAN L/R TAPI DI NERACA TIDAK ADA HUTANG BIAYA IKLAN ATAU IKLAN DIBAYAR DIMUKA
ARUS KAS KELUAR UNTUK BIAYA IKLAN = BIAYA IKLAN YANG DILAPORKAN DI LAPORAN L/R
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2001
PT. ABC Laporan laba rugi Tahun 2002
Kas XX Sewa Piutang 500,000 Persediaan BD 700,000 Sewa DD 400,000 Aktiva tetap 4.000,000
Penjualan 100.000.000 HPP 70.000.000 Laba Kotor 30.000.000 Biaya Iklan 2.000.000
Jumlah
xxxxxxx
Hutang Modal Jumlah
400,000 6.200,000 xxxxxxxx Biaya Iklan
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2001 Kas XX Sewa Piutang 500,000 Persediaan BD 200,000 Sewa DD 300,000 Aktiva tetap 4.000,000 Jumlah
XXXX
Hutang Modal 2.000.000 Jumlah
400,000 5.100,000 xxxxxxx
Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2002 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas keluar biaya iklan
Rp.2.000.000
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2001
PT. ABC Laporan laba rugi Tahun 2002
Kas XX Sewa Piutang 500,000 Persediaan BD 700,000 Sewa DD 400,000 Aktiva tetap 4.000,000
Penjualan 100.000.000 HPP 70.000.000 Laba Kotor 30.000.000 Biaya Iklan 2.000.000
Jumlah
xxxxxxx
Hutang Modal Jumlah
400,000 6.200,000 xxxxxxxx Biaya Iklan
PT. ABC Neraca Per 31-12-2001 Kas XX Sewa Piutang 500,000 Persediaan BD 200,000 Sewa DD 300,000 Aktiva tetap 4.000,000 Jumlah
XXXX
Hutang Modal 2.000.000 Jumlah
400,000 5.100,000 xxxxxxx
Laporan Arus Kas Tahun 2002 Arus Kas dari Kegiatan Operasional : - Arus Kas keluar biaya iklan
Rp.2.000.000
ARUS KAS DARI KEGIATAN PENDANAAN ARUS KAS MASUK: MENARIK DANA DARI PEMILIK DAN KREDITOR
ARUS KAS KELUAR: MENGEMBALIKAN DANA KE PEMILIK DAN KREDITO
INFORMASI APA YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN ? SALDO AWAL DAN AKHIR MODAL DAN HUTANG JANGKA PANJANG
DAN DATA TAMBAHAN
