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APPENDIX
P R O P E R T Y TA B L E S A N D CHARTS (SI UNITS)
1
855
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856 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Critical-Point Properties
Substance
Formula
Molar Mass, M kg/kmol
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Water Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
Gas Constant, R kJ/kg · K*
Temperature, K
Pressure, MPa
Volume, m3/kmol
0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976 0.1298 0.08149 0.06052 0.4615 0.06332
132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.3 471.2 647.3 289.8
3.77 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62 7.88 4.067 4.38 22.09 5.88
0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1847 0.2478 0.0568 0.1186
*The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass.
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857 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–2 Boiling- and freezing-point properties Boiling Data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal Boiling Point, °C
Ammonia
33.3
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
185.9 80.2
Methanol Nitrogen Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
Latent Heat of Vaporization, hfg kJ/kg 1357
161.6 394
Freezing Data Freezing Point, °C 77.7
189.3 5.5
Latent Heat of Fusion, hif kJ/kg 322.4
28 126
— 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
97.7 210
99.2 25.3
124.8
306.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5
183 — 42.1
Refrigerant-134a
26.1
Water
100
212.7 230–384 427.8
216.8
2257
96.6
0.0
— 80.3
—
333.7
Liquid Properties
Temp., °C
Density, kg/m3
Specific Heat, Cp kJ/kg · °C
33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20
682 665 639 603 1394 879
4.43 4.51 4.62 4.78 1.14 1.72
20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.78 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.51 3.12 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22
*Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5°C.)
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858 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals
Composition Aluminum: Pure
Melting Point, K
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/Cp(J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K kg/m3
Cp k 106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s
933
2702
903
237
97.1
775
2770
875
177
73.0
1550
2790 1850
883 1825
168 200
68.2 59.2
545
9780
122
2573
2500
1107
27.0
594
8650
231
96.8
48.4
Chromium
2118
7160
449
93.7
29.1
Cobalt
1769
8862
421
99.2
26.6
Copper: Pure
1358
8933
385
401
117
1293
8800
420
52
14
1104
8780
355
54
17
1188
8530
380
110
1493
8920
384
23
1211
5360
322
59.9
Gold
1336
19,300
129
317
Iridium
2720
22,500
130
147
Iron: Pure
1810
7870
447
80.2
7870
447
7854
434
Alloy 2024-T6 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium Bismuth Boron Cadmium
Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium
Armco (99.75% pure) Carbon steels: Plain carbon (Mn 1%, Si 0.1%)
100
200
400
1000
237 798 163
473
787
482 252
393 397 52 160 65 — 137 395
379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425
366 433
352 451
17 237 232 190 327 109 172 90
413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360 19 362 96.8 290 323 124 153 122
43.2 337 311 131 144 133
27.3 348 298 135 138 138
19.8 357 284 140 132 144
17.4 375 270 145 126 153
23.1
134 216
94.0 384
69.5 490
54.7 574
43.3 680
32.8 975
72.7
20.7
95.6 215
80.6 384
65.7 490
53.1 574
42.2 680
32.3 975
60.5
17.7
56.7 487
48.0 559
39.2 685
30.0 1169
6.59 9.76
33.9 6.71 34.7 127 50.3
231 1033 186
800
302 482 65
7.86
240 949 186
600
218 1146
925 1042 174 185 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628
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859 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Continued)
Composition
Melting Point, K
AlSl 1010 Carbon–silicon (Mn 1%, 0.1% Si 0.6%) Carbon–manganese–silicon (1% Mn 1.65% 0.1% Si 0.6%) Chromium (low) steels: 1 Cr– 1 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 2 4 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1Cr– 12 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels: AlSl 302
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/Cp(J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K kg/m3
Cp k 106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s
7832
434
63.9
18.8
7817
446
51.9
14.9
8131
434
41.0
11.6
7822
444
37.7
7858
442
7836
443
800
1000 31.3 1168 29.3 971 27.6 1090
10.9
38.2
36.7
33.3
26.9
42.3
12.2
492 42.0
575 39.1
688 34.5
969 27.4
48.9
14.1
492 46.8
575 42.1
688 36.3
969 28.2
492
575
688
969
3.91
7900
477
14.9
3.95
AlSl 316
8238
468
13.4
3.48
AlSl 347
7978
480
14.2
3.71
35.3
Lead
601
11,340
129
Magnesium
923
1740
1024
156
87.6
Molybdenum
2894
10,240
251
138
53.7
Nickel: Pure
1728
8900
444
90.7
1672
8400
420
12
3.4
1665
8510
439
11.7
3.1
2741
8570
265
53.7
23.6
Palladium
1827
12,020
244
71.8
24.5
Platinum: Pure
2045
21,450
133
71.6
25.1
1800
16,630
162
47
17.4
Alloy 60Pt–40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh)
600
39.2 685 37.4 699 35.0 685
15.1
Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X-750 (73% Ni, 15% Cr, 6.7% Fe) Niobium
400
48.8 559 44.0 582 39.7 559
480
1670
200
58.7 487 49.8 501 42.2 487
8055
AlSl 304
100
24.1
23.0
9.2 272
12.6 402
39.7 118 169 649 179 141
36.7 125 159 934 143 224
164 232
107 383
17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074 134 261
20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267 126 118 275 285
25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606
112 295
8.7
10.3
80.2 485 14 480 13.5
65.6 592 16 525 17.0
67.6 530 21 545 20.5
71.8 562
— 55.2 188 76.5 168
372 52.6 249 71.6 227
473 55.2 274 73.6 251
510 58.2 283 79.7 261
546 61.3 292 86.9 271
626 64.4 301 94.2 281
77.5 100
72.6 125
71.8 136 52 —
73.2 141 59 —
75.6 146 65 —
78.7 152 69 —
24.0
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860 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Concluded) Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/Cp(J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
Melting Point, K
kg/m3
Rhenium
3453
21,100
136
Rhodium
2236
12,450
243
150
49.6
Silicon
1685
2330
712
148
89.2
Silver
1235
10,500
235
429
Tantalum
3269
16,600
140
57.5
24.7
Thorium
2023
11,700
118
54.0
39.1
505
7310
227
66.6
40.1
Titanium
1953
4500
522
21.9
Tungsten
3660
19,300
132
Uranium
1406
19,070
116
27.6
12.5
Vanadium
2192
6100
489
30.7
10.3
693
7140
389
2125
6570
278
Composition
Tin
Zinc Zirconium
Cp k 106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 47.9
174
116 22.7
16.7
174
9.32 68.3
41.8 12.4
100
200
400
58.9 97 186 147 884 259 444 187 59.2 110 59.8 99 85.2 188 30.5 300 208 87 21.7 94 35.8 258 117 297 33.2 205
51.0 127 154 220 264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264
46.1 139 146 253 98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300
600
800
1000
44.2 145 136 274 61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134
44.1 151 127 293 42.4 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145
44.6 156 121 311 31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156
19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 332
19.7 633 125 146 38.8 176 35.7 563
20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597
21.6 342
23.7 362
Source for Tables A-3 and A-4: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1990), pp. A3–A8. Originally compiled from various sources. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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861 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals
Composition Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron Boron fiber epoxy (30% vol.) composite k, to fibers k, to fibers Cp Carbon Amorphous Diamond, type lla insulator Graphite, pyrolytic k, to layers k, to layers Cp Graphite fiber epoxy (25% vol.) composite k, heat flow to fibers k, heat flow to fibers Cp Pyroceram, Corning 9606 Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide, crystalline (quartz) k, to c-axis k, to c-axis Cp Silicon dioxide, polycrystalline (fused silica) Silicon nitride
Melting Point, K
kg/m3
Cp k 106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s
2323
3970
765
46
15.1
2323
3970
765
36.0
11.9
2725
3000
1030
2573
2500
1105
590
2080
272 27.6
100
9.99
1950
—
3500
2273
2210
—
1.60
—
82 — 55 —
190 —
52.5 —
509 2300
0.67 — 10,000 21
32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490
600
800
1000
18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880
13.0 1180 10.4 1180 70 1865 8.1 2135
10.5 1225 7.85 1225 47 1975 6.3 2350
1.18 — 4000 194
1.89 —
21.9 —
2.37 —
2.53 —
1540 853
1950 5.70
4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793
11.1 0.87
5.7 8.7 13.0 0.46 0.68 1.1 337 642 1216 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 — — 908 1038 1122 1197 — — — 87 880 1050 1135 1195
709 450
450 — 133 —
400
2.10 2.23 2.28 0.37 0.49 0.60 364 757 1431
1122 1500
200
88.0
2.29 0.59
1400
1623
2600
935 808
3100
3160
675
1883
2650
3.98 490
1.89 230
10.4 6.21 1883
2220
745 745
2173
2400
691
392
2070
708
Thorium dioxide
3573
9110
235
Titanium dioxide, polycrystalline
2133
4157
710
Sulfur
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/Cp(J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
1.38
16.0 0.206 13 8.4
0.834
39 20.8 — 0.69
16.4 9.5 — 1.14
7.6 5.0 4.2 4.70 3.4 3.1 885 1075 1250 1.51 1.75 2.17
2.87
— — 905 1040 1105 1155 — — 13.9 11.3 9.88 8.76 — 578 778 937 1063 1155 0.141 0.165 0.185 403 606 6.1 10.2 6.6 4.7 3.68 255 274 285 295 2.8 7.01 5.02 3.94 3.46 805 880 910 930 9.65
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862 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24°C)
Material Building Boards Asbestos–cement board Gypsum of plaster board Plywood (Douglas fir)
Insulated board and sheating (regular density) Hardboard (high density, standard tempered) Particle board: Medium density Underlayment Wood subfloor
Thickness, L mm 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm — 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm 20 mm 13 mm 20 mm — — 16 mm 20 mm
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k W/m · °C
Specific Heat, Cp kJ/kg · °C
R-value (for listed thickness, L/k), °C · m2/W
1922 800 800 545 545 545 545 545 288 288
— — — 0.12 — — — — — —
1.00 1.09 — 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.30 1.30
0.011 0.057 0.078 — 0.055 0.083 0.110 0.165 0.232 0.359
1010
0.14
1.34
—
800 640 —
0.14 — —
1.30 1.21 1.38
— 0.144 0.166
Building Membrane Vapor-permeable felt Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped 0.73 kg/m2 felt)
—
—
—
—
0.011
—
—
—
—
0.021
Flooring Materials Carpet and fibrous pad Carpet and rubber pad Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)
— — —
— — —
— — —
1.42 1.38 1.26
0.367 0.217 0.009
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
1922 2082 2400 1920 1120 — — —
0.72 1.30 1.34 0.90 0.41 0.77 1.0 1.30
— — — 0.79 — — — —
— — — — — 0.13 0.20 0.23
1920 1600 1280 960 940
1.1 0.79 0.54 0.33 0.18
— 0.84 0.84 — —
— — — — —
Masonry Materials Masonry units: Brick, common Brick, face Brick, fire clay
Concrete blocks (3 oval cores, sand and gravel aggregate) Concretes: Lightweight aggregates (including expanded shale, clay, or slate; expanded slags; cinders; pumice; and scoria)
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863 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (Concluded) (at a mean temperature of 24°C)
Material
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k W/m · °C
Specific Heat, Cp kJ/kg · °C
R-value (for listed thickness, L/k), °C · m2/W
1920 1280 1857
1.40 0.65 0.72
— — —
— — —
1900 1100 1100 1100 —
— — — — —
1.00 1.51 1.26 1.46 1.26
0.037 0.026 0.077 0.058 0.009
—
—
1.30
0.166
19 mm
1860
0.72
0.84
0.026
13 mm 13 mm —
720 1680 720
— 0.81 0.22
— 0.84 1.34
0.055 0.016 —
— 11 mm 25 mm 10 mm
1900 — — —
— — — —
— 1.17 1.30 1.21
0.037 0.12 0.139 0.111
10 mm 10 mm —
— — 2530
— — 1.0
1.22 1.34 0.84
0.11 0.32 0.018
0.159 0.115
1.26 1.38
— —
0.896 0.502 0.456
— — —
Thickness, L mm
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco Stucco Roofing Asbestos-cement shingles Asphalt roll roofing Asphalt shingles Built-in roofing Slate Wood shingles (plain and plastic/film faced) Plastering Materials Cement plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate Sand aggregate Perlite aggregate Siding Material (on flat surfaces) Asbestos-cement shingles Hardboard siding Wood (drop) siding Wood (plywood) siding, lapped Aluminum or steel siding (over sheeting): Hollow backed Insulating-board backed Architectural glass
10 mm 13 mm
Woods Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.) Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)
— —
721 513
Metals Aluminum (1100) Steel, mild Steel, Stainless
— — —
2739 7833 7913
222 45.3 15.6
Source: Tables A-5 and A-6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.
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864 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–6 Properties of insulating materials (at a mean temperature of 24°C)
Thickness, L mm
Material Blanket and Batt Mineral fiber (fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass)
50 to 70 mm 75 to 90 mm 135 to 165 mm
Board and Slab Cellular glass Glass fiber (organic bonded) Expanded polystyrene (molded beads) Expanded polyurethane (R-11 expanded) Expanded perlite (organic bonded) Expanded rubber (rigid) Mineral fiber with resin binder Cork Sprayed or Formed in Place Polyurethane foam Glass fiber Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam) Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic binders (sprayed) Loose Fill Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)
75 165 191 185
to 125 mm to 222 mm to 254 mm mm
Silica aerogel Vermiculite (expanded) Perlite, expanded Sawdust or shavings Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp) Roof Insulation Cellular glass Preformed, for use above deck
— 13 mm 25 mm 50 mm
Reflective Insulation Silica powder (evacuated) Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 10–12 layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K) Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75–150 layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k W/m · °C
Specific Heat, Cp kJ/kg · °C
R-value (for listed thickness, L/k), °C · m2/W
4.8–32 4.8–32 4.8–32
— — —
0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96
1.23 1.94 3.32
136 64–144 16 24 16 72 240 120
0.055 0.036 0.040 0.023 0.052 0.032 0.042 0.039
24–40 56–72 70 190 9.6–32 9.6–32 — — 122 122 32–66 128–240 37–51
0.023–0.026 0.038–0.039 0.026 0.046 — — — — 0.025 0.068 0.039–0.045 0.065 0.039–0.046
1.0 0.96 1.2 1.6 1.26 1.68 0.71 1.80
— — — — — — — —
— — 1.045
— — —
—
—
0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 — — 1.09 1.38 —
1.94 3.35 3.87 5.28 — — — — —
1.0 1.0 2.1 3.9
— 0.24 0.49 0.93
144 — — —
0.058 — — —
160
0.0017
—
—
0.00016
—
—
0.000017
—
—
40 120
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TABLE A–7
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Properties of common foods (a) Specific heats and freezing-point properties Specific heat,b kJ/kg · °C
Specific heat,b kJ/kg · °C
Above Freezing
Below Freezing
Latent Heat of Fusion,c kJ/kg
Vegetables Artichokes Asparagus Beans, snap Broccoli Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower Celery Corn, sweet Cucumbers Eggplant Horseradish Leeks Lettuce Mushrooms Okra Onions, green Onions, dry Parsley Peas, green Peppers, sweet Potatoes Pumpkins Spinach Tomatos, ripe Turnips
84 93 89 90 92 88 92 94 74 96 93 75 85 95 91 90 89 88 85 74 92 78 91 93 94 92
1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.8 0.7 0.2 0.9 1.8 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.1
3.65 3.96 3.82 3.86 3.92 3.79 3.92 3.99 3.32 4.06 3.96 3.35 3.69 4.02 3.89 3.86 3.82 3.79 3.69 3.32 3.92 3.45 3.89 3.96 3.99 3.92
1.90 2.01 1.96 1.97 2.00 1.95 2.00 2.02 1.77 2.05 2.01 1.78 1.91 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.91 1.77 2.00 1.82 1.99 2.01 2.02 2.00
281 311 297 301 307 294 307 314 247 321 311 251 284 317 304 301 297 294 284 247 307 261 304 311 314 307
Fruits Apples Apricots Avocados Bananas Blueberries Cantaloupes Cherries, sour Cherries, sweet Figs, dried Figs, fresh Grapefruit Grapes Lemons Olives Oranges
84 85 65 75 82 92 84 80 23 78 89 82 89 75 87
1.1 1.1 0.3 0.8 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.8 — 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 0.8
3.65 3.69 3.02 3.35 3.59 3.92 3.65 3.52 — 3.45 3.82 3.59 3.82 3.35 3.75
1.90 1.91 1.66 1.78 1.87 2.00 1.90 1.85 1.13 1.82 1.96 1.87 1.96 1.78 1.94
281 284 217 251 274 307 281 267 77 261 297 274 297 251 291
Food
Food
Water Content,a % (mass)
Freezing Pointa °C
Above Freezing
Below Freezing
Latent Heat of Fusion,c kJ/kg
865
Peaches Pears Pineapples Plums Quinces Raisins Strawberries Tangerines Watermelon
89 83 85 86 85 18 90 87 93
0.9 1.6 1.0 0.8 2.0 — 0.8 1.1 0.4
3.82 3.62 3.69 3.72 3.69 — 3.86 3.75 3.96
1.96 1.89 1.91 1.92 1.91 1.07 1.97 1.94 2.01
297 277 284 287 284 60 301 291 311
Fish/Seafood Cod, whole Halibut, whole Lobster Mackerel Salmon, whole Shrimp
78 75 79 57 64 83
2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
3.45 3.35 3.49 2.75 2.98 3.62
1.82 1.78 1.84 1.56 1.65 1.89
261 251 264 190 214 277
Meats Beef carcass Liver Round, beef Sirloin, beef Chicken Lamb leg Pork carcass Ham Pork sausage Turkey
49 70 67 56 74 65 37 56 38 64
1.7 1.7 — — 2.8 — — 1.7 — —
2.48 3.18 3.08 2.72 3.32 3.02 2.08 2.72 2.11 2.98
1.46 1.72 1.68 1.55 1.77 1.66 1.31 1.55 1.32 1.65
164 234 224 187 247 217 124 187 127 214
Other Almonds Butter Cheese, cheddar Cheese, Swiss Chocolate, milk Eggs, whole Honey Ice cream Milk, whole Peanuts Peanuts, roasted Pecans Walnuts
5 16 37 39 1 74 17 63 88 6 2 3 4
— — 12.9 10.0 — 0.6 — 5.6 0.6 — — — —
— — 2.08 2.15 — 3.32 — 2.95 3.79 — — — —
0.89 1.04 1.31 1.33 0.85 1.77 1.05 1.63 1.95 0.92 0.87 0.87 0.88
17 53 124 130 3 247 57 210 294 20 7 10 13
Sources: aWater content and freezing-point data are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air–Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Table 1. Used with permission. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods. Specific heat data are based on the specific heat values of water and ice at 0°C and are determined from Siebel’s formulas: Cp, fresh 3.35 (Water content) 0.84, above freezing, and Cp, frozen 1.26 (Water content) 0.84, below freezing.
b
c
The latent heat of fusion is determined by multiplying the heat of fusion of water (334 kJ/kg) by the water content of the food.
Page 865
Freezing Pointa °C
1:56 PM
Water Content,a % (mass)
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Page 866
866 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–7 Properties of common foods (Concluded) (b) Other properties Water Content, % (mass)
Temperature, T °C
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, m2/s
Fruits/Vegetables Apple juice Apples Apples, dried Apricots, dried Bananas, fresh Broccoli Cherries, fresh Figs Grape juice Peaches Plums Potatoes Raisins
87 85 41.6 43.6 76 — 92 40.4 89 89 — 78 32
20 8 23 23 27 6 0–30 23 20 2–32 16 0–70 23
1000 840 856 1320 980 560 1050 1241 1000 960 610 1055 1380
0.559 0.418 0.219 0.375 0.481 0.385 0.545 0.310 0.567 0.526 0.247 0.498 0.376
0.14 106 0.13 106 0.096 106 0.11 106 0.14 106 — 0.13 106 0.096 106 0.14 106 0.14 106 — 0.13 106 0.11 106
3.86 3.81 2.72 2.77 3.59 — 3.99 2.69 3.91 3.91 — 3.64 2.48
Meats Beef, ground Beef, lean Beef fat Beef liver Cat food Chicken breast Dog food Fish, cod Fish, salmon Ham Lamb Pork, lean Turkey breast Veal
67 74 0 72 39.7 75 30.6 81 67 71.8 72 72 74 75
6 3 35 35 23 0 23 3 3 20 20 4 3 20
950 1090 810 — 1140 1050 1240 1180 — 1030 1030 1030 1050 1060
0.406 0.471 0.190 0.448 0.326 0.476 0.319 0.534 0.531 0.480 0.456 0.456 0.496 0.470
0.13 106 0.13 106 — — 0.11 106 0.13 106 0.11 106 0.12 106 — 0.14 106 0.13 106 0.13 106 0.13 106 0.13 106
3.36 3.54 — 3.49 2.68 3.56 2.45 3.71 3.36 3.48 3.49 3.49 3.54 3.56
16 31.9 16 91 88 0 0 100 100 32.3
4 23 5 20 28 32 4 0 30 23
— 340 1000 — — 910 920 1000 995 450
0.197 0.106 0.233 0.566 0.580 0.168 0.168 0.569 0.618 0.082
— 0.12 106 0.11 106 — — — — 0.14 106 0.15 106 0.10 106
2.08 2.48 2.08 3.96 3.89 — — 4.217 4.178 2.49
Food
Other Butter Chocolate cake Margarine Milk, skimmed Milk, whole Olive oil Peanut oil Water White cake
Specific Heat, Cp kJ/kg · °C
Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission. Most specific heats are calculated from Cp 1.68 2.51 (Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 32°C. Most thermal diffusivities are calculated from k /Cp. Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.
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867 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–8 Properties of miscellaneous materials (Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)
Material Asphalt Bakelite Brick, refractory Chrome brick 473 K 823 K 1173 K Fire clay, burnt 1600 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay, burnt 1725 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay brick 478 K 922 K 1478 K Magnesite 478 K 922 K 1478 K Chicken meat, white (74.4% water content) 198 K 233 K 253 K 273 K 293 K Clay, dry Clay, wet Coal, anthracite Concrete (stone mix) Cork Cotton Fat Glass Window Pyrex Crown Lead
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k, W/m · K
2115 1300
0.062 1.4
3010 — —
2.3 2.5 2.0
2050 — —
1.0 1.1 1.1
Specific Heat, Cp J/kg · K 920 1465
835 — —
960 — —
2325 — —
1.3 1.4 1.4
960 — —
2645 — —
1.0 1.5 1.8
960 — —
— — —
3.8 2.8 1.9
1130 — —
— — — — — 1550 1495 1350
1.60 1.49 1.35 0.48 0.49 0.930 1.675 0.26
— — — — — — — 1260
2300 86 80 —
1.4 0.048 0.06 0.17
880 2030 1300 —
2800 2225 2500 3400
0.7 1–1.4 1.05 0.85
750 835 — —
Source: Compiled from various sources.
Material Ice 273 K 253 K 173 K Leather, sole Linoleum Mica Paper Plastics Plexiglass Teflon 300 K 400 K Lexan Nylon Polypropylene Polyester PVC, vinyl Porcelain Rubber, natural Rubber, vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Snow, fresh Snow, 273 K Soil, dry Soil, wet Sugar Tissue, human Skin Fat layer Muscle Vaseline Wood, cross-grain Balsa Fir Oak White pine Yellow pine Wood, radial Oak Fir Wool, ship
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k, W/m · K
Specific Heat, Cp J/kg · K
920 922 928 998 535 1180 2900 930
1.88 2.03 3.49 0.159 0.081 0.186 0.523 0.180
2040 1945 1460 — — — — 1340
1190
0.19
1465
2200 — 1200 1145 910 1395 1470 2300 1150
0.35 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.12 0.15 0.1 1.5 0.28
1050 — 1260 — 1925 1170 840 — —
1100 1190 1515 100 500 1500 1900 1600
0.13 0.16 0.2–1.0 0.60 2.2 1.0 2.0 0.58
2010 — 800 — — 1900 2200 —
— — — —
0.37 0.2 0.41 0.17
— — — —
140 415 545 435 640
0.055 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.15
— 2720 2385 — 2805
545 420 145
0.19 0.14 0.05
2385 2720 —
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Page 868
868 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–9 Properties of saturated water Volume
Enthalpy of
Specific
Thermal
Expansion
Saturation
Density,
Vapori-
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Coefficient,
Temp.,
Pressure,
kg/m3
zation,
Cp J/kg · °C
k W/m · °C
kg/m · s
Number, Pr
1/K
T °C
Psat kPa
0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374.14
0.6113 0.8721 1.2276 1.7051 2.339 3.169 4.246 5.628 7.384 9.593 12.35 15.76 19.94 25.03 31.19 38.58 47.39 57.83 70.14 84.55 101.33 143.27 198.53 270.1 361.3 475.8 617.8 791.7 1002.1 1254.4 1553.8 2318 3344 4688 6412 8581 11,274 14,586 18,651 22,090
Liquid
Vapor
999.8 0.0048 999.9 0.0068 999.7 0.0094 999.1 0.0128 998.0 0.0173 997.0 0.0231 996.0 0.0304 994.0 0.0397 992.1 0.0512 990.1 0.0655 988.1 0.0831 985.2 0.1045 983.3 0.1304 980.4 0.1614 977.5 0.1983 974.7 0.2421 971.8 0.2935 968.1 0.3536 965.3 0.4235 961.5 0.5045 957.9 0.5978 950.6 0.8263 943.4 1.121 934.6 1.496 921.7 1.965 916.6 2.546 907.4 3.256 897.7 4.119 887.3 5.153 876.4 6.388 864.3 7.852 840.3 11.60 813.7 16.73 783.7 23.69 750.8 33.15 713.8 46.15 667.1 64.57 610.5 92.62 528.3 144.0 317.0 317.0
hfg kJ/kg 2501 2490 2478 2466 2454 2442 2431 2419 2407 2395 2383 2371 2359 2346 2334 2321 2309 2296 2283 2270 2257 2230 2203 2174 2145 2114 2083 2050 2015 1979 1941 1859 1767 1663 1544 1405 1239 1028 720 0
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
4217 1854 0.561 4205 1857 0.571 4194 1862 0.580 4186 1863 0.589 4182 1867 0.598 4180 1870 0.607 4178 1875 0.615 4178 1880 0.623 4179 1885 0.631 4180 1892 0.637 4181 1900 0.644 4183 1908 0.649 4185 1916 0.654 4187 1926 0.659 4190 1936 0.663 4193 1948 0.667 4197 1962 0.670 4201 1977 0.673 4206 1993 0.675 4212 2010 0.677 4217 2029 0.679 4229 2071 0.682 4244 2120 0.683 4263 2177 0.684 4286 2244 0.683 4311 2314 0.682 4340 2420 0.680 4370 2490 0.677 4410 2590 0.673 4460 2710 0.669 4500 2840 0.663 4610 3110 0.650 4760 3520 0.632 4970 4070 0.609 5280 4835 0.581 5750 5980 0.548 6540 7900 0.509 8240 11,870 0.469 14,690 25,800 0.427
Vapor 0.0171 0.0173 0.0176 0.0179 0.0182 0.0186 0.0189 0.0192 0.0196 0.0200 0.0204 0.0208 0.0212 0.0216 0.0221 0.0225 0.0230 0.0235 0.0240 0.0246 0.0251 0.0262 0.0275 0.0288 0.0301 0.0316 0.0331 0.0347 0.0364 0.0382 0.0401 0.0442 0.0487 0.0540 0.0605 0.0695 0.0836 0.110 0.178
Liquid 1.792 1.519 1.307 1.138 1.002 0.891 0.798 0.720 0.653 0.596 0.547 0.504 0.467 0.433 0.404 0.378 0.355 0.333 0.315 0.297 0.282 0.255 0.232 0.213 0.197 0.183 0.170 0.160 0.150 0.142 0.134 0.122 0.111 0.102 0.094 0.086 0.078 0.070 0.060 0.043
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Vapor 0.922 0.934 0.946 0.959 0.973 0.987 1.001 1.016 1.031 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.110 1.126 1.142 1.159 1.176 1.193 1.210 1.227 1.261 1.296 1.330 1.365 1.399 1.434 1.468 1.502 1.537 1.571 1.641 1.712 1.788 1.870 1.965 2.084 2.255 2.571 4.313
Liquid
105 13.5 105 11.2 105 9.45 105 8.09 105 7.01 105 6.14 105 5.42 105 4.83 105 4.32 105 3.91 105 3.55 105 3.25 105 2.99 105 2.75 105 2.55 105 2.38 105 2.22 105 2.08 105 1.96 105 1.85 105 1.75 105 1.58 105 1.44 105 1.33 105 1.24 105 1.16 105 1.09 105 1.03 105 0.983 105 0.947 105 0.910 105 0.865 105 0.836 105 0.832 105 0.854 105 0.902 105 1.00 105 1.23 105 2.06 105 —
Vapor
Liquid
1.00 0.068 103 1.00 0.015 103 1.00 0.733 103 1.00 0.138 103 1.00 0.195 103 1.00 0.247 103 1.00 0.294 103 1.00 0.337 103 1.00 0.377 103 1.00 0.415 103 1.00 0.451 103 1.00 0.484 103 1.00 0.517 103 1.00 0.548 103 1.00 0.578 103 1.00 0.607 103 1.00 0.653 103 1.00 0.670 103 1.00 0.702 103 1.00 0.716 103 1.00 0.750 103 1.00 0.798 103 1.00 0.858 103 1.01 0.913 103 1.02 0.970 103 1.02 1.025 103 1.05 1.145 103 1.05 1.178 103 1.07 1.210 103 1.09 1.280 103 1.11 1.350 103 1.15 1.520 103 1.24 1.720 103 1.35 2.000 103 1.49 2.380 103 1.69 2.950 103 1.97 — 2.43 — 3.73 — — —
Note 1: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The temperatures 0.01°C, 100°C, and 374.14°C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg · °C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · °C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986), pp. 1291–1322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.
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Page 869
869 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a Enthalpy of Saturation Temp., Pressure,
Density, , kg/m3 Vapor
Vaporization,
Volume Specific
Thermal
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Cp, J/kg · °C
k, W/m · °C
, kg/m · s
Number, Pr
, 1/K,
Tension,
Vapor
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Expansion
Liquid
Coefficient, Surface
T, °C
P, kPa
Liquid
40
51.2
1418
2.773
225.9
1254
748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878 104
2.550 106
5.558 0.235
0.00205
0.01760
35
66.2
1403
3.524
222.7
1264
764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509 104
3.003 106
5.257 0.266
0.00209
0.01682
30
84.4
1389
4.429
219.5
1273
780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178 104
3.504 106
4.992 0.299
0.00215
0.01604
25
106.5
1374
5.509
216.3
1283
797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882 104
4.054 106
4.757 0.335
0.00220
0.01527
20
132.8
1359
6.787
213.0
1294
814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614 104
4.651 106
4.548 0.374
0.00227
0.01451
15
164.0
1343
8.288
209.5
1306
833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371 104
5.295 106
4.363 0.415
0.00233
0.01376
10
200.7
1327
10.04
206.0
1318
853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150 104
5.982 106
4.198 0.459
0.00241
0.01302
5
243.5
1311
12.07
202.4
1330
873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947 104
6.709 106
4.051 0.505
0.00249
0.01229
0
293.0
1295
14.42
198.7
1344
895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761 104
7.471 106
3.919 0.553
0.00258
0.01156
5
349.9
1278
17.12
194.8
1358
918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589 104
8.264 106
3.802 0.603
0.00269
0.01084
10
414.9
1261
20.22
190.8
1374
943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430 104
9.081 106
3.697 0.655
0.00280
0.01014
15
488.7
1244
23.75
186.6
1390
969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281 104
9.915 106
3.604 0.708
0.00293
0.00944
20
572.1
1226
27.77
182.3
1408
997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142 104
1.075 105
3.521 0.763
0.00307
0.00876
25
665.8
1207
32.34
177.8
1427 1028
0.0833 0.01456 2.012 104
1.160 105
3.448 0.819
0.00324
0.00808
30
770.6
1188
37.53
173.1
1448 1061
0.0808 0.01507 1.888 104
1.244 105
3.383 0.877
0.00342
0.00742
35
887.5
1168
43.41
168.2
1471 1098
0.0783 0.01558 1.772 104
1.327 105
3.328 0.935
0.00364
0.00677
40
1017.1
1147
50.08
163.0
1498 1138
0.0757 0.01610 1.660 104
1.408 105
3.285 0.995
0.00390
0.00613
45
1160.5
1125
57.66
157.6
1529 1184
0.0731 0.01664 1.554 104
1.486 105
3.253 1.058
0.00420
0.00550
50
1318.6
1102
66.27
151.8
1566 1237
0.0704 0.01720 1.453 104
1.562 105
3.231 1.123
0.00456
0.00489
55
1492.3
1078
76.11
145.7
1608 1298
0.0676 0.01777 1.355 104
1.634 105
3.223 1.193
0.00500
0.00429
60
1682.8
1053
87.38
139.1
1659 1372
0.0647 0.01838 1.260 104
1.704 105
3.229 1.272
0.00554
0.00372
65
1891.0
1026
100.4
132.1
1722 1462
0.0618 0.01902 1.167 104
1.771 105
3.255 1.362
0.00624
0.00315
70
2118.2
996.2 115.6
124.4
1801 1577
0.0587 0.01972 1.077 104
1.839 105
3.307 1.471
0.00716
0.00261
75
2365.8
964
133.6
115.9
1907 1731
0.0555 0.02048 9.891 105
1.908 105
3.400 1.612
0.00843
0.00209
80
2635.2
928.2 155.3
106.4
2056 1948
0.0521 0.02133 9.011 105
1.982 105
3.558 1.810
0.01031
0.00160
85
2928.2
887.1 182.3
95.4
2287 2281
0.0484 0.02233 8.124 105
2.071 105
3.837 2.116
0.01336
0.00114
90
3246.9
837.7 217.8
82.2
2701 2865
0.0444 0.02357 7.203 105
2.187 105
4.385 2.658
0.01911
0.00071
95
3594.1
772.5 269.3
64.9
3675 4144
0.0396 0.02544 6.190 105
2.370 105
5.746 3.862
0.03343
0.00033
100
3975.1
651.7 376.3
33.9
7959 8785
0.0322 0.02989 4.765 105
2.833 105 11.77
0.10047
0.00004
8.326
Note: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The properties listed here (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical point value. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M. J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond. “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants,” IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525–535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon, and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).
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Page 870
870 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–11 Properties of saturated ammonia Enthalpy of Saturation Temp. Pressure, T, °C
Density, , kg/m3
P, kPa
Liquid
Vapor
71.66
Vaporization,
Volume Specific
Thermal
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Cp, J/kg · °C
k, W/m · °C
, kg/m · s
Number, Pr
, 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Expansion
Liquid
Vapor
Coefficient, Surface
690.2
0.6435
1389
4414 2242
—
0.01792 2.926 104
7.957 106
—
0.9955 0.00176
0.03565
30
119.4
677.8
1.037
1360
4465 2322
—
0.01898 2.630 104
8.311 106
—
1.017
0.00185
0.03341
25
151.5
671.5
1.296
1345
4489 2369 0.5968 0.01957 2.492 104
8.490 106 1.875 1.028
0.00190
0.03229
20
190.1
665.1
1.603
1329
4514 2420 0.5853 0.02015 2.361 104
8.669 106 1.821 1.041
0.00194
0.03118
15
236.2
658.6
1.966
1313
4538 2476 0.5737 0.02075 2.236 104
8.851 106 1.769 1.056
0.00199
0.03007
10
290.8
652.1
2.391
1297
4564 2536 0.5621 0.02138 2.117 104
9.034 106 1.718 1.072
0.00205
0.02896
5
354.9
645.4
2.886
1280
4589 2601 0.5505 0.02203 2.003 104
9.218 106 1.670 1.089
0.00210
0.02786
0
429.6
638.6
3.458
1262
4617 2672 0.5390 0.02270 1.896 104
9.405 106 1.624 1.107
0.00216
0.02676
5
516
631.7
4.116
1244
4645 2749 0.5274 0.02341 1.794 104
9.593 106 1.580 1.126
0.00223
0.02566
10
615.3
624.6
4.870
1226
4676 2831 0.5158 0.02415 1.697 104
9.784 106 1.539 1.147
0.00230
0.02457
15
728.8
617.5
5.729
1206
4709 2920 0.5042 0.02492 1.606 104
9.978 106 1.500 1.169
0.00237
0.02348
20
857.8
610.2
6.705
1186
4745 3016 0.4927 0.02573 1.519 104
1.017 105 1.463 1.193
0.00245
0.02240
25 1003
602.8
7.809
1166
4784 3120 0.4811 0.02658 1.438 104
1.037 105 1.430 1.218
0.00254
0.02132
30 1167
595.2
9.055
1144
4828 3232 0.4695 0.02748 1.361 104
1.057 105 1.399 1.244
0.00264
0.02024
35 1351
587.4
10.46
1122
4877 3354 0.4579 0.02843 1.288 104
1.078 105 1.372 1.272
0.00275
0.01917
40 1555
579.4
12.03
1099
4932 3486 0.4464 0.02943 1.219 104
1.099 105 1.347 1.303
0.00287
0.01810
45 1782
571.3
13.8
1075
4993 3631 0.4348 0.03049 1.155 104
1.121 105 1.327 1.335
0.00301
0.01704
50 2033
562.9
15.78
1051
5063 3790 0.4232 0.03162 1.094 104
1.143 105 1.310 1.371
0.00316
0.01598
55 2310
554.2
18.00
1025
5143 3967 0.4116 0.03283 1.037 104
1.166 105 1.297 1.409
0.00334
0.01493
60 2614
545.2
20.48
997.4
5234 4163 0.4001 0.03412 9.846 105
1.189 105 1.288 1.452
0.00354
0.01389
65 2948
536.0
23.26
968.9
5340 4384 0.3885 0.03550 9.347 105
1.213 105 1.285 1.499
0.00377
0.01285
70 3312
526.3
26.39
939.0
5463 4634 0.3769 0.03700 8.879 105
1.238 105 1.287 1.551
0.00404
0.01181
75 3709
516.2
29.90
907.5
5608 4923 0.3653 0.03862 8.440 105
1.264 105 1.296 1.612
0.00436
0.01079
80 4141
505.7
33.87
874.1
5780 5260 0.3538 0.04038 8.030 105
1.292 105 1.312 1.683
0.00474
0.00977
85 4609
494.5
38.36
838.6
5988 5659 0.3422 0.04232 7.645 105
1.322 105 1.338 1.768
0.00521
0.00876
90 5116
482.8
43.48
800.6
6242 6142 0.3306 0.04447 7.284 105
1.354 105 1.375 1.871
0.00579
0.00776
95 5665
470.2
49.35
759.8
6561 6740 0.3190 0.04687 6.946 105
1.389 105 1.429 1.999
0.00652
0.00677
100 6257
456.6
56.15
715.5
6972 7503 0.3075 0.04958 6.628 105
1.429 105 1.503 2.163
0.00749
0.00579
40
Note: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The properties listed here (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical point value. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr, “Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak,” DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167–181, 1993; Liley and Desai, “Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants,” ASHRAE, 1993, ISBN 1-1883413-10-9.
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Page 871
871 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–12 Properties of saturated propane Enthalpy of Saturation Temp. Pressure, T, °C
P, kPa
Density, , kg/m3 Liquid
Vapor
Vaporization,
Volume Specific
Thermal
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Cp, J/kg · °C
k, W/m · °C
, kg/m · s
Number, Pr
, 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Expansion
Liquid
Vapor
Coefficient, Surface
120
0.4053 664.7
0.01408 498.3
2003 1115 0.1802 0.00589 6.136 104
4.372 106 6.820 0.827
0.00153
0.02630
110
1.157
654.5
0.03776 489.3
2021 1148 0.1738 0.00645 5.054 104
4.625 106 5.878 0.822
0.00157
0.02486
100
2.881
644.2
0.08872 480.4
2044 1183 0.1672 0.00705 4.252 104
4.881 106 5.195 0.819
0.00161
0.02344
90
6.406
633.8
0.1870
471.5
2070 1221 0.1606 0.00769 3.635 104
5.143 106 4.686 0.817
0.00166
0.02202
80
12.97
623.2
0.3602
462.4
2100 1263 0.1539 0.00836 3.149 104
5.409 106 4.297 0.817
0.00171
0.02062
70
24.26
612.5
0.6439
453.1
2134 1308 0.1472 0.00908 2.755 104
5.680 106 3.994 0.818
0.00177
0.01923
60
42.46
601.5
1.081
443.5
2173 1358 0.1407 0.00985 2.430 104
5.956 106 3.755 0.821
0.00184
0.01785
50
70.24
590.3
1.724
433.6
2217 1412 0.1343 0.01067 2.158 104
6.239 106 3.563 0.825
0.00192
0.01649
40
110.7
578.8
2.629
423.1
2258 1471 0.1281 0.01155 1.926 104
6.529 106 3.395 0.831
0.00201
0.01515
30
167.3
567.0
3.864
412.1
2310 1535 0.1221 0.01250 1.726 104
6.827 106 3.266 0.839
0.00213
0.01382
20
243.8
554.7
5.503
400.3
2368 1605 0.1163 0.01351 1.551 104
7.136 106 3.158 0.848
0.00226
0.01251
10
344.4
542.0
7.635
387.8
2433 1682 0.1107 0.01459 1.397 104
7.457 106 3.069 0.860
0.00242
0.01122
0
473.3
528.7
10.36
374.2
2507 1768 0.1054 0.01576 1.259 104
7.794 106 2.996 0.875
0.00262
0.00996
5
549.8
521.8
11.99
367.0
2547 1814 0.1028 0.01637 1.195 104
7.970 106 2.964 0.883
0.00273
0.00934
10
635.1
514.7
13.81
359.5
2590 1864 0.1002 0.01701 1.135 104
8.151 106 2.935 0.893
0.00286
0.00872
15
729.8
507.5
15.85
351.7
2637 1917 0.0977 0.01767 1.077 104
8.339 106 2.909 0.905
0.00301
0.00811
20
834.4
500.0
18.13
343.4
2688 1974 0.0952 0.01836 1.022 104
8.534 106 2.886 0.918
0.00318
0.00751
25
949.7
492.2
20.68
334.8
2742 2036 0.0928 0.01908 9.702 105
8.738 106 2.866 0.933
0.00337
0.00691
30 1076
484.2
23.53
325.8
2802 2104 0.0904 0.01982 9.197 105
8.952 106 2.850 0.950
0.00358
0.00633
35 1215
475.8
26.72
316.2
2869 2179 0.0881 0.02061 8.710 105
9.178 106 2.837 0.971
0.00384
0.00575
40 1366
467.1
30.29
306.1
2943 2264 0.0857 0.02142 8.240 105
9.417 106 2.828 0.995
0.00413
0.00518
45 1530
458.0
34.29
295.3
3026 2361 0.0834 0.02228 7.785 105
9.674 106 2.824 1.025
0.00448
0.00463
50 1708
448.5
38.79
283.9
3122 2473 0.0811 0.02319 7.343 105
9.950 106 2.826 1.061
0.00491
0.00408
60 2110
427.5
49.66
258.4
3283 2769 0.0765 0.02517 6.487 105
1.058 105 2.784 1.164
0.00609
0.00303
70 2580
403.2
64.02
228.0
3595 3241 0.0717 0.02746 5.649 105
1.138 105 2.834 1.343
0.00811
0.00204
80 3127
373.0
84.28
189.7
4501 4173 0.0663 0.03029 4.790 105
1.249 105 3.251 1.722
0.01248
0.00114
90 3769
329.1 118.6
133.2
6977 7239 0.0595 0.03441 3.807 105
1.448 105 4.465 3.047
0.02847
0.00037
Note: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The properties listed here (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical point value. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, “Fundamental Equations of State,” Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane and Normal Butane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu “A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple Point to the Critical Point,” International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.
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Page 872
872 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–13 Properties of liquids
Temp., Density, T, °C , kg/m3
Specific Heat, Cp, J/kg ⋅ °C
Thermal Conductivity, k, W/m ⋅ °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2/s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m ⋅ s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr
Volume Expan. Coeff. , 1/K
Methane (CH4) 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
420.2 405.0 388.8 371.1 351.4 328.8 301.0 261.7
3492 3580 3700 3875 4146 4611 5578 8902
0.1863 0.1703 0.1550 0.1402 0.1258 0.1115 0.0967 0.0797
1.270 107 1.133 104 7 9.169 105 1.174 10 7.551 105 1.077 107 8 6.288 105 9.749 10 5.257 105 8.634 108 4.377 105 7.356 108 3.577 105 5.761 108 3.423 108 2.761 105 Methanol [C3H3(OH)]
2.699 107 2.264 107 1.942 107 1.694 107 1.496 107 1.331 107 1.188 107 1.055 107
2.126 1.927 1.803 1.738 1.732 1.810 2.063 3.082
0.00352 0.00391 0.00444 0.00520 0.00637 0.00841 0.01282 0.02922
20 30 40 50 60 70
788.4 779.1 769.6 760.1 750.4 740.4
2515 2577 2644 2718 2798 2885
0.1987 0.1980 0.1972 0.1965 0.1957 0.1950
1.002 107 5.857 104 5.088 104 9.862 108 4.460 104 9.690 108 3.942 104 9.509 108 8 3.510 104 9.320 10 9.128 108 3.146 104 Isobutane (R600a)
7.429 107 6.531 107 5.795 107 5.185 107 4.677 107 4.250 107
7.414 6.622 5.980 5.453 5.018 4.655
0.00118 0.00120 0.00123 0.00127 0.00132 0.00137
100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100
683.8 659.3 634.3 608.2 580.6 550.7 517.3 478.5 429.6
1881 1970 2069 2180 2306 2455 2640 2896 3361
0.1383 0.1357 0.1283 0.1181 0.1068 0.0956 0.0851 0.0757 0.0669
1.075 107 9.305 104 5.624 104 1.044 107 8 3.769 104 9.773 10 2.688 104 8.906 108 8 1.993 104 7.974 10 1.510 104 7.069 108 1.155 104 6.233 108 8.785 105 5.460 108 4.634 108 6.483 105 Glycerin
1.360 106 8.531 107 5.942 107 4.420 107 3.432 107 2.743 107 2.233 107 1.836 107 1.509 107
12.65 8.167 6.079 4.963 4.304 3.880 3.582 3.363 3.256
0.00142 0.00150 0.00161 0.00177 0.00199 0.00232 0.00286 0.00385 0.00628
2262 2288 2320 2354 2386 2416 2447 2478 2513
0.2820 0.2835 0.2846 0.2856 0.2860 0.2860 0.2860 0.2860 0.2863
9.773 108 10.49 6.730 9.732 108 4.241 9.662 108 2.496 9.576 108 1.519 9.484 108 0.9934 9.388 108 0.6582 9.291 108 0.4347 9.195 108 9.101 108 0.3073 Engine Oil (unused)
8.219 103 5.287 103 3.339 103 1.970 103 1.201 103 7.878 104 5.232 104 3.464 104 2.455 104
84101 54327 34561 20570 12671 8392 5631 3767 2697
1797 1881 1964 2048 2132 2220 2308 2395 2441
0.1469 0.1450 0.1444 0.1404 0.1380 0.1367 0.1347 0.1330 0.1327
9.097 108 8.680 108 8.391 108 7.934 108 7.599 108 7.330 108 7.042 108 6.798 108 6.708 108
4.242 103 9.429 104 2.485 104 8.565 105 3.794 105 2.046 105 1.241 105 8.029 106 6.595 106
46636 10863 2962 1080 499.3 279.1 176.3 118.1 98.31
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 150
1276 1273 1270 1267 1264 1261 1258 1255 1252 899.0 888.1 876.0 863.9 852.0 840.0 828.9 816.8 810.3
3.814 0.8374 0.2177 0.07399 0.03232 0.01718 0.01029 0.006558 0.005344
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070
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Page 873
873 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–14 Properties of liquid metals
Temp., Density, T, °C , kg/m3
Specific Thermal Heat, Cp, Conductivity, J/kg ⋅ °C k, W/m ⋅ °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2/s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m ⋅ s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr
Volume Expan. Coeff. , 1/K
Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 39°C 4.287 106 1.687 103 1.241 107 4.514 106 1.534 103 1.133 107 4.734 106 1.423 103 1.056 107 4.956 106 1.316 103 9.819 108 5.170 106 1.245 103 9.326 108 5.595 106 1.126 103 8.514 108 5.996 106 1.043 103 7.959 108 6.363 106 9.820 104 7.558 108 6.705 106 9.336 104 7.252 108 Bismuth (Bi) Melting point: 271°C
0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300
13595 13534 13473 13412 13351 13231 13112 12993 12873
140.4 139.4 138.6 137.8 137.1 136.1 135.5 135.3 135.3
8.18200 8.51533 8.83632 9.15632 9.46706 10.07780 10.65465 11.18150 11.68150
350 400 500 600 700
9969 9908 9785 9663 9540
146.0 148.2 152.8 157.3 161.8
16.28 16.10 15.74 15.60 15.60
1.118 105 1.540 103 1.096 105 1.422 103 1.052 105 1.188 103 1.026 105 1.013 103 1.010 105 8.736 104 Lead (Pb) Melting point: 327°C
1.545 107 1.436 107 1.215 107 1.048 107 9.157 108
0.01381 0.01310 0.01154 0.01022 0.00906
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
10506 10449 10390 10329 10267 10206 10145
158 156 155 155 155 155 155
15.97 15.74 15.54 15.39 15.23 15.07 14.91
9.623 106 2.277 103 9.649 106 2.065 103 9.651 106 1.884 103 9.610 106 1.758 103 9.568 106 1.632 103 9.526 106 1.505 103 9.483 106 1.379 103 Sodium (Na) Melting point: 98°C
2.167 107 1.976 107 1.814 107 1.702 107 1.589 107 1.475 107 1.360 107
0.02252 0.02048 0.01879 0.01771 0.01661 0.01549 0.01434
1378 1349 1320 1296 1284 1272
85.84 80.84 75.84 71.20 67.41 63.63
100 200 300 400 500 600
927.3 902.5 877.8 853.0 828.5 804.0
200 300 400 500 600
795.2 771.6 748.0 723.9 699.6
100 200 300 400 500 600
847.3 823.2 799.1 775.0 751.5 728.0
0.0289 0.0251 0.0223 0.0198 0.0180 0.0152 0.0133 0.0119 0.0108
6.718 105 6.892 104 7.432 107 6.639 105 5.385 104 5.967 107 6.544 105 3.878 104 4.418 107 6.437 105 2.720 104 3.188 107 6.335 105 2.411 104 2.909 107 6.220 105 2.101 104 2.614 107 Potassium (K) Melting point: 64°C
0.01106 0.008987 0.006751 0.004953 0.004593 0.004202
790.8 772.8 754.8 750.0 750.0
43.99 6.995 105 3.350 104 4.213 107 42.01 7.045 105 2.667 104 3.456 107 40.03 7.090 105 1.984 104 2.652 107 37.81 6.964 105 1.668 104 2.304 107 35.50 6.765 105 1.487 104 2.126 107 Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting point: 11°C
0.006023 0.004906 0.00374 0.003309 0.003143
944.4 922.5 900.6 879.0 880.1 881.2
25.64 26.27 26.89 27.50 27.89 28.28
3.205 105 3.459 105 3.736 105 4.037 105 4.217 105 4.408 105
5.707 104 4.587 104 3.467 104 2.357 104 2.108 104 1.859 104
6.736 107 5.572 107 4.339 107 3.041 107 2.805 107 2.553 107
0.02102 0.01611 0.01161 0.00753 0.00665 0.00579
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.815 104 1.829 104 1.854 104
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Page 874
874 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure Temp., T, °C
Density, , kg/m3
Specific Heat, Cp, J/kg · °C
Thermal Conductivity, k, W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2/s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr
150 100 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500 2000
2.866 2.038 1.582 1.514 1.451 1.394 1.341 1.292 1.269 1.246 1.225 1.204 1.184 1.164 1.145 1.127 1.109 1.092 1.059 1.028 0.9994 0.9718 0.9458 0.8977 0.8542 0.8148 0.7788 0.7459 0.6746 0.6158 0.5664 0.5243 0.4880 0.4565 0.4042 0.3627 0.3289 0.3008 0.2772 0.1990 0.1553
983 966 999 1002 1004 1005 1006 1006 1006 1006 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1008 1008 1009 1011 1013 1016 1019 1023 1033 1044 1056 1069 1081 1093 1115 1135 1153 1169 1184 1234 1264
0.01171 0.01582 0.01979 0.02057 0.02134 0.02211 0.02288 0.02364 0.02401 0.02439 0.02476 0.02514 0.02551 0.02588 0.02625 0.02662 0.02699 0.02735 0.02808 0.02881 0.02953 0.03024 0.03095 0.03235 0.03374 0.03511 0.03646 0.03779 0.04104 0.04418 0.04721 0.05015 0.05298 0.05572 0.06093 0.06581 0.07037 0.07465 0.07868 0.09599 0.11113
4.158 106 8.036 106 1.252 105 1.356 105 1.465 105 1.578 105 1.696 105 1.818 105 1.880 105 1.944 105 2.009 105 2.074 105 2.141 105 2.208 105 2.277 105 2.346 105 2.416 105 2.487 105 2.632 105 2.780 105 2.931 105 3.086 105 3.243 105 3.565 105 3.898 105 4.241 105 4.593 105 4.954 105 5.890 105 6.871 105 7.892 105 8.951 105 1.004 104 1.117 104 1.352 104 1.598 104 1.855 104 2.122 104 2.398 104 3.908 104 5.664 104
8.636 106 1.189 106 1.474 105 1.527 105 1.579 105 1.630 105 1.680 105 1.729 105 1.754 105 1.778 105 1.802 105 1.825 105 1.849 105 1.872 105 1.895 105 1.918 105 1.941 105 1.963 105 2.008 105 2.052 105 2.096 105 2.139 105 2.181 105 2.264 105 2.345 105 2.420 105 2.504 105 2.577 105 2.760 105 2.934 105 3.101 105 3.261 105 3.415 105 3.563 105 3.846 105 4.111 105 4.362 105 4.600 105 4.826 105 5.817 105 6.630 105
3.013 106 5.837 106 9.319 106 1.008 105 1.087 105 1.169 105 1.252 105 1.338 105 1.382 105 1.426 105 1.470 105 1.516 105 1.562 105 1.608 105 1.655 105 1.702 105 1.750 105 1.798 105 1.896 105 1.995 105 2.097 105 2.201 105 2.306 105 2.522 105 2.745 105 2.975 105 3.212 105 3.455 105 4.091 105 4.765 105 5.475 105 6.219 105 6.997 105 7.806 105 9.515 105 1.133 104 1.326 104 1.529 104 1.741 104 2.922 104 4.270 104
0.7246 0.7263 0.7440 0.7436 0.7425 0.7408 0.7387 0.7362 0.7350 0.7336 0.7323 0.7309 0.7296 0.7282 0.7268 0.7255 0.7241 0.7228 0.7202 0.7177 0.7154 0.7132 0.7111 0.7073 0.7041 0.7014 0.6992 0.6974 0.6946 0.6935 0.6937 0.6948 0.6965 0.6986 0.7037 0.7092 0.7149 0.7206 0.7260 0.7478 0.7539
Note: For ideal gases, the properties Cp, k, , and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties , , and at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined by multiplying the values of at the given temperature by P and by dividing and by P. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 198; and Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C. Saxena, and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.
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TABLE A–16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure Temp., T, °C
Density, , kg/m3
Specific Heat, Cp, J/kg · °C
Thermal Conductivity, k, W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2/s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr
1.129 105 1.375 105 1.612 105 1.841 105 2.063 105 2.276 105 2.682 105 3.061 105 3.416 105 4.898 105 6.106 105 7.322 105
4.699 106 7.003 106 9.714 106 1.281 105 1.627 105 2.008 105 2.866 105 3.842 105 4.924 105 1.162 104 2.019 104 3.103 104
0.8019 0.7661 0.7520 0.7464 0.7445 0.7442 0.7450 0.7458 0.7460 0.7455 0.7745 0.8815
Carbon dioxide, CO2 50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
2.4035 1.9635 1.6597 1.4373 1.2675 1.1336 0.9358 0.7968 0.6937 0.4213 0.3025 0.2359
746 811 866.6 914.8 957.4 995.2 1060 1112 1156 1292 1356 1387
0.01051 5.860 106 0.01456 9.141 106 0.01858 1.291 105 0.02257 1.716 105 0.02652 2.186 105 0.03044 2.698 105 0.03814 3.847 105 0.04565 5.151 105 0.05293 6.600 105 0.08491 1.560 104 0.10688 2.606 104 0.11522 3.521 104 Carbon Monoxide, CO
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
1.5297 1.2497 1.0563 0.9148 0.8067 0.7214 0.5956 0.5071 0.4415 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502
1081 1048 1039 1041 1049 1060 1085 1111 1135 1226 1279 1309
0.01901 0.02278 0.02641 0.02992 0.03330 0.03656 0.04277 0.04860 0.05412 0.07894 0.10458 0.13833
1.149 105 1.739 105 2.407 105 3.142 105 3.936 105 4.782 105 6.619 105 8.628 105 1.079 104 2.401 104 4.246 104 7.034 104 Methane, CH4
1.378 105 1.629 105 1.863 105 2.080 105 2.283 105 2.472 105 2.812 105 3.111 105 3.379 105 4.557 105 6.321 105 9.826 105
9.012 106 1.303 105 1.764 105 2.274 105 2.830 105 3.426 105 4.722 105 6.136 105 7.653 105 1.700 104 3.284 104 6.543 104
0.7840 0.7499 0.7328 0.7239 0.7191 0.7164 0.7134 0.7111 0.7087 0.7080 0.7733 0.9302
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
0.8761 0.7158 0.6050 0.5240 0.4620 0.4132 0.3411 0.2904 0.2529 0.1536 0.1103 0.0860
2243 2217 2302 2443 2611 2791 3158 3510 3836 5042 5701 6001
0.02367 0.03042 0.03766 0.04534 0.05344 0.06194 0.07996 0.09918 0.11933 0.22562 0.31857 0.36750
1.204 105 1.917 105 2.704 105 3.543 105 4.431 105 5.370 105 7.422 105 9.727 105 1.230 104 2.914 104 5.068 104 7.120 104 Hydrogen, H2
8.564 106 1.028 105 1.191 105 1.345 105 1.491 105 1.630 105 1.886 105 2.119 105 2.334 105 3.281 105 4.434 105 6.360 105
9.774 106 1.436 105 1.969 105 2.567 105 3.227 105 3.944 105 5.529 105 7.297 105 9.228 105 2.136 104 4.022 104 7.395 104
0.8116 0.7494 0.7282 0.7247 0.7284 0.7344 0.7450 0.7501 0.7502 0.7331 0.7936 1.0386
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
0.11010 0.08995 0.07603 0.06584 0.05806 0.05193 0.04287 0.03650 0.03178 0.01930 0.01386 0.01081
1.009 104 1.319 104 1.724 104 2.199 104 2.729 104 3.306 104 4.580 104 5.992 104 7.535 104 1.732 103 2.869 103 2.914 103
7.293 106 8.391 106 9.427 106 1.041 105 1.136 105 1.228 105 1.403 105 1.570 105 1.730 105 2.455 105 3.099 105 3.690 105
6.624 105 9.329 105 1.240 104 1.582 104 1.957 104 2.365 104 3.274 104 4.302 104 5.443 104 1.272 103 2.237 103 3.414 103
0.6562 0.7071 0.7191 0.7196 0.7174 0.7155 0.7149 0.7179 0.7224 0.7345 0.7795 1.1717
12635 13920 14349 14473 14492 14482 14481 14540 14653 15577 16553 17400
0.1404 0.1652 0.1881 0.2095 0.2296 0.2486 0.2843 0.3180 0.3509 0.5206 0.6581 0.5480
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876 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded) Temp., T, °C
Density, , kg/m3
Specific Heat, Cp, J/kg · °C
Thermal Conductivity, k, W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2/s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr
Nitrogen, N2 50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
1.5299 1.2498 1.0564 0.9149 0.8068 0.7215 0.5956 0.5072 0.4416 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502
957.3 1035 1042 1041 1043 1050 1070 1095 1120 1213 1266 1297
0.02001 0.02384 0.02746 0.03090 0.03416 0.03727 0.04309 0.04848 0.05358 0.07938 0.11793 0.18590
1.366 105 1.843 105 2.494 105 3.244 105 4.058 105 4.921 105 6.758 105 8.727 105 1.083 104 2.440 104 4.839 104 9.543 104 Oxygen, O2
1.390 105 1.640 105 1.874 105 2.094 105 2.300 105 2.494 105 2.849 105 3.166 105 3.451 105 4.594 105 5.562 105 6.426 105
9.091 106 1.312 105 1.774 105 2.289 105 2.851 105 3.457 105 4.783 105 6.242 105 7.816 105 1.713 104 2.889 104 4.278 104
0.6655 0.7121 0.7114 0.7056 0.7025 0.7025 0.7078 0.7153 0.7215 0.7022 0.5969 0.4483
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
1.7475 1.4277 1.2068 1.0451 0.9216 0.8242 0.6804 0.5793 0.5044 0.3063 0.2199 0.1716
984.4 928.7 921.7 931.8 947.6 964.7 997.1 1025 1048 1121 1165 1201
0.02067 0.02472 0.02867 0.03254 0.03637 0.04014 0.04751 0.05463 0.06148 0.09198 0.11901 0.14705
1.201 105 1.865 105 2.577 105 3.342 105 4.164 105 5.048 105 7.003 105 9.204 105 1.163 104 2.678 104 4.643 104 7.139 104 Water vapor, H2O
1.616 105 1.916 105 2.194 105 2.451 105 2.694 105 2.923 105 3.350 105 3.744 105 4.114 105 5.732 105 7.133 105 8.417 105
9.246 106 1.342 105 1.818 105 2.346 105 2.923 105 3.546 105 4.923 105 6.463 105 8.156 105 1.871 104 3.243 104 4.907 104
0.7694 0.7198 0.7053 0.7019 0.7019 0.7025 0.7030 0.7023 0.7010 0.6986 0.6985 0.6873
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
0.9839 0.8038 0.6794 0.5884 0.5189 0.4640 0.3831 0.3262 0.2840 0.1725 0.1238 0.0966
1892 1874 1874 1887 1908 1935 1997 2066 2137 2471 2736 2928
0.01353 0.01673 0.02032 0.02429 0.02861 0.03326 0.04345 0.05467 0.06677 0.13623 0.21301 0.29183
7.271 106 1.110 105 1.596 105 2.187 105 2.890 105 3.705 105 5.680 105 8.114 105 1.100 104 3.196 104 6.288 104 1.032 103
7.187 106 8.956 106 1.078 105 1.265 105 1.456 105 1.650 105 2.045 105 2.446 105 2.847 105 4.762 105 6.411 105 7.808 105
7.305 106 1.114 105 1.587 105 2.150 105 2.806 105 3.556 105 5.340 105 7.498 105 1.002 104 2.761 104 5.177 104 8.084 104
1.0047 1.0033 0.9944 0.9830 0.9712 0.9599 0.9401 0.9240 0.9108 0.8639 0.8233 0.7833
Note: For ideal gases, the properties Cp, k, , and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties , , and at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined by multiplying the values of at the given temperature by P and by dividing and by P. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
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877 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, m 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °C 15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80
Pressure, kPa 101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08
Gravity, g m/s2 9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804
Speed of Sound, m/s 340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2
Density, kg/m3 1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134
Viscosity, kg/m · s 1.789 105 1.783 105 1.777 105 1.771 105 1.764 105
Thermal Conductivity, W/m · °C 0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30
89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49
9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801
336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3
1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027
1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732
105 105 105 105 105
0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19
79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92
9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798
332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4
1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928
1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700
105 105 105 105 105
0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239
3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69
70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28
9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795
328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4
0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837
1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668
105 105 105 105 105
0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234
4000 4200 4400 4600 4800
10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2
61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51
9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792
324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4
0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752
1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635
105 105 105 105 105
0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7
54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52
9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785
320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3
0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675
1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602
105 105 105 105 105
0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800
24.0 25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2
47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27
9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785
316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1
0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604
1.595 1.588 1.582 1.575 1.568
105 105 105 105 105
0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218
7000 8000 9000
30.5 36.9 43.4
41.11 35.65 30.80
9.785 9.782 9.779
312.3 308.1 303.8
0.590 0.526 0.467
1.561 105 1.527 105 1.493 105
0.0217 0.0212 0.0206
10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
49.9 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5
26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57
9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751
299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122
1.458 1.422 1.422 1.422 1.422
0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195
105 105 105 105 105
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45° latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15°C, 1.2250 kg/m3, g 9.80665 m2/s.
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TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (a) Metals Material Aluminum Polished Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Anodized Bismuth, bright Brass Highly polished Polished Dull plate Oxidized Chromium, polished Copper Highly polished Polished Commercial sheet Oxidized Black oxidized Gold Highly polished Bright foil Iron Highly polished Case iron Wrought iron Rusted Oxidized Lead Polished Unoxidized, rough Oxidized
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
300–900 400 400–800 300 350
0.04–0.06 0.09 0.20–0.33 0.8 0.34
500–650 350 300–600 450–800 300–1400
0.03–0.04 0.09 0.22 0.6 0.08–0.40
300 300–500 300 600–1000 300
0.02 0.04–0.05 0.15 0.5–0.8 0.78
300–1000 300
0.03–0.06 0.07
300–500 300 300–500 300 500–900
0.05–0.07 0.44 0.28 0.61 0.64–0.78
300–500 300 300
0.06–0.08 0.43 0.63
Material Magnesium, polished Mercury Molybdenum Polished Oxidized Nickel Polished Oxidized Platinum, polished Silver, polished Stainless steel Polished Lightly oxidized Highly oxidized Steel Polished sheet Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Tin, polished Tungsten Polished Filament Zinc Polished Oxidized
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
300–500 300–400
0.07–0.13 0.09–0.12
300–2000 600–800
0.05–0.21 0.80–0.82
500–1200 450–1000 500–1500 300–1000
0.07–0.17 0.37–0.57 0.06–0.18 0.02–0.07
300–1000 600–1000 600–1000
0.17–0.30 0.30–0.40 0.70–0.80
300–500 500–1200 300 300
0.08–0.14 0.20–0.32 0.81 0.05
300–2500 3500
0.03–0.29 0.39
300–800 300
0.02–0.05 0.25
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879 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded) (b) Nonmetals Material Alumina Aluminum oxide Asbestos Asphalt pavement Brick Common Fireclay Carbon filament Cloth Concrete Glass Window Pyrex Pyroceram Ice Magnesium oxide Masonry Paints Aluminum Black, lacquer, shiny Oils, all colors Red primer White acrylic White enamel
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
800–1400 600–1500 300 300
0.65–0.45 0.69–0.41 0.96 0.85–0.93
300 1200 2000 300 300
0.93–0.96 0.75 0.53 0.75–0.90 0.88–0.94
300 300–1200 300–1500 273 400–800 300
0.90–0.95 0.82–0.62 0.85–0.57 0.95–0.99 0.69–0.55 0.80
300 300 300 300 300 300
0.40–0.50 0.88 0.92–0.96 0.93 0.90 0.90
Material Paper, white Plaster, white Porcelain, glazed Quartz, rough, fused Rubber Hard Soft Sand Silicon carbide Skin, human Snow Soil, earth Soot Teflon Water, deep Wood Beech Oak
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
300 300 300 300
0.90 0.93 0.92 0.93
300 300 300 600–1500 300 273 300 300–500 300–500 273–373
0.93 0.86 0.90 0.87–0.85 0.95 0.80–0.90 0.93–0.96 0.95 0.85–0.92 0.95–0.96
300 300
0.94 0.90
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880 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–19 Solar radiative properties of materials Description/composition Aluminum Polished Anodized Quartz-overcoated Foil Brick, red (Purdue) Concrete Galvanized sheet metal Clean, new Oxidized, weathered Glass, 3.2-mm thickness Float or tempered Low iron oxide type Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective) Metal, plated Black sulfide Black cobalt oxide Black nickel oxide Black chrome Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Paper, white Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface) Roofing tiles, bright red Dry surface Wet surface Sand, dry Off-white Dull red Snow Fine particles, fresh Ice granules Steel Mirror-finish Heavily rusted Stone (light pink) Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness Wood
Solar Absorptivity, s
Emissivity, , at 300 K
Ratio, s /
0.09 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.63 0.60
0.03 0.84 0.37 0.05 0.93 0.88
3.0 0.17 0.30 3.0 0.68 0.68
0.65 0.80
0.13 0.28
5.0 2.9
Solar Transmissivity, s
0.79 0.88 0.40
0.88
0.92 0.93 0.92 0.87
0.10 0.30 0.08 0.09
0.45 9.2 3.1 11 9.7 0.87
0.98 0.26 0.16 0.27
0.98 0.90 0.93 0.83
1.0 0.29 0.17 0.32 0.90
0.26
0.85
0.30
0.65 0.88
0.85 0.91
0.76 0.96
0.52 0.73
0.82 0.86
0.63 0.82
0.13 0.33
0.82 0.89
0.16 0.37
0.41 0.89 0.65
0.05 0.92 0.87
8.2 0.96 0.74 0.92 0.92
0.59
0.90
0.66
Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, “Solar Properties of Some Building Elements,” Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805–810, and other sources.
Laminar Critical Transition flow zone zone Complete turbulence, rough pipes
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cen58933_ap1.qxd
0.1 0.09
0.05 0.04
0.07 0.06
0.02
Lam
f
,f=
flow
0.01 0.008 0.006
64/R
0.03
0.004
e
0.025
0.002
0.02
0.001 0.0008 0.0006 0.0004
Roughness, ε Material
0.015
0.01 0.009
Glass, plastic Concrete Wood stave Rubber, smoothed Copper or brass tubing Cast iron Galvanized iron Wrought iron Stainless steel Commercial steel
0.008
103
ft
mm
0 0.003–0.03 0.0016 0.000033 0.000005 0.00085 0.0005 0.00015 0.000007 0.00015
0 0.9–9 0.5 0.01 0.0015 0.26 0.15 0.046 0.002 0.045
0.0002
Smooth pipes
0.0001 ε/D = 0.000005 ε/D = 0.000001
0.00005 0.00001
2(103) 3 4 5 6 8 104 2(104) 3 4 5 6 8 105 2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(106) 3 4 5 6 8 107 2(107) 3 4 5 6 8 108
881
Reynolds number Re FIGURE A–20 The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular tubes.
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0.015
inar
0.04
Relative roughness ε/D
0.05
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0.03
