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C O N T E N T S C O N T E N T S
CHAPTER
1
PAR TS
OF
SPEECH
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Verb
Regular
Tenses
vs.
Irregular
Verbs
Pronouns
Prepositions
Phrases
Conjunctions
Interjections!
&
Prepositional
CHAPTER
2
SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
Sentence
Subjects
Functions
and
Predicates
Subject-Verb
Compound
Agreement
Subjects
Complements
Phrases
Clauses
Restrictive
Clauses
&
Non-Restrictive
Clauses
Parallelism
and
Logical
Sentences
CHAPTER
3
P U N C T U AT I O N
Capitalization
Ending
a
Sentence
Apostrophes
&
Contractions
Commas
Quotation
Marks
Colons
&
Hyphens,
Semicolons
Em
Dashes,
&
Parentheses
Brackets
Bold,
Italics,
and
Underlining
Ellipses
The
Abbreviations
Slash
&
Acronyms
En
Dashes
CHAPTER
4
WRITING
STYLE
Identifying
Your
Purpose
and
Audience
Active
&
Using
Passive
Voice
Transitional
Words
Paragraph
and
Structure
Fixing
Repetition
and
Introducing
Variety
Foreign
Slang
Words
&
Improving
Style
&
Phrases
Dialect
Writing
Guides:
A
Brief
Overview
Phrases
CHAPTER
5
COMMON
MISTAKE S
Clichés,
and
Generalizations,
Commonly
Who
More
Confused
&
Words
Whom
Common
Mistakes
Commonly
Misused
Modifier
Phrases
Problems
Run-On
Sentences
Double
Fussy
Platitudes,
Jargon
Negatives
Grammar
and
Wordiness
CHAPTER
1
PARTS
OF
S P E E C H
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Verb
Regular
Tenses
vs.
Irregular
Verbs
Pronouns
Prepositions
Phrases
Conjunctions
Interjections!
&
Prepositional
CHAPTER
2
S E N T E N C E
S T R U C T U R E
Sentence
Subjects
Functions
and
Predicates
Subject-Verb
Compound
Agreement
Subjects
Complements
Phrases
Clauses
Restrictive
Clauses
&
Non-Restrictive
Clauses
Parallelism
and
Logical
Sentences
CHAPTER
3
PU NC TUATION
Capitalization
Ending
a
Sentence
Apostrophes
&
Contractions
Commas
Quotation
Marks
Colons
&
Hyphens,
Semicolons
Em
Dashes,
&
Parentheses
Brackets
Bold,
Italics,
and
Underlining
Ellipses
The
Abbreviations
Slash
&
Acronyms
En
Dashes
CHAPTER
4
W R I T I N G
S T Y L E
Identifying
Your
Purpose
and
Audience
Active
&
Using
Passive
Voice
Transitional
Words
Paragraph
and
Structure
Fixing
Repetition
and
Introducing
Variety
Foreign
Slang
Words
&
Improving
Style
&
Phrases
Dialect
Writing
Guides:
A
Brief
Overview
Phrases
CHAPTER
5
C O M M O N
M I S T A K E S
Clichés,
and
Generalizations,
Commonly
Who
More
Confused
&
Words
Whom
Common
Mistakes
Commonly
Misused
Modifier
Phrases
Problems
Run-On
Sentences
Double
Fussy
Platitudes,
Jargon
Negatives
Grammar
and
Wordiness
INDEX
A
B
Abbreviations,
80–81
Abstract
Being
nouns,
15
Accuracy,
120–21
Acronyms,
verbs,
Bold
18,
format,
Brackets,
80–81,
19
74–75
72–73
110
C Action
verbs,
Active
18–19,
voice,
86
52,
Adjective
86–87
Capitalization,
phrases,
46
Adjectives
adjectives,
17
demonstrative
17
adjectives,
17
adjectives,
17
adjectives,
proper
45
adjectives,
Adverb
17
phrases,
subordinate
Clichés,
in
-ly
modifiers,
,
20,
69
69
adverbs,
phrases,
62–63,
44–45
sentences,
Complete
92,
93
Apostrophes,
61
phrases,
47
17
Attributive
nouns,
Audience,
15
identifying,
verbs,
36–37,
66–67,
thoughts,
36–37,
48,
66–67,
116
60,
Appositive
15
116
119
Antonyms,
74
nouns,
Complete
46
49
15
Complements,
118
36–37,
nouns,
Common
20–21,
negative
clauses,
65–67
Commas,
ending
50–51
104–5
Colons,
Adverbs
50–51
clauses,
Collective
46
48,
clauses,
restrictive
predicate
48
36–37,
non-restrictive
46
possessive
31,
clauses,
116
16–17
phrases,
63
clauses,
independent
adjectives,
modifiers,
with,
dependent
17
interrogative
Auxiliary
92–93
commas
adjectives,
indefinite
Articles,
52–53,
Clauses
definite
A “n i”t’,
56–57
Clarity,
84–85
18,
23,
Complex
phrases,
Complex
sentences,
48
37
Compound
sentences,
Compound
subjects,
37,
Compound-complex
87
63
42–43
sentences,
Concrete
nouns,
37
15
Conjunctions
coordinating
conjunctions,
correlative
negative
30–31
conjunctions,
conjunctions,
31
118
67,
G for
run-on
sentences,
117
Generalizations, subordinating
conjunctions,
104–5
31
Gerunds, Contractions,
60,
Coordinating
61,
conjunctions,
Correlative
47
119
Good/well,
30–31
conjunctions,
111
31
H Correspondence,
120
Count
nouns,
He/him,
15
108–9
Homophones,
106
D Hyphens,
Dangling
modifiers,
68–69
115
I Dashes,
68–69,
Dates,
71
63,
Imperative
71
Definite
adjectives,
Demonstrative
adjectives,
Demonstrative
17
pronouns,
Dependent
27
clauses,
Dialect,
31,
adjectives,
Indefinite
pronouns,
99
object,
Direct
quotations,
19,
Double
27,
clauses,
Indirect
64
tools,
Direct
57
40,
44–45,
86–87
64–65,
negatives,
object,
48,
45
Infinitive
phrases,
Infinitive
verb
47
forms,
Interjections,
95
Interrogative
118–19
24–25
32–33
adjectives,
Intransitive
17
verbs,
19
E Irregular
Editors,
99,
verbs,
Italics,
74–75,
Its/it’s,
61,
24–25
94
101
Effect/affect,
107
110
Either/or,
31,
43,
119
J Ellipses,
Em
76–77
dashes,
En
Jargon,
68–69
Emphasis,
53,
dashes,
74,
88,
68–69,
Job
93
65,
85,
104–5
applications,
120
71
L Exams,
120
Exclamation
point,
58,
59,
65,
74
Letters,
writing,
Lie/lay,
120
111
F Limiting
Farther/further,
Fewer/less,
18,
words,
Logical
111
114
verbs,
Linking
111
Figuratively/literally,
First/firstly,
modifiers,
Linking
110
words/phrases,
74,
45
28–29
sentences,
52–53
Loose/lose,
121
Foreign
107
94–95
M Formal
writing,
Fractions,
Future
120
41,
tense
41
36–37,
116
32,
Digital
36,
17
Independent
48
39
sentences,
Indefinite
96–97
Dialogue,
sentences,
Incomplete
17
79
verbs,
Measurements,
22–23
Me/I,
Misplaced
41,
79,
110
120
modifiers,
114–15
67,
N Mistakes
clichés,
Negative
adverbs,
Negative
conjunctions,
118
Negative
pronouns,
Negative
verb
104–5
confused
words,
double
118
106–7
negatives,
118–19
effect/affect,
118
forms,
118
110
Negatives, either/or,
31,
43,
double,
118–19
119
Neither/nor, farther/further,
31,
43,
118–19
110
Non-count fewer/less,
nouns,
15
111
Non-restrictive figuratively/literally,
clauses,
50–51
111
Nouns first/firstly,
121
abstract fussy
grammar,
nouns,
15
120–21
attributive generalizations,
nouns,
collective good/well,
nouns,
15
111
common he/him,
nouns,
15
108–9
concrete its/it’s,
61,
nouns,
15
107
count jargon,
65,
85,
nouns,
15
104–5
explanation lie/lay,
of,
14–15
111
non-count loose/lose,
nouns,
15
107
possessive me/I,
15
104–5
nouns,
15
120
proper modifiers,
nouns,
15
114–15
neither/nor,
31,
43,
118–19
O phrases,
112–13
platitudes,
run-on
sayings,
Objects
104–5
sentences,
direct
116–17
object,
19,
indirect
112–13
since/because,
121
their/there/they’re,
106
too/to/two,
object,
object
complement,
object
pronoun,
44–45,
86–87
45
44–45
120
107
P toward/towards,
121
which/that,
51
Paragraph
whose/who’s,
106
who/whom,
108–9,
wordiness,
120
90–91
52–53
Parentheses,
116–17
you/you’re,
structure,
Parallelism,
70–71
Participial
106
phrases,
Parts
Modifiers
of
47
speech
adjectives,
adjectives,
adverbs,
16–17
20–21,
16–17,
adverbs,
limiting
misplaced
squinting
46,
69,
118
69 articles,
dangling
45–46
20–21,
modifiers,
115
modifiers,
conjunctions,
114
30–31,
interjections,
modifiers,
modifiers,
17
114–15
115
nouns,
prepositional
prepositions,
117–18
32–33
14–15
phrases,
28–29
28–29,
41,
87
pronouns,
26–27,
verb
40–41,
tenses,
verbs,
18–19,
Passive
participle
Past
tense
53,
52,
58,
forms,
24–25
phrases,
46
phrases,
phrases,
47
phrases,
Plural
subjects,
Plural
verbs,
Plurals,
41,
87
88–89
61
Possessive
adjectives,
Possessive
nouns,
Possessive
pronouns,
Predicates,
60
15
tense
format,
28–29,
41,
87
74–75,
58,
verb
forms,
verbs,
24
slash,
22–23
74,
58,
marks,
59,
65,
74
64–65
65–67,
sentences,
117
55–81,
117
78–79
underlining,
74–75
Q of,
demonstrative
explanation
of,
indefinite
27
Quotation
27,
pronouns,
pronouns,
Question
26–27
pronouns,
negative
object
27
pronouns,
118
120
40,
41
Quotations,
74
117
Pronouns
classifications
117
65,
94
marks,
semicolons,
in
59,
70–71
quotation
phrases,
74,
58,
68–69
question
28–29
Present
point,
period,
45
Prepositions,
71
58–59,
parentheses,
45
Prepositional
particle
68–69
sentences,
italics
27
119
68–69,
hyphens,
38–39
Present
dashes,
dashes,
exclamation
17
61,
76–77
ending
indicating,
nominative,
74
60,
em
60,
adjectives,
62–63,
ellipses,
en
forming,
Predicate
56–57
65–67
contractions,
42–43
Predicate
74–75
commas,
40–43
61
72–73
colons,
41
Possession,
format,
capitalization,
28–29,
104–5
pronouns,
110
60,
brackets,
phrases,
Plural
80–81
80–81,
bold
phrases,
transitional
120
apostrophes,
47
prepositional
works,
acronyms,
112–13
participial
17
15
abbreviations,
94–95
phrases,
phrases,
Platitudes,
nouns,
47
74,
misused
adjectives,
Proper
48
phrases,
infinitive
Proper
41
101
Punctuation
phrases,
foreign
26,
99,
Published
46
complex
27
pronouns,
Proofreaders,
27
27
27
pronouns,
singular
pronouns,
appositive
pronouns,
pronouns,
relative
Phrases
adverb
27
41
reflexive
117
adjective
pronouns,
pronouns,
possessive
22–23
74,
Personal
86–87
117
verb
Period,
personal
plural
40–45,
86–87,
verbs,
120
87
23–25,
voice,
Past
118,
22–23,
marks,
58,
marks,
59,
65,
74
64–65
64–65,
72–73,
95
R subjects,
Reflexive
pronouns,
38–43
27 subject-verb
Regular
verbs,
agreement,
wordiness,
Relative
pronouns,
27
Repetition,
fixing,
116–17
Sentence
variety,
Restrictive
92–93
92–93 Serial
clauses,
Run-on
40–43
24–25
comma,
62–63
50–51
sentences,
Simple
past
Simple
present
verb
Simple
sentences,
forms,
24–25
116–17 verb
forms,
24
37
S Since/because,
Sayings,
misused,
School
112–13
papers,
120
Semicolons,
65–67,
Sentence
fragments,
Sentence
functions,
Sentence
length,
Sentence
structure
clarity,
117
pronouns,
Singular
subjects,
Singular
36
36–37
92–93
65,
Slash,
78–79
Speech,
92–93
36–37,
complements,
63,
67,
116
parts
of,
36–37,
66–67,
sentences,
37
sentences,
compound
subjects,
115
subjects,
63
sentences,
incomplete
37
39
sentences,
42–43
agreement,
Subordinate
57
40–43
clauses,
36–37,
Subordinating
36,
sentences,
42–43
subjects,
subject-verb
sentences,
38–43
subjects,
singular
42–43
42–43
of,
plural
37,
compound-complex
imperative
also
100–101
explanation
compound
See
modifiers,
guides,
compound
116
complex
13–33.
Subjects
sentences,
logical
40–43
speech
Style
44–45
complete
41
96–97
Squinting
48–51,
26,
42–43
verbs,
Slang,
of
52–53,
clauses,
121
Singular
49
conjunctions,
Synonyms,
92,
31
93
52–53
T non-restrictive
clauses,
objects,
19,
50–51
44–45,
86–87 Technical
parallelism,
terms,
65,
85,
That/which,
phrases,
41,
46–48,
51
87 Their/there/they’re,
predicates,
106
38–39 Thesaurus,
punctuation,
93
55–81 Titles,
restrictive
clauses,
41,
57,
65,
67,
sentences,
107
116–17 Toward/towards,
sentence
fragments,
121
36 Transitional
sentence
functions,
words/phrases,
sentence
length,
sentence
variety,
verbs,
19
92–93
U
sentences,
88–89
36–37 Transitive
simple
74–75
50–51 Too/to/two,
run-on
105
52–53
92–93
37 Underlining,
URLs,
74–75
78
Parts
V passive
Variety,
using,
voice,
52,
86–87,
117
92–93 purpose
of,
84–85
Verbs repetition
action
verbs,
18–19,
auxiliary
of
86
verbs,
being,
18,
18,
23,
and,
sentence
length,
sentence
variety,
92–93
19
verb
forms,
65,
96–97
24–25 style
intransitive
verbs,
guides,
100–101
19 transitional
irregular
92–93
87
slang,
infinitive
92–93
verbs,
words/phrases,
88–89
24–25
Y linking
verbs,
18,
negative
verb
45
forms,
118 You
past
participle
verb
forms,
Your/you’re,
plural
verbs,
40–43
present
participle
regular
verb
verbs,
simple
past
simple
present
forms,
forms,
24–25
verb
singular
24
24–25
verb
verbs,
forms,
24
40–43
subject-verb
agreement,
tenses,
40–43
22–23,
53,
transitive
87
verbs,
Voice,
active,
Voice,
passive,
19
52,
86–87
52,
86–87,
117
W
Which/that,
51
Whose/who’s,
106
Who/whom,
108–9,
Word
120
processing
programs,
Wordiness,
99
116–17
Words,
confused,
Writing
106–7
purpose,
Writing
84–85
style
active
voice,
52,
audience
and,
clarity,
paragraph
84–85
96–97
foreign
improving,
92–93
considerations,
dialect,
goal
86–87
84–85
52–53,
content
words/phrases,
of,
74,
84–85
98–99
structure,
and
me/you
and
24–25
90–91
94–95
106
I,
120
