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Hindi-English Pages [166]
'iJLQ
,
FIRST LESSONS IN
URDU BY GEORGE
J.
DANN,
Baptist Missionary, Bankipore.
CALCUTTA
:
PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, 1911.
PREFACE. THIS
book, like
little
my
''First Lessons in Hindi/' has
been written to supply a need. It is intended to help those who have to study Urdu in the Persian character from the beginning, and, for this reason, in the Exercises, Vocabularies, and Grammatical Notes, that character has been used
;
a transliteration into
Roman
characters being
added, as such a transliteration will be found useful to beginners. At the same time those who wish, at this stage, to learn to use only useful.
Roman-Urdu
will find the
book
The Grammatical Notes are only introductory and
ele-
hoped that the student of this book will go forward to more extensive and profounder works. " They will, it is to be hoped, lead up to Platts's Hindu" stani Grammar," Kempson's Syntax and Idioms of and a other works of more advanced characHindustani/' mentary, as
it is
ter.
The Vocabulary used is that of the simplest kind of Urdu, such as will be found helpful in acquiring the language of everyday life. Having laid a foundation of this kind, the student will find himself able to begin speaking the language, a most important factor in acquiring a sound and accurate knowledge of Urdu. Reading, writing and speaking should
be cultivated simultaneously, or the student will perhaps find himself able to read intelligently, to discuss points of Grammar, and yet be unable to express his thoughts with
fluency
and accuracy.
A Munshi with
facility
will be
and
found invaluable for teaching
correctness,
and
to write
for correcting his pupil's
2068080
IV
PREFACE.
pronunciation, and pointing out errors in speaking and writing, but not for teaching grammar and vocabulary.
The student is, therefore, advised to master this little book at the outset, using the Munshi for help in writing, and Ifc has been found spelling, and correcting pronunciation. a very useful plan to take a book like one of the Gospels, of which the general meaning will be familiar to the
student, and, deferring translation
till
the First Lessons
have been mastered, hearing the Munshi read over slowly and distinctly, verse by verse, or paragraph by paragraph, then to read it after him, while he corrects errors in pronunciation. Then by the time this book has been digested, the student will have learnt to use his Dictionary and his
Grammar, he will have got over the early difficulties of reading and pronunciation, and will find translation and speaking come easily. It is advisable to continue reading aloud to the Munshi, who should be given plainly to understand that he is expected to perfect his pupil in pronunciation and idiom. These are properly his busiIf the student expects more from him, he will be ness. disappointed. Faithful work with Dictionary and Gram-
and persistent practice in speaking, are indispensable one wishes to learn a modern language thoroughly, and
mai'j if
the best works of this kind are, in the end, the cheapest. This little book will help the student to make a begin-
he does not find all he wants in it, he may be asked to bear in mind that it is a very small perhaps and elementary work, and has therefore been made as
ning.
If
simple as possible. G. J. DANN.
BANKIPDR
:
August, 1911.
CONTENTS. LESSON
Page Reading Exercise
3
Transliteration Exercise
4 5
IV. V.
The Nominative Case, Gender and Number The Verb, Principal parts, The Imperfect Participle and its Tenses
6
VI.
Intransitive Verbs, Tenses from the Perfect Participle Transitive Verbs, Tenses from the Perfect Participle,
12
I.
II.
III.
. .
VII.
9
. .
Agent and Accusative Cases
.
..16
.
The Genitive Case 22 .. ..25 IX. The Imperative, The Dative Case X. The Aorist and Future Tenses 28 31 XI. The Ablative Case XII. The Locative Case 34 XIII. The Conjunctive Participle 36 XIV. The Aorist Tense 39 XV. The Vocative Case, The Imperative, Relative and VIII.
. .
.
.
Correlative
XVI. XVII.
The
Infinitive
. .
and
Compound Verbs, tinuative
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
its
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
Compounds Completive,
. .
.
.
. .
43 48
. .
Potential,
.
.
Compound Verbs, Frequentative and Compound Verbs, Intensive Past Conditional Noun of Agency
Con-
,
51 55
.
Desiderative
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
59 63 66
. .
.
.
XXI. Nominal Verbs XXII. Direct Narration, Prepositions or Postpositions XXIII. The Passive, The Particle of Similitude
. .
XXIV.
..
..77
. .
81
. .
85
. .
Conjunctions
XXV. The XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII.
..
. .
..
and Imperfect Participles Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases . Numerals Presumptive and Conditional Forms Perfect
.
Table of Declension Table of Conjugation Vocabularies .
. .
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
70 74
91
. .
97
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
..
..
102 103
.
104
First Lessons in Urdu. The Urdu consonants are
Name.
as follows
:
Name.
Combined with consonants
:
9
ba
bu
hi
bd
bu
bl
bai
be
9
J ai
sa
su
-va
/a
&w
Aa
^*
thi
thu
thd
thl
-sv
tha
The mark sonant
over
-jf
.
Tashdid * doubles
written, as quwwat, tatll,
Oyi
(j&
%vill
be dealt with in notes to the exercises, as the need
Other orthographical signs, occasionally used,
.
for explanation
may
arise.
LESSON
I.
READING EXERCISE. Note.
no vowel
Short a is
t-
written
:
will not usually be written. to be understood.
it is
Where
4 y
!
^^O
c// f
J 9
9
^^-^^
^r*i
f
JLe
9
^J
J-J
9
j.j'LJ
j
LESSON
J*"
J*
Ji
-
J/
II.
EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION.
The following words are
to be transliterated into the Persian character 1
Roman Din, kar,
ba
from the
:
rat, j!,
'aql,
git, bat, bat, chiz, roz,
f
d, bura, bara, ada,
murg, shakk,
fajr,
waqt, bai*as, zabh, qaul, '
j
f
Iiaqq, sham, bina, marz, aj, zan, sir, hil, mila, all, Khuda, hai, he, bil, nief, khass, bhun, jhil, fil, him, Vaz, bish, nan.
LESSON The following words are
Roman -
ei?.*.ci
character -
L
._^ v^^
-
-
^,1^.
*
to
III.
be transliterated into the
:
-
^l*.)
fX\
-
/jtiLe -
-
o^Ja*
JXJb
-
c_>Lsa*u -
Iksv^)
-
d^Jj
Transliterate into the Persian character
-
vayi
-
^.*j>
:
Ganga, larka, mez, nanga, sawab, hisab, rikab, talib, rukj^sat* sa'atf rahmat, nihal;- patthar, gustakh" liyaqat, ganwar, langur, banawat, andaz, musibat, jama at/ gulab,
f
:
plui'al, as
o; 1
,
rat, night,
in
^^^
,
^ji
,
en, in
the
rdten, nights.
form their feminine
Adjectives
ending
in
as
Ij^M,
Kdld ghord, black horse, ^)j^(J^, Singular and plural are the same
=
3
/;
kali ghort, black mare.
in form.
T
,
d,
All other adjectives are indeclinable.
in
Verbs agree with their nominatives
number and
in
person, excepting in the forms noted in Lesson VII, below.
EXERCISE.
&
1.
2.
JL-
3.
,jJt
4.
^yoT
y-^-
^
4r*?"
^y
*J
wu ^
^jW
^
9.
.jJfc
10.
,J^3
o.jjA-
v^5'^
^.jj
11.
U^y ^J^
^
*J
Translate into
Urdu
a man.
This
is
is
big.
4.
1
&tf mezeii hain. l
kapre sufed
8
wuh
^
the.
i/t'/i
the.
larkiydn kail hain.
2/*^
j
a Tke chhote
ghoriydn kdU thin.
*i
\~)y& \y> ,
bail,
rise.
house,
masc.
child, infant.
,,
ox.
ek,
',
one.
adj.
two.
do,
,
get up,
to laugh.
,,
LESSON
VI.
TENSES PROM THE PERFECT OR PASSIVE PARTICIPLE. Intransitive
Verbs-.
1. The Past Indefinite is identical in form with the Perfect Participle, which, in the case of intransitive verbs, is inflected to agree in gender and number with its nomina-
tive, as:
Singular. i
.
.
f
U* oi"
y
2.
I/
3.
ij* *j
-
main
5
,
T
-^
11
Thou
,
tu gird,
,
ivuh gird,
He
didst fall. fell.
^.
^
Plural. 1.
__/ ^A
2.
T inkd, unkd, their.
/-s
&l
,
3.
The
reflexive
the personal pi'Oiioun
apnd, takes the place of the action of the verb refers
U->!
pronoun
when
,
to the subject of the sentence, as
apni
roti
contrary
^_
^^ ^^
^j!
khdtd hai, he eats his (own) bread. _
^f
^j; i^*
would mean, he eats
*>
,
wuh uski
roti
*j
,
On
wnh the
khdtd hai.
his (another person's) bread.
23 EXERCISE.
Lv wera
kj .$?
K
2. ,
3. 2. !f
,
j
,
The Future
gd,
,
Jf
^ri-'k?-
?
if
gty
hamjden.
(If)
we
tumjd,o.
(If)
you
icuhjd,en.
(If)
they go.
go. go.
formed from the
is
aorist
by adding
the subject of the verb is masculine singular, and if the subject is feminine singular. The plural
terminations are
the feminine, as
_ :
,
ye,
for the masculine
and J?
,
gi,
for
29
Masculine Singular. 1.
&JJP
2.
&y
3.
u^
j->
&jS
>
tii
,
*j
main
wuh
,
I will do.
karftnyd.
Thou
karegd.
He
karegd.
wilt do.
will do.
Masculine Plural. 1.
ham
*A
fi^i/f
,
will do.
Mm/i karenge.
They
will do.
3.
1.
Singular feminine,
J
*j
,
will do.
You
y fJ
.
We
karenge.
turn karoge.
2.
^i/
*j
,
wuh
karegt, she will
do. 2.
Plural feminine
cs^
?im karogi,
^>,
you
will do.
3. The Aorist forms have been given in this place as the Future forms are built upon them, but exercises on them are deferred to a later lesson, when the student will In this lesson exercises are confined to find them easier. the Future tense. 4.
The Future
%
suffix
,
is
yd,
a derivative from the
The Sanskrit root which expresses the idea of going. Urdu Future &j> *j , wuh karegd, therefore corresponds to the English colloquial idiom, he
is
going to do
(it}.
EXERCISE.
^i^
1.
*&*-
2. 3. ^.
5.
6.
^>b S
KjX }-)y
KjJU'
S ",4^
-^
i-
f^
^
6
i -
imh khdnd
^
u. A.Le
i-?b " '
_
|
x.
^
khd,ega.
ham wahanjdenge. bachchd rat ko so,egd.
Jo) Sj with apni
$
t_>il
*)
u^J
^b
^j*" JojJk
^4$
larke ko
pain
dhib ko ek yhofd milegct.
wuh apne bdp S * ja,ega.
ke ghar ko
30
madraxe
n ko
bhejo.
hamapnekapre pahinenge.
wuhhamko f
o,uraten -
n
itnt/i
ro/.t'
khildenye.
baehapne apne j j.
^
dekhenqi.
A;o
Mtt^
likhegd.
kojdgegd. tiaukar
rott'
pakdegd. fear/'
khdega.
naukar pdni Translate into
men
Urdu
Idenge.
:
2. (The) servants will (The) will write letters. 3. 4. (The) water. (The) boys bring servant will put ou his clothes. 5. (The) poor (man) will 7. (The) children fall. 6. (The) horses will eat grass. 1.
will
eat bread.
be awake at night. 8. We will come at night. 10. (The) servants will gh-c will go by (at) day. 11. She will write four letters. the horses water to drink. 13. Where will he go ? 12. (The) girl will cook the food. will
9.
They
14. (The) flowers will bloom. will see him.
* This
may
also be written
pronounced madrase.
15. Fruit will fall.
JUjO>x, bat in either form
it
16. I
should be
31
LESSON
XI.
THK ABLATIVE CASE. 1. The ideas of separation from, means or instrument with or by, comparison tcith, time or place from which, are expressed in Urdu by the affix
Ulx> ^_^iJL>
u'uh shahr
JluJ ustdd
^"
-P*
*j
fifS*
<
Ui^,
Jb
t
J&Z
,
m.
a rupee.
rupiya,
n.
rupaye,
plural of above.
,
ghantd,
n.
m.
bell,
daZ,
n.
f.
pulse, lentils.
kankar,
n.
m.
pebbles or bits of brick, nodular
gdnw, dawdt,
n.
m.
village.
n.
f.
inkstand.
hour.
limestone. y'-S',
etji,
(^A^-, siyahi,
n. f.
j
v. int. to stay, live.
^
ladnd,
v. int. to
,
UAJ^-
,
UIw
^
UK)
wood, uncultivated land.
rahna,
,
grta
forest,
}
L>4>J
^JW
ink, blackness.
m.
to
bharnd,
v.
pdnch,
ad j
chaihna,
v. int. to
t.
be loaded. fill.
five.
.
mount upon, climb upon.
baifhnd, v. int. to sit. to place, cause to touch, plant. v. t. lagand,
^
LESSON
XIII.
THB CONJUNCTIVE 1.
The Conjunctive
PARTICIPLE.
Participle
is
sometimes identical
in form with the root of the verb as ^- jd, but
formed by adding to the root the or
-/
,
jd karke.
karke, as
l
-
,jd,
\*> ,jdke,
affixes
^V,
.
,
is
ke,
jtikar, or
It is used to express the action of
usually
J
,
.
kar,
^V
,
one or more
verbs preliminary or preparatory to that of the principal
37
as,^y^ ,jdkarkaho,= going, say,
verb in the sentence,
when you have
or having gone, say, or
and
gone, say, or go
say.
EXERCISE. 1.
2. 3.
& J^ kapre pahinkar bdhar jdo. ,5^ it** main rotikhdkar dyd hvii.
^j
jlew^jbU^
bl -$l^
jjyfc
y /J
ut-K" */!
/i
u
.,
Translate into
ne do ser taulkar diye the.
2_
L^M.,J
Urdu
).*> "
*
dhdn
ddmi ke sdth j'dkar rdsta batdo.
rat>ra
dos
De/iZi wera
jd
:
My son went and stayed in Agra. 2. My friend will eat (his) dinner and go out. 3. (The) boys went and asked (the) teacher. 4. (The) gentlemen have gone to the jungle and are hunting. 5. (The) thief, seeing the 6. (The) servant has constable, went out of the house. the in oxen the cart and yoked gone to the village. 1.
7.
Load
here.
(the)
goods on (the) donkey and bring (them) not go and tell him that. 9. My master
8. I will
10. (The) (a) letter and sent it to Calcutta. weigh seven ser(s) rice and give it to me. 11. (The) master counted five pice and gave to (the) servant. 12. My mother cried when she heard this word.
has written will
baniya
The money
shut in the cupboard (being shut 14. He brought a placed cupboard up). letter from the post and read (it). 15. The boy came with me and showed me the way to (of) Dehli. 16. Open the door of the house and look out. 13.
(rupees)
in the
is
is
VOCABULARY. bhejnd,
v.
puchhnd,v.
*
^
to send.
t.
int. to
ask (a question).
uthdnd,
v.
t.
to take up,
rakhnd,
v.
t.
to place, put, hold.
band karnd,
,
i
}
v.
t.
to
shikar khelnd, v.
jotnd,
v.
t.
make
t.
lift.
fast, shut.
to hunt,
to yoke.
go shooting.
39 chaldnd, v.
M,
ginnd,
t.
to cause to go, drive.
40 rians have objected to the statement that this tense denotes a future action, and Indian grammarians and authors have claimed that " the Aorist contains in it the ideas both of the present and future." These are, however, niceties which need not be discussed at this early stage. Contin-
gency is expressed by such conjunctions as, if, although, etc., and the use of such particles u>ually indicates the necessity for using this form of the verb. 3. The student will not fail to notice that the sentences in the following exercise are balanced. This balanced style is characteristic of the Indo-Aryan vernaculars, of which Urdu is one. In a conditional, local or temporal complex sentence the protasis, or clause in which the condition, place, time, etc., is stated, comes first; then follows the apodosis, or principal clause, introduced by its appro-
priate particle.
The following \
**/(
*'
,
y
go> go ki,
i
*r3
C5#y
hdl-dn-ki, although,
,
,y
_**.
,
even
tab, to,
1^3^3
}
:
then
to
agarchi, although,
Jk^
*O* J* J3
if
agar,
,
particles should be noticed
if.
,
p*&
j*-,
j+
nevertheless.
tail bhi,
fa
}
,
ham, nevertheless.
jab, jo,
if
when,
if
then. tab tak s until
jab tak
or so long
till
then.
EXERCISE. t
1.
2.
ISuJtj '
v
8. *
4i.
.H-!
jt^Jf
Vx^
\y*
L i)u
y f_ 3
y ^.
^
*=pj
0^4.
Xj
y /I
A^saiJ^U ob./l ' wJJ I^XjJ
2
ir-f ^~?~
*
agar baehcha gire
to
usko
uthd,o.
a 9 ar saza a 9 ar
peg
wuh
mujh
se
b ,J
>,
-
A^r^l aqarchi "
wuhnaMn
7 7
,
ho,
to
:
chdhtd,
7
taubhi fcarega.
J
Jb *^rJ^ x
U*i '
,
-7
-^
A*>.f) *"'
f%
9.
5^-
**
v_s
11. ,jt^
12
iJ
l^* *,J
4}*"
jjv*
cj+S
Sj
wuh kamre men
sone ko
gayd\hai. 4. v^~j** 3s*.\3
J^j J-ai
L-
*,
^
fc
am ya A~Ae
x
i
* gait
6-Z }*
K^.
^
ij-0 *3>
to
\J\ (g
Tiam sarf o nahw parhne chahte ham.
kyd dp ham ko Urdu aur Farsi parhd sakenge.
A* Jfl*> Huzur
J
***~
x
ko
main beshakk dp
I
parM
sakwngd.
parnd,
v. int., to fall
gird dend,
marjdnd,
to die.
y* lend,
v. t.
khdjdnd,
v. int.
mdr
v. t.
to drink up. to eat up. to kill outright, slaughter. to wipe down.
ddlnd,
batd dend, v.
samjhd
.
,
v.
dab j and,
to point out, show. t.
,
chalejdnd, v. ^wZa lend v.
Ji'ah
dend,
to explain, inculcate.
v. int., to
get crushed.
to raise, pick up.
v. t. int.
to
t.
to call
pahunchd dend, lij^ *^
t.,
t.
dend, v.
uthdnd,
,
.
down.
v. int.
ponchh ddlnd,
t
every.
throw away. throw down.
dend, v.
phenk
,s
m., duty, obligation.
prep, with gen., beneath, under. n. m. loss, harm, damage. n. m. Peshawar,
v. t.
v.
t.,
go away. and bring.
to bring, cause to arrive.
to tell.
Intensive verbs are constructed transitively or intransitively according as the second member of the compound is transitive or intransitive. The form chale jdnd should be noted. Note.
63
LESSON XX. THE PAST CONDITIONAL AND THE NOUN OP AGENCY. 1.
The Past
Conditional,
^j&
t3/
main
,
cor-
kartd,
responds to the English Perfect Subjunctive, as the Aorist does to the Present and Future Subjunctive. It signifies a condition which has not been fulfilled, thus preventing the consequent action etc. of the leading verb in the GL*
sentence from taking place.
uy>
Gl
Bj^l
,
agar
wuh
main jdtd, if he had come (which he did not) I dtd, should have gone, (because he did not come, I did not go). 2. The student is cautioned against using this form as an Indefinite Present. Some of the older Urdu grammars have treated it as such, but not correctly. See Platt's, to
section 186. The English Present Indefinite, I go, I do, I say, should be rendered by the Present Imperfect, if the idea is that of continued action ; or by the Frequentative, if the idea is that of habitual action. 3. The noun of agency is formed by adding the affix ty , wdld, to the inflected Infinitive. This is not properly a substantive, but an adjective. It is most frequently used without an accompanying substantive, but some such substantive as person, thing, is understood. If this fact is borne in mind, many of the false idioms which are frequently heard on the lips of Europeans will be avoided, such as " this wdld," " that wdld." This form has also
the force of a Future Participle as __ $) kal anewdld hai, he is coming to-morrow.
L.\
$
*y
,
wuh
EXERCISE. 1. *;yi
luj )^j AJ
.jT
Sj t^l
agar
wuh ddmt, yih dawd wuh jltd rahta.
pita to 2. a^sS
A/
JL.
^^~! J .
j$] *
tigar
turn
is
sdlan men
kuchh mirchd detr
mazaddr
hota.
to
64 3.
Uyfc
men
"
dhobi kapron kalaf dekar istri
Xjj i_US
a # a7
1^1 y UG
f^
v-
4.
Jo
turn
agar
khiib
achchhd hot a. hal joikar bij
tumhare menfaslhotf. bote
to
s to
rupaye
kharch na karte
.
JU
l;h*'t
to
ab
y
f
b.
ag ar bachchd rota ear-wr suntL
,;
y
7.
AJ
6achcM
agfar
main
to
main
roegd
to
suniing/'.
mihnat karneicale daulat-
mand 9.
L.-J
11.
khelneicdh'
JL> C
,
lv{ >'
itjb,
,j f }
J), -2
larke
7 men daurte
*
10.
hote hain.
maidan
,7
the.
panlihdwdld
bard
soneicdld hai. < Lbi
I_--
e
JLftj v."
^ar -
rahneivdle
Urdu
sdf bolnewdld
hai.
kaunjdnewdld 14. 15.
J ^ U. ^^ *
Djfc "^
hai.
jdnewdld agfar tcw/i X T to jane aero. f
hotd
,
agar turn parhne ke icaqt wa/i/n khelte to ad khelne
65 ugar turn sone ke waqt jdyte rahoge tojdgne ke ivaqt sone chdhoge.
~w
Translate into
Urdu
going to Agra to-morrow. 2. A tailor is a 4. If the cook sewer of clothes. 3. Wake up, sleeper had put sugar in this rice it would have been sweet. 5. If those women had taken my medicine, they would have lived. 6. Starch and well iron those shirts. 7. If that man spend all his money, he will be in difficulties. 1.
He
is
!
8. If
had cried, she would certainly you had been a worker you would 10. Those teachers are not clear Dwellers in villages are not speakers of
that woman's baby
have heard (it). 9. have become rich. speakers.
11.
If
pure Urdu (do not speak Urdu clear). 12. If the boys play at sleeping time they will be sleepy (want to sleep) 13. If you had meant to go (had been at play-time. would have let you go. 14. If I had known this, he goers) 15. Put red pepper in the I would not have spoken. meat curry. 16. That man is a teller-of-the-truth.
VOCABULARY. salan,
n.
m.
meat or
curry, especially of fish.
n.
f.
curry,
especially
of
vege-
tables.
red pepper. round or black pepper, red pepper or chillies,
Idlmirck,
tasty.
a kind of starch, starch, gruel,
smoothing khub,
adj.
iron.
and adv. good,
well, fine.
66
J>
,
IVJ^A.
4/ JU.
JA
5,7*-
^_x>
,
>
^
achchhdy
adj.
hal,
n.
kal jotna,
v.
mihnat,
adj. n. f .
pankhdwald, zubdn,
t.
to spend.
in difficulties.
labour,
toil,
work.
m. punkah-puller.
n.
n.
plough. to plough.
t.
Itharck karnd, v. lanff-hdl,
good, well.
m.
f.
tongue, language.
LESSON XXI. NOMINAL VERBS. 1. Nominal Verbs are formed by combining a noun, substantive or adjective, with a verb, usually karnd or Some of these compounds are really phrases, but Twwia. in many cases the ideas of the noun and the verb combine so as to form but one conception. Many of the nouns used are derivatives from the Arabic and Persian and are used in elevated or honorific style. In some cases, the compound, when the verb is Transitive in meaning, governs the object, in the accusative case, in other inThe learner is stances one of the other cases is used. recommended to note, if possible, the construction of each nominal verb as it occurs in his reading, because as in the matter of the gender of nouns, it is difficult to compile an exhaustive list. In the exercises in this book the construction of the nominal verbs used will be noted. 2. The verbs dikhdi dend (or par no) sundi dend (or parnd) are in somewhat frequent use. It is therefore necessary to remember that, contrary to the general rule, the verb dend does not, in these cases, make the com-
pound a
transitive one.
'^ (^V-i
j$
-jf,
e Jc
ghar dekhdi
67
^ ^U-
a house appeared.
diyd,
^\
jty
}
ek
dwdz sundi
dit a voice was heard. EXERCISE. 1.
^_ v^a^Lo ^y^* Maulvi sahib ne
vUi Ujfcjj
.
(JT$
3. cL-
^
^^
jli*T
-i-
,_ko
C^
'
2.
jLi
L )j*^*>-
uo*c li^b^j
*&>
shdgird ustdd ke kaldm par gaur karta hai.
ham
huzur
karte ~
.
4.
^yt
e^L
I3j$
namdz
par And shuru' kiyd hai.
A
bo c
jjl^
Ul
-^
Ihdggdye.
A-^c^
!tJw ^"
wera and mere naukar ko X
Carrie
ma iTturn
le
12.
^^
o'
*
*^o j^^.
^? ^^v*
7
f
nua.
wuh
ki
karo,
!
^
vt
AJ
gf/5ar
were
tashrif
diye.
sa/j,z'6
1
sab
liye
kahdn gayd hai.
^w/ &?
&4r>}
ke
asbabjam'a karo.
^^-Jb;J darydft
f ~
11.
ddm
^
^_y
_rj^
dwdz
v_^c^ jab
^
Huzur
\
lashrif
le
gae.
tashrif rakhiye.
7/a ^a^ >5am kar zakte.
a/im
lay an
68
r
13
/l**^
^L*.*1
14
US
15.
j*-J^
^&
J^
-X" *y-&
>
ma.shg.ul
hote the.
^r? ^^jft
J^-l^
.
jU*} ustdd likhnemen
v
.-v^Le --T
s#/fo'fe
ne 'a
bolnd
jhuth
kiyd hai.
shahr
men
dakhil
hue hain.
16.
., baliut se quantity " a The of horses." number goodish ghore, adjectives and pronominals of manner as jaisd, are formed with this particle. of
:
EXERCISE. ^
.j
hal 6ahut
si bdten
Jcahi
t
gan 2. 3.
tif
JtjJ U^ljt
jJt?
^
v^^j
f-l
i
-.
AXL
JJ
5. li&
6
^%-
fee
hue gosht
tistf
lit;
lJ
10. bl 'JtU
liye
hue kahne laqd.
y 17.
*3
^T
-
ikhattar.
bahattar. tihattar. ,
chauhattar.
93 75.
88.
76.
)
pachhattar. chhahattar.
77.
5
sathaftar.
90.
athattar.
91.
,
78.
79.
unasi.
,
80.
ossi.
89.
{^
82.
biydsL
83.
tirdsi.
96.
84.
chaurasL
,
85.
pachdsl.
,
86. 87.
,
bdnwe.
,
tirdnwe.
,
J'j >*
chaurdnwe.
,
*-
chhiydnawe. satandwe.
,
97.
,
98.
?
100.
satdsi.
,
lJ pachdnawe.
athdnawe.
nindnawe.
99.
chhiyasi.
,
eMnwe.
il^t ,
93.
95.
naudsi.
nawwe.
k
94.
,
, ,
92.
ikds'i.
81. 45**^
athdsL
f,
,
saw.
The ordinals
are formed by adding wa/i or torn (masc. as the case fern.) may be, except in the case of the first four, and the sixth.
or
\r, pahild
(le, li), first,
iy>>, dusrd, second, [;~
^^-, chauthd, fourth,
u'^f ^* panchivdn, fifth, chhathwan, sixth, u'^^, sdtwtin, seventh, and so on. hazar, one thousand, **'3f, Z((/c/i, a hundred thousand,
third,
u'>*H^-j ;!>*, ji>j>,
karor, ten millions.
The following *-,
,
-",
;5,
fractionals are in constant use
:
chauthd, a fourth.
ftawa, der/i,
two and a ,
a quarter
less, as,
panne
do, If.
a quarter more, as, sawa tin, 3. one and a half, cs^j' or (^S, arhdi or
^M/
half.
sdrhe, a half more, as, sdrhe char, 4%.
when added gnnd, two-fold.
to a
number means " fold"
as do
94 EXERCISE.
larkiydn do sAiydn chdht/ thin. "2. e=i
U>- - If .A X
-
tfb
UL^ ^f
Uf
'
masjid
se
dye hong.e, do ham^dkar us se darydft kdren.
*y*>
t-jL)
Tio.
ko duhta 9W?1" 9 hogd jd/far dekho K% a milde. sahib
5'
lion.
S\^ tumhdrd f 777bdp
IjU^J
.
khdtd hog^
ja dekho.
SLJ , ]
.) a^ bachcha so gaya hoga kyunki us ki dwaz nahin
sundi
dett.
99 9.
\3
*J
b 11.
^^
V
L.
Ajytb
v_$^ ^
^
^>*
,
f
b 10.
4>> /I
%sxi^ ) ^7""
l-yfc
^f
y
/
is
^~y L^'^r' agar
-
._sy>
yy
I^xj
to
mdrdjdtd.
^ftxj
5^ z
naukar
bax behra, bdz bawarchi
mehtar,
O 1Z. 1
**
y
~*t ^l
>lC
^^
V
C
'
v^^^r
1
^^-so
agar das hi andepakdo ~kafi
k"
-
-
13.
^
**"
**?&>
to
honge.
^ar'
t/"^ S^s
cJ!/^ "
gdU di wuh ndhin
larke ne
na hoti
U& hS
^^AJ
X,
#?' naukar jhdr ponchh kartd hota to wuh ghar
t/
sa6z /io^ hai
magar yih ghds nahin
A. 14. ^1 ^J jfib
9^
f
Tr
15.
16.
j,
J
*-)}*$-
"
y
^J^J
->
J-
.1
i
,
'
]
_jJKi 8 ** c
v^L ~J* ^^J U,Cv^ ,
ix
b^ r t^*
-r^"
17
*$"* Jr \J"^ ''
s$ . .H*
X^
ko kuchh sdbun do aur us ko tdkid karke kaho ki phir apnd kam adhurd na chhoro.
L.^^^ dhobi
^
*^s^
^L"
^
^1.
r-A-^ s7ii^, yi^
mumkin ndhin
"
bdt.
**-
*i
H waiw- ay se jhuth
6 gde ko bdyh
cb
to
(
*
U"^*
~ J,4=7T -
*-_
nahin 'aldwa
se nikdlo
wuh ghds
ke
sab phul charegi.
chhoti chhofi chijiydn J,*^ -7' 7 j^ / 7 sarak, par dana chug
rahthain. 18.
}
postp., in front of, opposite.
snake.
groom, all,
m.
every.
soldier, constable.
true.
adj.
red.
surkh,
adj.
sir or sar,
n.
m.
head.
sarf-o-nahw,
n.
f.
grammar
(lit.
accidence
and syntax). j~ -(j-
,
,
m.
sarkdr,
n.
sarak,
n. f
sazd,j
n. f .
.
"
government." road (the material road on which one travels),
chief,
synn. rdsta or rdh. j> -^
, r
**&~>
,
j-iTjJ-' ,
punishment.
sufaid or sufed, adj., white. suluk,
n.
m.
treatment
(especially
good). sttZw&
karnd (with
se), v. t.,
to
samjhd dend, v.
t.
to treat (esp. well),
behave
to.
to explain thoroughly, to cause to be understood. to understand.
samajhnd,
v.
sund't dend,
v. int., to
sundnd,
v. t.
t.
be heard.
to cause to
hear or be
heard.
sunnd,
v.
t.
to hear.
sauddgar,
n.
m.
merchant, shopkeeper.
v. '.int. int.
sona,
so-jana,
sawere,
>to sleep. )
.
sawd a (with
)
r v. int.
a quarter more than
adj. A;e),
^
postp., except. adj. adv., early,
the
in
early
morning. n.
m.
se,
support, reliance, help. postp. by, with, from, than.
seb or sep,
n.
m.
apple.
ser,
n.
m.
a weight (abt.
sikhnd,
v. t.
to learn.
smd,
v.
to sew.
Sahara,
t.
21bs.)
siydh'i,
n. f.
ink, blacking.
shdbdsh,
interj.,
bravo
shdgird,
n.
m.
sham,
n.
m.
evening.
shakhs,
n.
m.
person, individual.
!
well done
!
pupil, disciple.
shur'u karnd (ko), v. t., to begin. shikar khelnd, v. t. to hunt, go shooting. n. m. city, town. shakr,
m. m.
shor-o-gul,
n.
sdhib,
n.
sirf,
adj.
sanduq,
n.
noise
and row.
lord of (lit. ) gentleman, master.
and adv., only, merely. m. ? f., box.
zarur,
adv.
necessarily, certainly.
zarurat,
n. f .
necessity, need.
tarah,
n.
manner (with verbs " he
f.
does taraff
B. f .
it like
this").
(and postp. with M), direction.
side,
119 v.
'arz
to fold, roll up, to dispose of (a case).
t.
karnd, (with hi or ko), v.
t.,
to report,
state, request. 'izzat,
n.
f.
honour, esteem, reputa-
n.
f.
woman,
tion. t
aurat,
careless.
adj. g.arib,
and
adj.
n.
m.,
meek,
poor,
poor man.
karnd (par),
g.aur
Farsi,
v.
t.,
adj. and
to reflect, meditate. n.
f.,
(m.),
Persian people Persian 1 a n -
guage
(f.).
fidwi,
n.
m.
devotee, slave.
fardiz,
n.
m.
pi. of /arz, duties,
obli-
gations.
farmdnd,
v. t.
to
command orifically
(used honof
merely
saying or doing anything). n. f.
division, harvest, crop.
faqt,
adv.
fauran,
adv.
only, merely. immediately, at
adv.
quickly. in the (present)
fasl,
filhdl,
once, case,
just now.
m.
qd'ida,
n.
qabl
postp., before, previously.
(ke),
primer, alphabet book.
rule,
qalam,
n.
m.
(? f.)
qamiz,
n.
m.
shirt,
qimat,
n.
f.
price.
pen. chemise.
120 Kl
121
kalaf (or kalap), n. m., starch. Kalkattd,
122
^j
kyd,
^
what?
why?
kyun,
adv. n. f.
*^r,
gdUdena,
v.
'*>
gdnd,
l
Lr
to "cheek," ta abuse in obscene language.
(lit.)
v.
t.
to sing.
m.
gadhd,
)^
ffu,zar jdnd,
v. int., to
pass away, die.
>
girdnd,
v.
throw down.
,
r/ 4/ , 1
'
cart, carriage.
t.
n.
-^jr
to
t.
donkey.
ass,
gird dend,
v. t.
garm,
adj.
hot,
^'rnrf,
v.
to fall.
do.
t.
warm.
^
i
4Jir>
gir parnd,
v. int., to fall
>
guldbi,
adj.
>
,
*?
**
ginnd,
v.
t.
>
go,
H
^
Sr
firora,
adj.
gosht,
n.
necktie.
a lane. to count.
conj.
*^
if.
if
and
indeed, although. fair, a fair man,
n. m..
esp.
****?
>
Jr
i^y
u~*
,
fP >
^
nsbdb,
,
bnchcha,
children, offspring, n. m., auldd, city,
n. in.
clean,
shahr,
j\*>
ou
sdf,
clear,
3>
safdi
clearly,
-
*e,
\J"&* (
cha. hnd,
climb, v. int.,
^}^-
cloth,
n.
m.
collar,
n.
m.
ualdband,
colour,
n.
m.
rang,
come,
v. int.,
comfort, to,
command, to,
commerce,
company
;
*****
-^;
and,
v.
t.
tasalli dend,
hu*m hukm
n.
m.
v.
t.
n.
f.
iZ,
complete, yurt
t
dend,
tijdrut,
ke
(with),
completely,
LH>
a/> d,
satin,
samuchd,
bilkull,
conformably, bamujib, n. m. constable, continually,
bardbar,
contrary, to,
bar khildf,
converse,
v.
to,
t.
j>lj>
J^J
(se) (p)
guftogd karnd,
(h) bdt chit larnd,
cook
n.
m.
bdwarchi,
ts^j^^
133
cook, to,
v. t.
pak ma,
cooking pot,
n.
de^chi,
f.
durust,
correct,
count,
v.
t.
crop,
n.
f.
crow,
n.
m.
ginnd,
J*13
foul,
JX
kauwd,
v. int.
cry, weep,
m.
n.
cup,
l
n.
almdri,
f.
curry (meat), n. m. n.
vegetable, cut,
rond, Ijj
5/ -iJ
piydld,
cupboard,
v.
kdtnd,
t.
sdlnn, f.
tar'cdri,
Uj|
daily, roz roz, roz bn roz, j
damage,
n.
\
dibjdnd,
crushed, to be, v. int.
m.
dark-complexioned, kdld, daughter, n. f. be//, (^^ see
day by day,
}>;
nuqsdn. &k*&
d
%
ily. .*
decidedly, zarur, albatta, fieshakk,
m.
deer,
n.
liarin,
^y*
Dehli,
p. n.
Dehli,
^A*
delay,
n.
der,
depart,
f.
v. int.,
^
chalejana, ^*4t' t:ishi'if
.,
IP,
j and,
descendant,
n.
m.
devotee,
n.
m. fidwi,
dictionary, n. did,
v.
die,
v. int.,
,,
t.
^^ &*>\
f.
Jciyr,
auldd,
lug.nt,
\J\A
*t)\
^j^
*^*^
l*>
mnrnd, ly
marjdnd, UU^c
J_cij^iJ
134 die,
pass away,
v. int.,
v.
t.
direction
^V
~ki
(of),
disciple, n. m. ;* >>y,
distant,
taj$>
khodnd,
m. khdnd,
dinner, n.
dur,
do,
v. t.
dog,
n.
U'I
mushkil, J^*>
difficult, difficulty,
dig,
guzarjdnd,
^>^
o^t ^/
tnraf,
^Li
shdqird.
^
karnd,
l>/
Jcuttd,
Uf
/at/a,
l^
*
m.
done, v.
t.
donkey,
n.
m.
gadhd,
doubtless, 6eshaJck,
dozen,
darjan,
draper,
n.
m.
drawers,
n.
m. paty'dma,
drawing-room, drink,
v.
t.
bazzdz,
n.
m.
}\j*
**^
gol tamra,
pmd,
l^j
up, v.
t.
pi j'and pi lend, ^^-
drive,
v.
t.
Tidn.nd, U^Lk
drown,
v. int., duhnd,
dust, to, (a room), duty, duties, n. m.
dye,
v.
t.
^U
dub j and, 1^3 UU. jhac poch kornn,
farz.fn.niz,
135
na
ai-m
else,
Tic hi,
nahm
to, warna, n. m. dushman,
enemy,
^o
&#/',
enough, v.
enquire,
(h) puchhnd, li*-*
t.,
(p) duryiift
entreat, v.
t.
(k'i)
!
arnd, li/ U ^A
hond
v. int., ddkhil
enter,
*>
minnnt
J^l
harri'f,
^^
C. equal, to, equally, he barabar, or v. int., bTiaq jdnd ni,\alnd, escape,
evening, n. m., shdm,
f*Li
-^Jt
every,
Tzar e/,
evil,
(p ) l.hardh
exactly,
(h)
^
1
exceedingly,
(It)
fewra,
v ^^
se ^p) dnrust,
#/i//r
"^V
tiih
60^,
&
1J
(
*\
Jlfj
-
8^*
137 gardener, n. m. v.
gave,
t.
l.^
diyd, n.
gentleman,
^^
malt,
m.
sahib, ^*-(*>
(h) dhire dhire, (p) ahista,
gently,
get, obtain, v.
t.
v. int
get up,
v. int.,
give,
v.
t.
given,
v.
t.
,
(with ko) milnd,
uthnd, dend,
Uj
diyd,
^
go along,
v. int., chalm'i,
go away,
v. int.,
cause
to, v.
out,
tflj
pdnd,
jand, chalejdnd, cfinldnd,
t.
(h)
U. J^>
ni.aljdnd,
v. int.,
bdan.rja.mi, Ul^^tilj
achchha, (p) u'mda,
goods, n. m. mt/l, Jl* gone, v. int., guyd, government, n. m. suriar, ;'^grain, n. m. ddnd, an-ij, ^l^i -
t
1*^
^
n.
gram,
m.
grammar, n n.
grass,
chund,
cause
snrf o nahw,
f.
g.hds,
to,
t.
j"**-*
^4
chrnd, v
jl
^^~
f.
v. t.
graze,
tj*-
chardnd,
lij
gratuitously, muft, ^s*-*
green,
(h) hard, (p) sabz,
groom,
n.
m.
sdis,
gruel,
n.
f.
l.dnji,
gun,
n.
f.
gunpowder,
La. -
v. int.,
jj
good,
I
L>H^.
\j&>
8
(j^-'L-*
^^- ^
banduq, &-*>
n. f.,
bdrud, ^^>
-J.>
138 half,
lAit
ddhd,
half done,
adhurd,
m.
n.
hand,
hdth,
handkerchief, n.
harm,
fjjy^T **JlA
n.
m.
m.
nuqsdn
harvest, n.
f.
fasl,
n.
f.
topi,
hat,
have to do, head, hear,
v.
heard
(be)
^
yih,
heaven,
v. int.,
sundi dend,
n.
m.
dsmdn, ^U-of
v.
t.
(&/)
bhdri,
helpless,
hen,
j
sunnd, U~
t.
heavy, help,
f.
karnd,
J5,U. i. x)
t#-cj
murgi,
is liya, is waste,
yahan,
liither,
idhar, ^4^1
hitherto,
,
hold,
v.
holiday,
n.
t.
f.
(h)'abtak, (p) hanoz,
pakafnti,
l>.fj
chhutti,
^/v*-
Honour, your,
huzur,
honour, n.
i'zzat,
n.
f.
m.
hot,
2
o^
here,
yhord,
garm,
hour,
n.
m.
gh'infd,
house,
n.
m.
ghar,
how,
^jl-j
madad
bechdra, n.
hence,
horse,
karna pa.'nd,
v. int., (ko)
wuh, n. m. sir,
he,
J^
nimdl,
kaisd,
ma\dn,jJ I
j^
-
^
IJ
139
^
how much,
kitnd,
hungry,
bh^i/lhd,
Ui^j
hunt,
v.
t.
shikar khelna,
hurt,
v.
t.
chot lnydnd,
(p) agar,
(h)jo,J\
immediately,
faurun,
if,
^ lj-
^^v
bhdri,
important,
L&J
inculcate,
v.
t.
sfimjhd dend,
indicate,
v.
t.
batdnd,
infant,
n. m.
bachcha,
ink,
n.
siyahi,
f.
inkstand, inkpot, n. v. t. td.^d insist, inspect, v.
daivdt*
f.,
kamd,
muldkiza kurnd,
t.
Inspector (of police), n. m., ddrog'i,
m.
n.
invalid,
wmriz, bimdr,
iron (laundry), is,
v. int.
n.
hai,
issue, offspring, it,
yih, with,
m.
jacket,
n.
Jutnna,
p. n.
f.
iatri,
,>
n. *J
-
m.
avltid,
z
j
^
kurtd,
Jamnd
%
khichari,
n.
f.
khicharl,
kill,
v.
t.
mdrnd, mar ddlna,
kite,
n.
f.
chtl,
knife,
n.
f.
chhuri,
know, known,
v.
t.
to be,
j'dnnd,
n.
f.
^l*
Jl-^-
_cj*^ L*
^
v. int., (,.oi
mi'liim hond,
mihnnt,
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