Rangkuman OB Chapter 4 by MSS FEUI [PDF]

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OB Summary Chapter 4



OB Chapter 4 - Emotions & Moods What are emotions & moods Affect : a broad range of feelings that people experience Emotions : intense feelings that are directed at someone or something; clearly revealed by facial expressions; more action oriented Moods: feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions & that lack a contextual stimulus; may be more cognitive; cause to think/brood. “but emotions can turn into moods when you lose focus”



The Basic moods – Positive & Negative affect Positive affect/positive moods : a mood dimension that consists of specific positive emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, & cheerfulness at high end, and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at low end. Negative affect/negative moods : a mood dimension that consists of specific negative emotions such as nervousness, stress & anxiety at high end, and relaxation, tranquility, & poise at low end. “people to recall negative experiences more rapidly”



Positivity offset : when nothing in particular is going on, most individuals experience a mildly positive mood.



Function of emotions -> our emotions provide important information about how we understand the world around us & helps our thinking process. Sources of Emotions & moods   



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Personality – affect intensity (individual differences in the strength which individuals experience their moods) Day of the week & time of the day – negative moods mostly highest on Sundays & Mondays, positive moods are highest at the end of the week; morning / evening people. Weather – illusory correlation (The tendency of people to associate 2 events when in reality there’s no connection); people tend to think nice weather improves their mood, and vice versa. Stress – mounting levels of stress can worsen our moods, & we experience more negative emotions. Social activities – for most people, social activities increase positive mood & have little affect on negative mood. Sleep – sleep quality does affect mood; poor / reduced sleep impairs decision making & makes it difficult to control our emotions Exercise – exercise enchances people’s positive mood Age – negative emotions seem to occur less as people get older Gender – women are more emotionally expressive than men



Emotional Labor



Emotional Labor : a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work Emotional Dissonance : inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project Felt emotions : an individual’s actual emotions Displayed emotions : those that the organization requires workers to show Surface acting : hiding one’s inner feeling & forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules Deep acting : trying to modify one’s true inner feelings based on display rules. Affective Events Theory Affective Events Theory (AET) : a model that suggests that workplace events cause emotional reactions on the part of employees, which then influence workplace attitudes & behaviors Test of affective events theory suggest the following:     



An emotional episode is actually a series of emotional experiences Current emotions influence job satisfaction at any given time Moods & emotions fluctuate over time -> affect on performance also fluctuates Emotion-driven behavior are typically short in duration & high of variability Emotions (even the positive ones) tend to be incompatible with behaviors required to a job, they typically have a negative influence on job performance



Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence : the ability to detect & to manage emotional cues & information; an assortment of non-cognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures.



Emotional Intelligence includes:     



Self-awareness Self-management Self-motivation Empathy Social skills



“Based on Research: High EI scores, not high IQ scores, characterize high performers.” OB Applications of Emotions & Moods  



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Selection – more employers are starting to use EI measures to hire people Decision Making – people in good moods are more likely than others to use heuristics or rules of thumb to help make good decisions quickly; depressed people are slower at processing information. Creativity – people in good moods tend to be more creative than people in bad moods. Motivation - positive moods tend to be more creative -> positive feedback from those observing their work -> perform better. Leadership – expressions of emotions in speeches is often the critical element that makes us accept / reject a leader’s message Negotiation – a skilled negotiator has a “poker face”; anger should be used selectively in negotiation Customer service – employees’ emotions can transfer to the customer; emotional contagion (the process by which peoples’ emotions are caused by the emotions of others. Job attitudes – people who had a good day at work tend to be in a better mood at home that evening, and vice versa Deviant workplace behaviors – people who feel negative emotions are more likely than others to engage in deviant behavior at work. Safety & injury at work – negative moods also make people more distractable -> distractions can obviously lead to careless behaviors How managers can influence moods – managers can use humors & give their employees small tokens of appreciation for work well done.