Language Learning Strategies - Rebecca Oxford [PDF]

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Oxford, Rebecca L. (s.a.). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Maybe it is a good idea to group the skills as follows:



It could be a good idea to place the different strategies into this schema. It is also a good idea to include the connection with the full frame of competences from Lineamientos Curriculares, including general competences and specific competences. Classes



Groups



Sets



Strategies



Direct Strategies



Memory Strategies



Creating mental linkages



Grouping Associating / elaborating Placing new words into a context Using imagery Semantic mapping Using keywords Representing sounds in memory Structured reviewing Using physical response or sensation



Applying sounds



images



Reviewing well Employing action



and



Skills R W R R R W R R R R R W R



L L L L L L L L L L



S



S



S S



Cognitive Strategies



Practicing



Receiving and sending messages Analyzing and reasoning



Creating structure input and output Compensation Strategies



for



Guessing intelligently Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing



Indirect Strategies



Social Strategies



Asking questions Cooperating with others Empathizing with others



Affective Strategies



Lowering your anxiety



Encouraging yourself



Using mechanical techniques Repeating Formally practicing with sounds and writing systems Recognizing and using formulas and patterns Recombining Practicing naturalistically Getting the idea quickly Using resources for receiving and sending messages Reasoning deductively Analyzing expressions Analyzing contrastively (across languages) Translating Transferring Taking notes Summarizing Highlighting Using linguistic clues Using other clues Switching to the mother tongue Getting help Using mime or gesture Avoiding communication partially or totally Selecting the topic Adjusting or approximating the message Coining words Using circumlocution or synonym Asking for clarification or verification Asking for correction Cooperating with peers Cooperating with proficient users of the new language Developing cultural understanding Becoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation Using music Using laughter Making positive statements



R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R



W W W W W W W W



W W W W W



L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L



R R R R R R R R



S S



S S



S S S S S S S S



W W W W R



S S S S S



L W W W W W W W W W



L L L L L L L L



S S S S S S S S S



Taking your temperature



Metacognitive Strategies



emotional



Centering your learning



Arranging and planning your learning



Evaluating your learning



Taking risks wisely Rewarding yourself Listening to your body Using a checklist Writing a language learning diary Discussing your feelings with someone else Overviewing and linking with already known material Paying attention Delaying speech production to focus on listening Finding out about language learning Organizing Setting goals and objectives Identifying the purpose of a language task (purposeful L/R/S/W) Planning for a language task Seeking practice opportunities Self-monitoring Self-evaluating



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